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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,专题四,定语从句,第1页,切记从句结构,记熟关系词,(,如,that,which),使用方法。关系代词有哪些,指人指物分别用哪个,注意区分一下,that,和,which,这两个词应用范围有大有小。个人提议在做题时可用小技巧就是区分应用范围大那个。在平时注意区分二者使用方法,不过假如怕自己越分越乱那就简单记忆,最终能把题做对才是目标。同时记得区分关系代词和关系副词,熟悉语境和句式结构。假如想要组成一个完整句子,缺什么成份那么对应补出来就是答案。在练习时提议针对不一样情况各做几道题领会要义即可,没有必要盲目做题。,浙江大学欧阳煜宽,大家在做定语从句题目时,最主要就是细心。与其它从句相比较,定语从句简单一些,所以一定要防止出现低级错误。做题时即使是看似眼熟题目也不要凭经验主义直接判断,应该把这些题目看成新题新句子重新做一遍。,第2页,第3页,第4页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,1,.But Sarah,has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(,全国,真题),【答案】,who,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。此处先行词在从句中作主语且指人,故用,who,引导。,2,.The little problems,we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.(,北京真题,),【答案】,that,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,我们在日常生活中碰到这些小问题很可能是伟大创造灵感。先行词受,little,修饰,且定语从句中缺乏宾语,所以用关系代词,that,引导该从句。,第5页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,3,.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of,purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(,江苏真题,),【答案】,whose,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:1963,年,联合国设置了世界粮食计划署,其目标之一是缓解全球饥荒。分析句子结构可知,先行词,the,World,Food,Programme,与,purpose,组成所属关系,故填,whose,。,第6页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,4,.Many young people,most of,were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(,江苏真题,),【答案】,whom,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,很多年轻人前往偏远地域去追逐他们梦想,他们中很多人都受过良好教育。依据句子结构可知,此处为定语从句,先行词为,many,young,people,作介词,of,宾语,故要用,whom,。,【高手悟道】,在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词前、后表示整体与部分关系能够用of which/whom。如:John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他婚礼,他们当中大部分是亲属。,第7页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,5,.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of,has been proved.(,浙江真题,),【答案】,which,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,科学家们已经提出许多关于为何人类哭泣时会流泪理论,其中没有一个被证实。分析句子成份可知,空处引导定语从句,此处是非限制性定语从句,which,代替,many,theories,故应用,which,引导该定语从句。,【高手悟道】,“,复合介词短语+关系代词”引导定语从句,常与先行词用逗号隔开,定语从句惯用倒装语序。,He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.,他住在一个大房子里,房子前面有一棵大树。,第8页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,6,.Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River,are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(,全国,真题,),【答案】,that/which,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,我曾在桂林附近轻快地穿行,这是游客们寻找石灰岩山顶和漓江黑水理想地点,它们被画家画到很多中国画中。因为先行词,the,limestone.the,Li,River,是物,且在定语从句中作主语,所以用,that,或,which,引导。,第9页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,7,.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,you can hear some lovely music.(,北京真题,),【答案】,where,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,对面是圣保罗大教堂,在那里你能够听到美妙音乐。因为先行词,St.Pauls,Church,在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语,所以这里使用,where,引导定语从句。,【高手悟道】,where,表地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词in/at/on.+which”。如:,A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.,银行是那种在天晴之时借伞给你,到了下雨时就催你还回去地方。,第10页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,8,.,China,Today,attracts a worldwide readership,shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.(,福建真题,),【答案】,which,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,今日中国取得了全世界读者关注,表明世界各地越来越多人想了解中国。,which,引导非限制性定语从句代替前面整句话。,9,.It is a truly delightful place,looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.(,湖南真题,),【答案】,which,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,这真是一个令人高兴地方,这个地方看起来和一百年前一样,有蜿蜒街道和漂亮小屋。先行词,a,truly,delightful,place,是物,且在非限制性定语从句中作主语,所以使用,which,引导。,第11页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,10,.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere,his employees enjoy their work.(,天津真题,),【答案】,where,【解析】,本题考查定语从句。句意,:,这家企业老板正试图创造让一个员工都享受工作轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词,定语从句中不缺乏主语、宾语或表语,故用,where,引导。,【高手悟道】,当先行词为situation,case,stage,point,atmosphere等抽象名词,且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生情况、阶段等时,惯用关系副词where引导。如:,Creating an atmosphere where employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.,创造出让员工感觉到自己就是团体一员一个气氛是一项极大挑战。,第12页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,11,.The number of smokers,is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(,江苏真题,),【答案】,as,【解析】,句意,:,据报道,仅一年时间,吸烟人数量就下降了百分之十七。此处由,as,引导非限制性定语从句,表示,“,正如,”,。,【高手悟道】,as,也能够引导非限制性定语从句,用来说明整个句子,可放在主句之前。惯用这种类似插入语句式有as is said above,as is already mentioned above,as often happens,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper,such.as.,the same.as.等。,第13页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,I was the first Western TV reporter.(,全国,真题),【答案】,when,句意,:,我与熊猫结缘要追溯到,20,世纪,80,年代中叶电视秀节目,那时我是第一位西方电视记者。由句子结构能够判断这是一个定语从句,主句部分主语关键是名词,My,connection,谓语部分关键是动词,goes,back,to,my,days,on,a,TV,show,in,the,mid-1980s,作时间状语,;,后面从句中先行词是表示时间,in,the,mid-1980s,从句中缺乏状语,所以填写关系副词,when,。,第14页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,第15页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,定语从句普通由关系代词或关系副词引导。常见关系代词有:who,whom,whose,which,that,as;常见关系副词有:when,where,why。关系代词或关系副词既要起连接作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成份。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。考生必须明确关系代词和关系副词使用方法。,关系代词who 指人,在定语从句中作主语;whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语;whose既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作定语;which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;that既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。关系副词when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语;why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。,第16页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,由此可知选择关系词可考虑以下四点:,一看先行词意义,即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时不用which等)。二看关系词句法功效,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成份,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通惯用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why)。三看定语从句种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。因为在非正式文体中,that和which在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。,第17页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,1,.,需要注意是:先行词指物时,关系代词that与which往往能够交换。但在以下情况中只能用that而不能用which。,(1),指物先行词受到以下词语修饰时:形容词最高级;序数词;all,any,much,little,no,the very,the only,the same等等。如:,He asked for the best book,that,there was on the subject.,他要了一本相关该主题最好一本书。,This is the first book,that,I have written in English.,这是我用英语写第一本书。,Xian was the last city,that,he visited in China.,西安是他们在中国参观最终一座城市。,I have read all the magazines,that,you lent to me.,我已经读完了你借给我全部杂志。,You can take any seat,that,is free.,你能够坐任何一个空着座位。,第18页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(2),先行词是all,much,few,little,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时。如:,Everything,that,we saw at the exhibition was very interesting.,我们在展览会上看到一切都非常有趣。,There is still much,that,can be improved.,还有许多事需要改进。,(3),先行词现有些人又有物时。如:,They often talked about the teachers and schools,that,they had visited.,他们经常谈起造访过老师和参观过学校。,第19页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(4)who,和which引导特殊疑问句中定语从句。如:,Who is the boy student,that,is reading the newspaper over there?,在那边读报男同学是谁?,Which of us,that,knows something about physics does not know this?,我们当中哪一位了解物理人不知道这一点?,(5),先行词在从句中作表语时。如:,My hometown is not the place,that,it used to be.,我故乡不再是过去那个样子了。,第20页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,2,.,另外还要尤其注意关系代词as引导定语从句情况:,(1),在以下结构中:as we(all)know,as is well known,as is known to all,as was expected,as might be expected/imagined,as is announced,as has been said before,as we can see,as we all know,as sb.pointed out,as has been pointed out,as is often the case(情况常是这么),as we all can see,as is mentioned above。如:,As,is announced in the newspaper,our country has launched another man-made satellite.,正如报纸上所报道,我国又发射了一颗人造卫星。,As,Engels pointed out,labor created man himself.,正如恩格斯指出那样,劳动创造了人本身。,John got beaten in the game,as,had been expected.,约翰在比赛中失利,这是我们预料到事。,A new building will be built,as,is reported in todays newspaper.,正如今天报纸所报道,新大楼将启工。,第21页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(2),先行词受到such,as,the same修饰时,用as引导;若先行词与关系词在定语从句中所指代内容是指同一件东西时,关系词则需用that。如:,I have never seen such kind of people,as,they are.,我从来没见过像他们这么善良人。,I received as nice a gift,as,my mother promised.,我收到一件跟我母亲许诺过一样好礼品。,Do you want to buy the same radio,as,was shown on TV?,你想买和电视里一样收音机吗?,She was wearing the same dress,that,she had on the day before yesterday.,她穿正是前天穿那件衣服。,(3),非限制性定语从句放在句首时。如:,As,is known to all,China is a developing country.,众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。,第22页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,“,介词+关系代词”这种结构引导定语从句是同学们学习定语从句时难点之一,也是高考常考点,现将其使用方法简明总结以下:,(,一,),简单介词,+,关系代词,1,.,关系代词指人时只能用whom,指物时只能用which。,2,.,介词选择依据:(1)以从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词固定搭配而定;(2)以先行词与从句中动词关系及所表示含义而定;(3)以先行词在定语从句中作用和含义而定。如:,Is this the house,in which,Shakespeare was born?(,表示地点)这是莎士比亚出生房子吗?,Martins garage,to which,the car had been taken,was not far away.(to,表示方向)马丁取车车库并不远。,第23页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,There are fifty students in Class Four,of whom,John is the most diligent.(of,表示部分与整体关系)四班有五十名学生,其中约翰是最勤奋。,A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine,with which,we harvest crops.,收割者/收割机是指收割庄稼人或者指我们用来收割庄稼机器。,The train,on which,she is traveling is arriving.(on,表示乘坐交通工具,此处不能用by,因为train前面有限定词)她乘坐火车快要到了。,He saw me coming,after which,he offered me this seat.(after,表示时间),他看我来了之后给了我这个座位。,第24页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,二,),复杂介词,+,关系代词,用于此结构关系代词有which,whom,whose;惯用于该结构复杂介词有:as a result of,at the back of,because of,by means of,in front of等。如:,There was a great pain in my right foot,because of which,I could only limp along.,我右脚很痛,所以我只能跛着走。,They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which,sat a small boy.,他们来到一家农舍,房子前面坐着一个小男孩。,We study in this classroom building,at the back of which,there is a big garden.,我们在这幢教学楼里学习,在它后面有一个大花园。,第25页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,三,),简单介词,+,关系代词,+,名词,用于此结构关系代词有which,whose;介词选择取决于关系代词后名词及整个句子含义。如:,She may have missed the train,in which case,she wont arrive for another hour.,她可能没赶上火车,要是那样话,再过一个小时她也到不了。,Mrs.Lee will move into her new house next Monday,by which time,it is completely finished.,李太太下星期一就会搬入新房,那时房子就会装修完成。,第26页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,Do you know the boss,in whose department,my brother works?,你认识我弟弟工作那个部门老板吗?,He lived in London for three months,during which time,he learned some English.,他在伦敦住了三个月,这期间他学到了一些英语。,This is the tallest building here,from whose top,you can enjoy a good sight of the city.,这是这儿最高建筑物,从顶部你能够观赏到城市美景。,第27页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,四,),the+,名词,+of+,关系代词,该结构中关系代词只能用which;该结构表示所相关系,口语中惯用“whose+名词”代替。非正式文体中可用“of which the+名词”。如:,I saw some trees,the leaves of which,were black with disease.,我看到一些带病树,那些树叶是黑色。,He mentioned a book,the title of which,I cant remember now.,他提到一本我忘记了书名书。,This is the book,the cover of which,was designed by Mr.Jones.,这是那本由琼斯先生设计封面书。,第28页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,五,),表示部分词语,+of+,关系代词,此时指人关系代词只能用whom,指物只能用which;表示部分词语常见有:不定代词all,both,none,neither,either,some,any;数词(包含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数);数词+名词;“the+最高级”以及表示数目或数量词语many,most,several,enough,half,a number,a quarter,few。如:,During his first year,Chaplin acted in 35 films,many of which,he wrote and directed himself.,卓别林第一年演了35部电影,其中一些是他自编自演。,There are seventy students in our class,thirty of whom,are girls.,我们班有70名学生,其中30名是女生。,第29页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,He wrote several books,the first of which,has been published.,他写了好几本书,第一本已经出版。,Here are two pairs of socks,either of which,you may choose.,这儿有两双袜子,你能够选任何一双。,More stories about middle school students are written now,some of which,are popular.,现在写较多是相关中学生故事,其中有些是很流行。,Mr.Wang has three daughters,all of whom,are music lovers.,王先生有三个女儿,她们都是音乐兴趣者。,第30页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,The football team has 15 members,the oldest of whom,is 25 years old.,这个足球队有十五个组员,年纪最大二十五岁。,但要注意有些动词短语不能拆开使用。这么动词短语常见有:look after,look for,turn in,pay attention to,take care of,depend on,listen to 等。如:,The babies,(whom),the nurses are looking after are very healthy.,正被保育员照看着婴儿都很健康。,Is this the book,(which/that),she was looking for?,这是她正在找那本书吗?,第31页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,一,),状语从句,判断是定语从句还是状语从句关键是寻找是否有先行词,有先行词句子则为定语从句。由when和where引导句子,其前面无先行词则为状语从句。如:,It was five oclock,when,Tom came to see me yesterday afternoon.(,句中无先行词,故when引导句子为时间状语从句,it指时间),When you read the book,youd better make a mark,where,you have any questions.(,句中无先行词,where引导地点状语从句),第32页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,二,),同位语从句,定语从句与先行词之间是修饰与被修饰、限制与被限制关系,从句说明先行词性质或特征,关系词(或先行词)在定语从句中必须充当对应成份。而同位语从句中从句与其前面名词之间是等同关系,深入说明其详细内容,连接代词只能用that,而不能用which,且在从句中不充当任何成份。如:,The news,that I heard over the radio was exciting.,(,定语从句,先行词在从句中充当动词heard宾语,说明news是从收音机里听到),The news,that our football team won the match,is exciting.(,同位语从句,说明news详细内容),第33页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,(,三,),强调结构,判断句子结构是否是强调句型可用还原法,即将被强调部分放在从句中对应位置,不需要再添加任何词语句子就是正确,即为强调句型结构。如:,It was at five oclock,that,Tom came to see me yesterday afternoon.,It was in the bookstore,that,I met your brother the other day.,(,四,),并列结构,若句与句之间有并列连词and,but或分号、句号,则该结构为并列结构,若无则为定语从句。,Last night I took a taxi,and it took me straight home.,此时属于并列结构,若将并列连词and去掉,it改为which,则为非限制性定语从句。,第34页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder,but,it,didnt help.,若将but去掉,则应填which,成为非限制性定语从句。,The weather turned out to be very good,which,was more than we expected.,该处为which引导非限制性定语从句。,He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of,which,hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,该处为which引导定语从句。若将逗号改为分号或句号,或在most之前加并列连词and,均需将which改为them。,第35页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,高招1依据指代和成份正确判定和选择关系词,典例1,A company,profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.(,山东真题),【剖析】,whose,句意,:,国内市场利润下降企业能够从国外市场上寻找机会。本题考查定语从句。所填词,whose,引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语。,典例2,The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work,a good impression is a must.(,江苏真题,),【剖析】,where,句意,:,这本书在日常交流方面对我帮助很大,尤其在那些要求必须具备良好外部形象工作中。,work,在此为表示地点名词,其后是一个定语从句,;,要填词引导从句并在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词,where,。,第36页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,典例3,English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of,uses it differently.(,天津真题),【剖析】,which,句意,:,英语是各种不一样文化所共享一个语言,每种文化使用它方式都不一样。依据句子结构可判断,逗号后面是非限制性定语从句,要填词位于,each,of,之后,共同作句子主语,所以填,which,。,【方法综述】,解答定语从句类问题,关键是找准先行词,分析句子结构确定从句所缺成份。假如缺乏主语、宾语、表语或定语,引导词需要用关系代词,;,假如缺乏状语,引导词则用关系副词。确定所缺成份之后,再看先行词是人还是物,是表示时间名词还是表示地点名词等,从而最终确定答案。,第37页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,高招2正确了解定语从句与同位语从句区分,典例1,There were many people waiting at the bus stop,some of,looked very anxious and disappointed,but none of,jumped the queue.,【剖析】,whom;them,本题考查定语从句和并列句区分。第一空为定语从句修饰先行词,people,第二空由,but,可知为并列句,应用,them,。句意,:,许多人都在公共汽车站等,一些人看起来很焦虑又很失望,不过没有一个人插队。,典例2,There is much truth in the idea,kindness is usually served by frankness.,【剖析】,that,本题考查同位语从句。分析题干可知空格处引导同位语从句,解释,truth,内容,从句结构和意义完整,故用,that,引导。,第38页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,【方法综述】,1,.,在英语中,有许多从句,如主语从句、同位语从句以及强调句型与定语从句有许多相同之处。所以,命题人会利用这些相同性,设置一个特定语境,来考查考生对这些易混点辨析能力。碰到这么问题,我们思绪就是,:,抓住它们各自特征,结合语境去判断到底属于何种句型或从句。,2,.,同位语从句是对前面名词内容作深入解释、说明,引导词只起引导作用,不在句中作任何成份,普通不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制,引导词在句中作一定句子成份。,The,news,that,they,had,won,the,game,soon,spread,over,the,whole,school.,他们赢得比赛消息很快就传遍了整个学校。,(,同位语从句,深入解释,news,内容,),The,news,that,you,told,me,yesterday,was,really,disappointing.,你昨天告诉我消息真很令人失望。,(,定语从句,修饰,news),第39页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,1,.,用关系代词还是关系副词,要看其在从句中作用,不是看在主句中所作成份。,很多考生在做定语从句题目时,不是分析要填关系代词或者副词在从句中作用,而是分析和主句谓语动词关系,或者分析和临近动词关系,这些做法都是错误。如:,He visited the city where his father worked several years ago.,这里要填写关系词要看和worked之间关系,不是看和主句谓语动词visited之间关系。,第40页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,2,.,思维模式固定,不会分析句子成份,是做定语从句题目易犯错误。,定语从句考查,要结合句子逻辑意思,分析句子语法结构,语法正确使用是为逻辑意义通顺服务。假如不分析句子成份,单纯从句意考虑,就会造成犯错。如:,He is such an honest boy,we all like.,此句为定语从句,先行词boy在从句中作like 宾语,且先行词被such修饰,故要用as。假如只考虑句意,“,他是个如此老实孩子,我们都喜欢。”感觉使用that,组成“such.that”表示“如此以至于”,that引导结果状语从句。但认真分析句子结构后能够看出,从句中缺乏like宾语,所以不是结果状语从句;that只在定语从句中充当成份,所以此句是定语从句。,第41页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,判断从句中缺乏宾语,要用关系代词,然后再看先行词是否特殊,则能够发觉先行词被such所修饰,故用特殊关系代词as。假如将like后加上宾语him,则从句成份完整,只填that即可,这时才是that引导结果状语从句。,所以,要先分析从句成份,而不是一味依靠句意进行判断。同时切记,定语从句中一定缺乏成份,是不完整,所缺乏成份正是由关系词来充当,而that只在定语从句中充当成份。what不能引导定语从句。,第42页,试做真题,透析真题,高手必备,萃取高招,对点精练,一、单句填空,知识点,:,定语从句中关系代词与关系副词选择,1,.There,lying i
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