资源描述
,Course,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Course,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Course of Writing,Unit 9,Sentence variety,1/53,Teaching objective today,The importance of,sentence variety.,Learn to improve sentence variety in terms of,length,pattern,emphasis and the sentence beginner,Grammar:Use,inversion,correctly and avoid,word-for-word-translation,in writing composition,writing:,Short composition(,)-,introduction,2/53,Teaching focus,Learn to improve sentence variety in terms of length,pattern,emphasis and the sentence beginner,Grammar:Use inversion correctly,Grammar:Avoid word-for-word-translation in writing composition,writing:learn to write effective introductory paragraphs for short composition,3/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,1.Definition of Sentence variety,1)Warm-up activities:p142,2)Summary of Knowledge points:,Sentence variety:,The group of sentences in a paragraph,should be regarded,as a whole,and should be,different enough in types to avoid boredom,.This is called sentence variety,4/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,2.Ways to achieve Sentence Variety,：,To use different types of sentences,1,）,types of sentences,：,Sentence classification,5/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,1,）,types of sentences,：,Sentence classification with different criteria,sentence,Sentence function,Grammatical structure,Sentence length,6/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,1,）,types of sentences,：,Sentence classification according to functions,Sentence function,interrogative,imperative,exclamatory,Declarative,7/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Declarative:,sentences that make a statement or an assertion.,For example:,Writing will become a survival skill in future,.,Interrogative:,sentences that seek information in the form of a question.,For example:,Do you think writing will become a survival skill in future?,8/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Imperative:,sentences that give directions.,For example,:,Hand in your paper by this Friday,.,Exclamatory:,sentences that express strong emotions.They usually begin with what or how,and end with an exclamation,mark,For example:,How I hate writing!,9/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,1,）,types of sentences,：,Sentence classification according to g,rammatical structure,Compound-complex,Simple,Compound,Complex,Grammatical structure,10/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Simple:,sentences that consist of mainly one Np+VP structure.,For example:My writing assignment is due next Friday.,Compound:,sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences(clauses)connected by coordinators.,For example:I hate writing,but I 1ike that sense of achievement after finishing an article.,11/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Complex:,sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences,（,clauses)connected by subordinators.,For example:I hate writing because Ive never had that sense of achievement.,Compound-complex:,sentences that are basically a compound sentence,with subordinate clauses in its coordinate clauses.,For example:I hate writing,but I like that sense of achievement after I finish an article.,12/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,1,）,types of sentences,：,Sentence classification according to,Sentence length,Sentence length,Long sentences,Short sentences,13/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,There is no definite standard for this classification.Whether a sentence is long or short can only be judged by comparing it with its neighboring sentences.,I love you.,I love you because youre smart,handsome and rich.,14/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,2),Strategies for various sentence-writing,Expanding sentences,By varying the length,By varying the pattern,By varying the emphasis,By varying the beginner,15/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,(1),Expanding sentences by varying the length,paragraph,Word count of the shortest sen.,Word count of the longest sen.,Average sentence length,Sentence difference,1,6,8,6,。,6,2,2,6,19,11,7,conclusion,Varying sentence lengths may help improve sentence variety.,16/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Strategies for writing long sentences:,Review:Unit 5-8,：,how to expand sentences,Unit 5,Attributes and relative clauses,Unit 6,Participle and absolutes,Unit 7,Coordination,Unit 8,subordination,17/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Misconception,:Most students take for granted that short sentences are a symbol of the writers immaturity,and that good writers should use long and complex sentences.,Conclusion:,Sentences with different lengths are more desirable in writing.,18/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Follow-up activities:p144,Reference for the Classroom Activities,:,The boys leaned against the willow tree(growing)next to the stream,their fishing poles resting on sticks,their eyes gazing at the bobbers on the ripples.The morning had been cool and comfortable,but the afternoon was becoming very hot.Both boys had taken great pleasure in planning for the trip on Friday,their only day off in the whole month.,19/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,(2)Expanding sentences by varying the pattern,Variety Sentence pattern involves sentences of different functions and structures,.,Suggested answers to the exercise Ex.p145,Sentence functions:,Declarative.1,2,3,5,7,Exclamatory:4,Interrogative:6,Grammatical structures:,Simple sentence:1,6,Complex sentence:2,4,5,Compound-complex,sentence 3,7,Your finding:,if you try to use different types of sentences,your writing may be less boring(as far as the language is concerned).,20/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Follow-up activities:p145,Reference for the Classroom Activities p145:,In 1955,Ray Kroc,a milkshake machine salesman,opened his first restaurant.At that time,he gambled his life savings on the belief that Americans would rather wolf down a meal than linger over it,as the Europeans do.His gamble paid off because in 1978 Kroc opened the 5,oooth store in his chain.Now his chain sells nearly one billion hamburgers every three months,and Kroc has revolutionized the food industry with food that is clean,rich,and quick-the Big Mac.,21/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,(3),Expanding sentences by varying the emphasis,emphatic patterns,created with,coordination and,subordination,Changing the word order-,rearrangement,Using emphatic patterns,Strategies for emphas,is,Changing the word order-,rearrangement,Using emphatic patterns,Strategies for emphas,is,22/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,First strategy-rearrangement by changing word order,Warm-up activities:p146,Reference for the analysis of Classroom Activities p146,。,1,In the first group,the first sentence is a sentence in the normal word order.,By violating the normal word order and moving the idea to the most emphatic position,the second sentence draws readers attention to the underlined idea,.,The third and forth groups work in similar ways.,In the second group,both the second and the third sentences are emphatic.The adverb,reluctantly,is in the normal position in the first sentence(close to the verb it modifies),but is emphasized when the words are rearranged in the second and the third sentences,.,The third sentence is more emphatic than the second one,because the change is greater,.,23/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Your findings,：,It works on two features of English sentences.,First,there exist some,natural emphatic positions,in English sentences.Generally,the end of a sentence is the most emphatic position,the beginning is the second emphatic position,and the middle the least.,Second,the word order in English sentences is usually fixed.In most cases,we follow the pattern of subject-verb-object/complement.Other elements,such as attributives and adverbials,are usually placed close to what they modify,.When we shift the word order,we usually create a certain emphatic effect.,24/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Second strategy-using emphatic patterns,phrases,or words,some of these patterns are:,what.is,do+verb,it is/wasthat,passive voice,there bewho/that,on earth,extremely.,25/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,(4),Expanding sentences by varying the beginner,Varying the beginner,subject,adverbial,26/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,A.Varying the beginner-,subject,In most cases,sentences begin with nouns or pronouns used as subjects.If all the sentences proceed in this pattern,they may sound rigid and boring.If not,however,the sentences may sound unpredictable,engaging,thus achieving sentence variety.,For this purpose,we may,either choose structures other than nouns or pronouns as sentence subjects,or not begin the sentence with a subject at all.,27/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Examples for different form of subject,Nouns,The film Harry Potter,has attracted kids and adults alike,Pronouns,This,is nonsense.,-ing participles:,Taking a trip during the National Day holidays,takes patience,Not leaving you,is the best decision Ive ever made.,(This subject is not good enough,formal subject would be better),28/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Infinitives:,To travel in a foreign country,is not necessarily interesting.,To learn the culture,is to get a sense of who we are.,Numerals:,Hundreds of people,have lost their lives in this fire.,60 percent of the existing languages,may disappear within 100 years.,Clauses:,That youre holding many certificates,doesnt prove that you possess those abilities.,Whether I should leave today or tomorrow,is to be decided by my boss,not me.,29/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Your findings,（,P147,）,Sentence subjects may take many different forms in English.Besides nouns and pronouns,numerals(one,two,three,first,second.third.etc.),infinitives(to do),-ing participles,and clauses can also be used as subjects.,30/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,B,Varying the beginner-,adverbial,Besides subjects,we can also put other elements at the beginning of sentences.As the most flexible element in English sentences is the adverbial,They may include,-ly beginners,Gently,he mixed the chemicals together.,Anxiously,the contestants looked at the clock.,to beginners,To succeed in my course,you must attend every class.,To help me sleep better,I learned to quiet my mind through meditation.,To get good seats,we went to the game early.,31/53,9.1 Sentence Variety,Prepositional phrase beginners,from the beginning,I dislike my boss.,In spite of her work,she failed the course.,-ing phrases,Jogging every day,I soon raised my energy level.,Having lost all his money,the boy didnt know what to do.,-ed phrases,Tired of studying,I took a short break.,32/53,9.2 Grammar,Grammar errors,incorrect inversion,W-for-W translation,33/53,9.2 Grammar:Inversion,What is inversion?,An interchange of position of adjacent objects in a sequence,especially a change in normal word order,such as the placement of a verb before its subject.,In English,an inversion may be required where a negative word is used at the beginning of sentence.,34/53,9.2 Grammar:Inversion,1)Warm-up activities:p148,2)Summary of rules governing inversion:,1.,When,a negative word or only,used as an adverbial is put at the beginning of a sentence,we can use the inverted structure;,2.The inverted structure should appear in the main clause.,35/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,Warm-up activities:p149,Suggested answers,Improved sentences:,1.Nowadays,there is usually one child in every family.,2.I think children should be encouraged to do what they need to do.,3.Parents should realize that they should let their children deal with what they have to.,36/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,Warm-up activities:p149,Suggested answers,Improved sentences:,4.As students,it is enough for us to study well.,5.They tried to help me,but they did it in a wrong way.,6.Because I have grown up,I have to do it by myself.,37/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,2)Summary,：,Rules against w-for-w translation,Writers should avoid translating their ideas from Chinese into English word for word.,Writers should try to write with,proper sentence structures,and use idiomatic expressions.,38/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,3)More activities:classroom activities:p150:1-2,Reference for the Classroom Activities,1.a.Only on weekends can I find time to watch TV.,b.Seldom can they find their boss in his office.,c.(correct,),d.Never can you find how they got their money.,e.Sometimes he gets late for school.,39/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,f.Only when I am free can you come to see me.,g.Only when you see him will you believe what I said is true.,h.(correct),i.Hardly had she turned on the TV when the telephone rang.,j.(correct),k.(correct),40/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,2,.,a.The clothes we wear are made from plastics./We wear clothes that are made from plastics.,b.This machine can be used not only for word processing but also for playing music.,c.Your English is better than mine./You are better at English than I am.,d.I have found that university students are very busy with their studies.,41/53,9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation,e.Women usually like sports which require more attention.,f.I think what her father,mother and grandma do is wrong.,g.My parents were always afraid that I might have an accident.,h.This article is not limited to environmental protection.,i.What he wants to talk about is the population problem in China./He wants to talk about the population problem in China.,J.Now people cannot do without television in their life.,42/53,9.3 Writing:Short Composition(II)-Introduction,As the saying says,“A good beginning is half done”,which also applies to writing.An effective introduction is very important for a good composition.,43/53,9.3 Writing:Short Composition(II)-Introduction,1,）,Warm-up activities:p151,2,）,Suggested answers to the questions on p151,1.Yes,the introductory paragraph contains,a sentence that tells us the main idea of the composition,.That is the last sentence in the paragraph.,2.The introductory paragraph is interesting because it presents a familiar phenomenon to the reader and then questions its effect.,3.An introductory paragraph should possess the following features:,44/53,9.3 Writing:Short Composition(II)-Introduction,3,）,summary:Features of an effective introduction,a.It should tell the reader what the composition is going to be about,or,it should present the thesis statement,.A thesis statement is one sentence or two that contain the focus of the writing.,The thesis statement usually,appears at the beginning of the writing,.But more frequently,it,appears at the end of the first paragraph,.,b.It should,arouse the readers interest,so that he or she will want to read more.,45/53,9.4,FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES OF THE UNIT,Reference answers:,ex1.Paragraph A,After years of trial and error,Disney finally found the character he was looking for.This character,called“Mickey Mouse,”was first introduced in the cartoon,Plane Crazy,and later found ultimate fame in,Steamboat Willie,the first sound cartoon ever made and a great achievement for Disney.By 1930,after his fame had spread all over the world,Mickey was established as the cinemas most popular cartoon character.Because Mickey was a moralist with a sense of fun,he became a character loved by all ages.In him,Walt Disney reached his peak of success.,46/53,9.4,FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES OF THE UNIT,Reference answers:,1.Paragraph B,Environmental protection
展开阅读全文
浙ICP备2021020529号-1 | 浙B2-20240490 
