unit-4-The-Political-System-in-the-United-States市公.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,The Political System in the United States,Unit 4,1/33,2/33,Capital:,Washington,D.C.,Largest city:,New York City,National language:,English,President:,Barack Obama,Vice President:,Joe Biden,Independence,from the Kingdom of Great Britain,Declared:,July 4,1776,3/33,4/33,Area,-Total 9,826,630km2,Population,-estimate306,407,000,GDP:,estimate-Total$14.264trillion,Per capita:,$46,859,Currency:,United States dollar,5/33,The peace treaty of 1783 recognized the independence of the United States and the former 13 British colonies became 13 states of the new nation.,They were not very,clear about the future,political system of the,United States and,about the relationships,between the states and,the government of the,new nation.,A constitution was badly,needed.,6/33,7/33,Articles of Confederation(邦联条款),When the War of Independence was over,the Unites States was not one unified nation as it is today.,Each new state had its own government and was organized very much like an independent nation,although during the war,there was a plan of cooperation was called the Article of Confederation.,8/33,The Article of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other.,The Congress asked each state to send delegates to a convention in Philadelphia to discuss the changes which would be necessary to strengthen the Articles of Confederation.,(except Rhode Island,12 states participated),9/33,Constitution of United States,Constitution of United States:,the constitution set up,a federal system,with a strong central government.,A federal system,is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent(组成)parts,with some rights reserved to each.,The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader,or president.,It provided that the federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by people.,It also provide for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court.,10/33,11/33,12/33,Fear 1:one person or group,including the majority,might become to powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny(专制、暴政).,Three branches,The executive the legislative and the judicial,Each branch has powers that the others do not have,Each branch has a way of counteracting(抵消、中和),and limiting any wrongful action by another branch,13/33,Fear 2:the new central government might weaken or take away the power of the state governments to run their own affairs.,The Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had,and which power was reserved for the states.,The states were allowed to run their own government as they wished,Provided(以为条件)that their governments were republican.,14/33,system of check and balance works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another,15/33,Legislative Branch(立法机构):Congress,Passes legislation and appropriates money,（拨款）,The legislative branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states and is the only branch that can make federal laws,levy(征收)federal taxes,declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.,The House of Representatives(众议院),The Senate(参议院),16/33,The house of Representatives：lawmakers(2-year terms),435 members according to the size of the state,The number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.,17/33,The Senate,100 members-two from each state,(assures the small states have an equal voice in the one of the house of Congress),6-year term,18/33,Propose a bill,read,studied in committees,Commented on and amended in,the Senate(House),voted,Not passed,passed,read,studied in committees,Commented on and amended in,the House(Senate),passed,Become a law,Sent to president for,his signature,Groups who try to persuade,Congressmen to vote for or,Against a bill are known as lobbies.,19/33,Executive Branch,The president(4-year term,only 2 terms),-propose legislation to Congress,-can veto(否决)any bill passed by Congress,(the veto can be overridden(被推翻)by 2/3 vote in the two house),-easily influence public opinion,20/33,-appoint federal judges,including members of the Supreme Court as vacant occur(有空缺)all such court appointment are subject to confirmation by Senate.,-has broad power to issue regulation and directives,-commander in chief of the armed forces,-appoints the heads and senior officials of the executive branch agencies,21/33,13 departments,State 国务院,Treasury 财政部,Defense 国防部,Justice 司法部,Interior 内政部,Agriculture农业部,Commerce商业部,Labor 劳工部,Education 教育部,Transportation 交通部,Energy 能源部,Health and Human Service,卫生与公共服务事业部,Housing and Urban Development,住房与城市发展部,22/33,Foreign affairs,-the president is primarily responsible for foreign relations with other nations.,-the president appoints ambassadors(大使)and other officials,-with the secretary of state,formulates and manage the nations foreign policy.,-the president often represents the US abroad in consultations with other heads of state,and through his officials,he negotiates treaties with other countries.,23/33,Judicial Branch,the Supreme Court,11 federal courts,91 federal district courts,Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement,and can only be removed from office through the process of impeachment(弹劾)and trial in the Congress.,24/33,Supreme Court(9 members),A chief justice,(首席大法官),8 associate justices,(大法官),The Courts most important function consists of determining whether congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution,the power is called,judicial review（司法审查）,25/33,Checks and Balance,Congress:,Power of the purse,Can override presidential veto,(2/3 majority),Power of impeachment,Senate approves treaties and,the presidents appointments,Supreme Court:,Power to declare laws and,presidential actions,unconstitutional,The President:,Power to veto,Issues executive orders,Commander-in-chief,Appoints Federal Judges,Grants Pardons for offenses,against the US,26/33,Bill of Rights(权利法案),consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791,Americans are guaranteed freedom of religion,of speech and of the press.,Have right to assemble in public places,to protest government actions and to demand changes.,Have right to own weapons.,Neither police nor soldiers can stop and search a person without good reason,also can not search a persons home without legal permission from a court.,27/33,Americans have right to a speedy trial if accused of a crime.,The trial must be by,a jury and the accused person must be allowed representation by a lawyer and must be able to call in witnesses to speak for him or her.,Cruel and unusual punishment is forbidden.,28/33,Political Parties,Political parties:organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how members of their group elected in order to influence the governing of the country.,29/33,Two major parties,Democratic Party,(formed before 1800),more liberal party,President Franklin Roosevelt,launched“New Deal”plan in,1930s worldwide economic depression,Which earned Democrats reputation.,Democrats believe the Federal government and,the state government should be active in providing social and economic programs for those who need them,such as the poor,the unemployed students who need money to go to college.,30/33,Republican Party,(formed in 1850s),more conservative,They place more,emphasis on private,enterprise and often accuse,the Democrats of making the government too expensive and creating too many laws that harm individual initiative.,31/33,American do not have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office.,Many voters become members of a party because they feel strongly about the party goals or want a voice in selecting its candidate.,Everyone votes in secret,and no one can know how another votes or force another person to vote.,32/33,One concern many Americans have about their political system is the high cost of campaigning for public office.,People worry that the high cost of getting elected may force candidates to spend more time raising money than dealing with important issues and may discourage many qualified people from running for public office.,They are also concerned because much of the money to fund political campaigns comes from organized interest groups(利益集团)rather than individuals.,33/33,