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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,返回导航,第一编专题四语法填空和短文改错,大二轮复习,英语,第一编,专题四语法填空和短文改错,第,2,讲语法填空,1/60,明晰三年考情，备考不走弯路,题 型 透 析,情况,考点,命题特点,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,有提,示词,名词,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1.普通为200词左右说明文或者记叙文，难度适中，符合高中生阅读水平,2考查形式为给出提醒词和不给出提醒词两种，不给出提醒词题目普通为3个，提醒词填空多为7个,代词,1,1,词性转换,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,3,2,时态、语态和主谓一致,1,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,2,非谓语动词,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2/60,情况,考点,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,卷,命题特点,无提,示词,连词或连接词,1,1,1,1,1,1,3,3给出提醒词题目包含词性转换、名词单复数、动词时态/语态和非谓语动词等；不给出提醒词有冠词、连词或连接词、代词、介词等，不给出提醒词时只能填一个单词,冠词,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,代词,1,1,介词,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,其它,1,1,1,体裁,说明,文,说明,文,记叙,文,说明,文,说明,文,记叙,文,记叙,文,说明,文,说明,文,3/60,掌握备考策略，复习事半功倍,在语篇中训练语法考点。语法填空题重在考查考生在阅读了解基础上对语法知识掌握情况，考查综合利用能力。所以在日常教学中，我们应加强培养，增强学生应对该题型能力。而且进行语法训练时一定要在语境中，最好是在微型语篇中进行训练。,强化语言精准性。语法和词汇是综合语言利用能力基础，但语法和词汇不是孤立语言项目，语法和词汇知识学习应与真实交际场景和语篇利用紧密结合。所以巩固语言基本知识依然主要，要过好词汇关、语法关。应对考纲中词汇和语法进行梳理，学会在语境中活用。,4/60,加强专题训练。要经过专题练习进行归纳整理，提升解题技能。有针对性语法填空练习有利于学生自己总结规律，增强应对此题型能力，更能满足学生需求和考试要求。,扎实基础。对于动词不规则改变形式以及规则改变标准、非谓语动词形式、词性间相互转换、单词正确拼写等基础知识要记切记准，这么才能在语篇中准确利用。,5/60,1,真题体验,2,技法例析,3,即时巩固,4,素能强化,6/60,真 题 体 验,7/60,1,(,全国,),According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,，,runners live three years,1.,_(long)than non,runners.You dont have to run fast or for long,2.,_(see)the benefit.You may drink,，,smoke,，,be overweight and still reduce your risk of,3.,_(die)early by running.,While running regularly cant make you live forever,，,the review says it,4.,_(be)more effective at lengthen,ing life,5.,_ walking,，,cycling or swimming.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in,6.,_ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all,7.,_(cause).,longer,to see,dying,is,than,that/which,causes,8/60,The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherwise its probably running.To avoid knee pain,，,you can run on soft surfaces,，,do exercises to,8.,_(strength)your leg muscles(,肌肉,),，,avoid hills and get good running shoes.Running is cheap,，,easy and its always,9.,_(energy).If you are time poor,，,you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,，,so perhaps we should all give,10.,_ a try.,文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了跑步益处，号召我们尝试一下这种运动方式。,strengthen,energetic,running/it,9/60,解析：,考查副词比较级。句中,than,是比较级标志，故填,long,比较级,longer,。,解析：,考查非谓语动词。此句意为,“,你无须跑得很快，也无须跑很长时间就见到效果,”,，不定式短语,to see the benefit,作目标状语。,解析：,考查非谓语动词。介词,of,后接动词时要用其动名词形式。,解析：,考查时态和主谓一致。依据语境知这里用普通现在时，主语,it,是第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词用,is,。,解析：,考查介词。依据句中比较级,more effective,可知，这里是把,running,与,walking,，,cycling,，,swimming,进行比较，故填,than,。,10/60,11/60,2,(,全国,),Diets have changed in China,and so too has its top crop.Since,，,the country,1.,_(grow)more corn than rice.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over,2.,_ past 25 years,，,while rice has increased only 7 percent.,has grown,the,12/60,A taste for meat is,3.,_(actual)behind the change,：,An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,，,pigs,，,and cattle.Another reason for corns rise,：,The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice,4.,_(improve)water quality.Corn uses less water,5.,_ rice and creates less fertilizer(,化肥,)runoff.This switch has decreased,6.,_(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.,actually,to improve,than,pollution,13/60,According to the World Bank,，,China accounts for about 30 percent of total,7.,_(globe)fertilizer consumption.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between,when the government,8.,_(start)a soil,testing program,9.,_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers,and,，,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.That prevented the emission(,排放,)of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.Chinas approach to protecting its environment while,10.,_(feed)its citizens,“,offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,，,”,says the banks Juergen Voegele.,文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。中国近年来依据人们膳食改变调整农作物种植结构，为全球生态环境保护做出了贡献。,global,started,that/which,feeding,14/60,解析：,考查时态和主谓一致。由时间状语,since,可知句子用现在完成时，主语,the country,是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用,has grown,。,解析：,考查固定搭配中定冠词。,over the past 25 years,在过去,25,年里。,解析：,考查词性转换之形容词变为副词。修饰,be behind the change,用形容词,actual,副词形式,actually,。,解析：,考查非谓语动词之动词不定式。此处表示,“,政府勉励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改进水质,”,，故用不定式作目标状语。,解析：,考查介词。由句中比较级,less,可知，此处将玉米和水稻进行比较，故填,than,。,15/60,16/60,语法填空题是在一篇,200,词左右语言材料中留出,10,个空白，部分空白后面给出单词基本形式，要求考生依据上下文填写空白处所需内容,(1,个单词,),或所提供单词正确形式。语法填空语言材料为短文。文体为记叙文、说明文或者议论文。词汇难度不超出课标考纲，但有课标词汇派生词。,名 师 点 津,17/60,近年来课标全国卷都有,7,个小题提供单词基本形式，其余,3,个小题由考生依据对语篇了解来填入语意通顺、语法正确单词。考生需在正确了解文章主旨大意基础上，关注语境中词汇、句子和整个篇章结构之间联络，填写出所需要单词或者单词正确形式。其中，给出提醒词考查内容为：动词；名词；形容词、副词；构词法等。不给出提醒词考查内容为：主从复合句；并列连词；代词；冠词；介词等。,语法填空题除了考查对语篇了解能力、分析句子结构能力、熟练利用语法和词汇能力外，还考查考生正确拼写单词能力。,18/60,技 法 例 析,19/60,一、有提醒词,这种形式主要考查动词时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词形式、词性转换、名词数、形容词和副词比较级与最高级。解答这类题目时，首先需要判断设空处于句子中功效，其次再决定该用什么形式。,20/60,(,一,),提醒词为动词,解题模板,Step 1,分析句子结构，确定空格处是否作谓语；,Step 2,思索1,假如作谓语，要考虑时态、语态、主谓一致、虚拟语气,思索2,假如不作谓语，考虑是否是非谓语；假如是非谓语，考虑用哪种形式，是动词ing形式，还是过去分词，还是不定式,思索3,假如既不作谓语，也不是非谓语，就要考虑词性转换。那就需要依据上下文以及在句子中所作成份考虑词性转换类型,21/60,1,考查谓语动词,假如句子中没有别谓语动词，或者即使已经有谓语动词，但需要填动词与之并列，那么所给动词就是谓语动词，就要考虑时态和语态、主谓一致和虚拟语气。,22/60,(,全国,)Since,，,the country _(grow)more corn than rice.,解题步骤,分析句子结构,(,句子中没有动词,),句子缺乏谓语,考虑语态由句意知用主动语态,考虑时态句中有明确时间状语,Since,。,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,has grown,23/60,(,北京,)Susan had quit her well,paid job and _(work)as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.,解题步骤,分析句子结构,(and,连接两个并列句,),句子缺乏谓语,考虑语态由句意,“,Susan,已经辞去了高薪工作。去年当我探望她时候，她正在一个小区里做志愿者。,”,知用主动语态,典例,2,24/60,考虑时态,Susan,辞职发生在她当志愿者之前，,had quit,是过去完成时态，过去完成时态通俗说就是,“,过去过去,”,，且结合时间状语,when I visited her last year,可知，,Susan,做志愿者是过去某个时间段正在发生情况，故该空应用过去进行时态。过去进行时表示在过去某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行动作或状态。,尝试解答：,_,was working,25/60,(,北京,)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _(trap)in the mountains for two days.,解题步骤,分析句子结构,(who,引导定语从句,),句子缺乏谓语,考虑语态由句意,“,一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天旅游者。,”,知用被动语态。,考虑时态由,risked,可知，营救人员救游客是过去事情，被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前，即,“,过去过去,”,，该空应用过去完成时态。过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了动作，即,“,过去过去,”,，其表示形式为,had done,，被动语态表示形式为,had been done,。,尝试解答：,_,典例,3,had been trapped,26/60,2,考查非谓语动词,假如句子中已经有谓语动词，又不是并列关系时，所给动词通常是非谓语动词，就要确定用动词,ing,形式、过去分词还是不定式，同时还要考虑非谓语动词时态和语态。作主语或宾语时，通惯用动词,ing,形式表示习惯或普通情况，用不定式表示详细情况。作定语时，动词与被修饰词之间是主动关系用动词,ing,形式，是被动关系用过去分词，假如强调未来动作，用不定式。作状语时，关键也是要看清与逻辑主语之间主被动关系。当表示目标时，则只有不定式形式。,27/60,(,全国,)You may drink,，,smoke,，,be overweight and still reduce your risk of _(die)early by running.,解题步骤,分析句子结构句子已经有谓语，应用非谓语,分析非谓语动词句法功效非谓语动词作介词,of,宾语联想动名词句法功效,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,dying,28/60,(,全国,)You dont have to run fast or for long _(see)the benefit.,解题步骤,分析句子结构句子已经有谓语，应用非谓语,分析非谓语动词句法功效非谓语动词作目标状语联想不定式句法功效,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,to see,29/60,(,北京,)_(travel)along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.,解题步骤,分析句子结构句子已经有谓语，应用非谓语,分析非谓语动词句法功效非谓语动词作主语联想动名词句法功效,尝试解答：,_,典例,3,Travelling,30/60,(,北京,)Ordinary soap,，,_(use)correctly,，,can deal with bacteria effectively.,解题步骤,分析句子结构句子已经有谓语，应用非谓语,分析非谓语动词句法功效非谓语动词作状语联想分词句法功效,Ordinary soap,与,use,之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词,尝试解答：,_,典例,4,used,31/60,3,考查词性转换,所给提醒词即使是动词，但空格处既不考查谓语动词也不考查非谓语动词，那就可能是词性转换。转换成名词时，还要注意名词单复数。,32/60,(,全国,)This switch has decreased _(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.,解题步骤,分析句子成份,空格前,decrease,是及物动词，后接名词作宾语,pollute,名词是不可数名词,无复数,尝试解答：,_,典 例,pollution,33/60,(,二,),提醒词为形容词或者副词,所给提醒词为副词时，就要考虑是否要变为比较级；提醒词为形容词时，可能要进行词性转换也可能要变为形容词比较级。,解题模板,Step 1,分析句子结构，确定空格处是否是形容词或者副词比较级,Step 2,思索1,假如不是比较级，那就要考虑词性转换,思索2,假如是词性转换，首先考虑是否是形容词转换为副词,思索3,假如不是形容词转换为副词，就要考虑是否转换为名词,思索4,假如转换为名词，就要考虑用名词单数还是复数,34/60,(,全国,)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,，,runners live three years _(long)than non,runners.,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格前有数词，后有比较级标志词,than,依据所作分析判断此处用比较级,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,longer,35/60,(,全国,)A taste for meat is _(actual)behind the change,：,An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,，,pigs,，,and cattle.,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格前有系动词,is,，后有介词短语,behind the change,依据所作分析判断此处用副词修饰动词,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,actually,36/60,(,三,),提醒词为名词,提醒词为名词时，普通考查单复数改变。有时候也考查词性转换。,解题模板,Step 1,分析句子结构，确定空格处于句子中所做成份,Step 2,思索1,假如空格处填名词，首先要考虑是否用复数,思索2,假如不填名词，那就要考虑是否填形容词,思索3,假如是名词转换为形容词，需要考虑名词怎样转换为形容词,37/60,(,全国,)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _(cause).,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格处作介词,from,宾语,依据所作句子成份判断此处用名词,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,causes,38/60,(,全国,)To avoid knee pain,，,you can run on soft surfaces,，,do exercises to _(strength)your leg muscles(,肌肉,),，,avoid hills and get good running shoes.,解题步骤,分析句子成份,do,是谓语动词知，空格前,to,是不定式,依据所作句子成份判断此处用动词原形,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,strengthen,39/60,(,全国,)Running is cheap,，,easy and its always _(energy).,解题步骤,分析句子成份依据,its,可知，空格处作表语,依据所作句子成份判断此处用形容词形式,尝试解答：,_,典例,3,energetic,40/60,(,四,),提醒词为代词,提醒词为代词时，普通考查人称代词转换为物主代词或者反身代词。,解题模板,Step 1,分析句子结构，确定空格处于句子中所做成份,Step 2,思索1,考虑是否是人称代词转换为物主代词,思索2,假如不是转换为物主代词，考虑是否是由主格变为宾格或者填其反身代词,41/60,(,全国,)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,，,I was just glad to find _(they)alive.,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格处作动词,find,宾语,依据所作句子成份判断此处用宾格形式,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,them,42/60,(,全国,)On mu recent visit,，,I help a lively three,month,old twin that had been rejected by _(it)mother.,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格处作,mother,定语,依据所作句子成份判断此处用形容词性物主代词形式,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,its,43/60,二、无提醒词,这种形式主要考查考生对语篇了解和逻辑关系把握以及对固定搭配和常见句式掌握程度：考查内容主要是介词、冠词、代词、连词、情态动词、连接代词和连接副词、关系代词和关系副词以及句式：因为没有提醒词，考生需要依据文章大意和上下文语境以及对长难句结构分析来判断设空处于句子中功效，以确定其词性和意义，最终确定内容。,解题模板,Step 1,分析句子结构，依据句子所缺成份确定是哪类词,Step 2,思索1,依据句子本身含义，填写介词、冠词或者代词,思索2,分析句子结构，看看是否需要填写连词,思索3,依据逻辑关系、固定搭配、固定句型等填写适当词,44/60,1.,填介词,假如名词或者代词在句子中不作主语、表语或者动词宾语时，其前面普通是填介词。高考通常考查介词与动词、形容词或者名词搭配。做题时应该先依据上下文和句意推断出设空处详细意思，然后依据熟记短语来确定要填词。在学习过程中应注意对短语归纳、积累、比较和记忆。,45/60,(,全国,)While running regularly cant make you live forever,，,the review says it is more effective at lengthening life _ walking,，,cycling or swimming.,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格后是名词判断应该用介词,依据固定搭配,more.than.,确定答案,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,than,46/60,(,全国,)I was searching _ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.,解题步骤,分析句子成份空格后中心词是名词,gorillas,判断应该用介词,依据固定搭配,search for.,确定答案,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,for,47/60,2,填冠词,假如空格后有名词而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或者特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义比较级等形式，那么，这个空格处要填写冠词。,48/60,(,全国,)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years,，,while rice has increased only 7 percent.,解题步骤,分析句子,空格处缺乏冠词,依据固定搭配,over the past,一段时间,确定答案,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,the,49/60,(,全国,)Unexpectedly,，,Im face,to,face with the gorilla,，,who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.,解题步骤,分析句子空格处缺乏冠词,依据固定搭配,at the top of,确定答案,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,the,50/60,3,填代词,it,使用方法是考查重点。尤其是,it,作形式主语和形式宾语句型中。也可能考查人称代词。,51/60,Now it occurred to _that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.,剖析：,句意：现在看来，好像他农场是非常有潜力，奶牛死也似乎给他带来了好运氕。,It occurred to sb.that.,“,某人突然发觉,”,，这是一个固定句型，因为这篇短文讲述是约翰逊,(Johnson),，故填,him,。,The frozen parts of the city also make _ easier for residents to skate around.,剖析：,这里考查是,it,作形式宾语情况。分析句子结构可知，,make,是谓语动词，,easier,是宾语补足语，不定式是真正宾语，用,it,作形式宾语代替了。,典 例,him,it,52/60,4,填并列连词,分析句子结构，假如空格前后是两个并列成份，如两个并列单词、短语或者句子等，而且相互并列成份之间为并列、转折、选择、因果关系，这时候就要填并列连词。,53/60,In much of Asia,，,especially the so,called,“,rice bowl,”,cultures of China,，,Japan,，,Korea,，,_ Vietnam,，,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.,解题步骤,分析句子结构句子缺乏连词,依据句子中逻辑关系判断空格前列举三个国家与空格后,Vietnam,是并列关系,尝试解答：,_,典 例,and,54/60,5,填从句连接词,从句连接词是指导导状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句引导词。判断空格处要填哪类引导词，首先要分析句子成份，看看它引导哪一个从句，然后依据引导词种类和功效来确定填哪一个引导词。,55/60,(,全国,)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between,when the government started a soil,testing program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers,and,，,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.,解题步骤,分析句子判断此处为限制性定语从句,判断关系词在从句中所作成份在句中作主语,判断先行词是,program,，先行词指物,尝试解答：,_,典例,1,that/which,56/60,(,江苏,)Self,driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.,解题步骤,分析句子判断此处为限制性定语从句,判断关系词在从句中所作成份在句中作状语,判断先行词是,area,，先行词指地点,尝试解答：,_,典例,2,where,57/60,(,北京,)This is _ my father has taught me,to always face difficulties and hope for the best.,解题步骤,分析句子结构空格所在句在系动词,is,之后判断此处为表语从句,依据从句中所缺成份从句中缺乏,taught,宾语,尝试解答：,_,典例,3,what,58/60,(,北京,)_ we dont stop climate change,，,many animals and plants in the world will be gone.,解题步骤,分析句子结构句子缺乏连词,依据句意,if,表示条件,尝试解答：,_,典例,4,If,59/60,60/60,
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