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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第三章,词语翻译,1/28,第一节 多义词、歧义词英译,一 多义词(polysemous word),Words do not have meanings;people have meanings for words.-Eric Partridge,词本无义，义随人生。,任何一个词，用在新上下文中就有了一个新义。要确定多义词在特定语境中涵义，一要紧密联络上下文，二要注意这些词语搭配习惯。,2/28,（一）上下文(context),所谓上下文，即词、短语、语句和篇章前后关系，有广狭之分。狭义上下文指特定语言序言后语。广义上下文指外部经验世界。对上下文推敲是词语翻译主要方面，是词义选择，褒贬辨析基础。,3/28,1.上下文与词义选择,书？,一本书,a book,申请书,Letter of Application,协议书,Agreement,家书,a letter from home,(使用）说明书,Directions,4/28,成交确认书,Sales Confirmation,情书,a love letter,国书,credentials,议定书,protocol,证书,Certificate,书报亭,news-stand,书画,painting and calligraphy,书房,study,书生,intellectual,参考书目,bibliography,5/28,意见=opinion,view,suggestion?,1）两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心问题交换了意见。,The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.,2）党员应该虚心倾听群众意见。,A party member should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses.,6/28,3）他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。,They made some suggestions for the revision of the plan.,4）大家对你很有意见。,People have a lot of complaints about you.,7/28,5）他们就推举谁做下届总统候选人取得了一致意见。,They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election.,6）他们在会上闹起了意见。,They got into disputes at the meeting.,8/28,Opinion:“意见”、“主张”、“看法”，往往有“初步”、“不十分必定”意味，区分于坚信不疑和确知无误。,View:相当于汉语“看法”或“观点”，侧重对较广泛、重大或相关公众问题所采取态度。和opinion相比，view更为固定、全方面、有系统。,9/28,2.上下文与词义褒贬,译词必须辨析词褒贬。,1）他们讲索取，我们讲贡献。,They preach taking from others,whereas we advocate giving to others.,10/28,2）她追求是真理，而他追求是荣华富贵。,What she seeks is truth,and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.,11/28,3）宣传部=propaganda department?,宣传：对群众说明讲解，使群众相信并跟着行动。（当代汉语词典）,Propaganda:now often used disparagingly to connote deception or distortion(,Websters New World Dictionary,),Propaganda:is usually false or exaggerated information,rumours and opinions that are presented to try to influence public opinion(,Chambers Essential English Dictionary,1998,),宣传部：publicity department,12/28,4）宣传教育=,Publicity and education,3.上下文与词义广狭,汉英相比，汉语重整体思维，命名重统一，故多类名词，而英语少类名词。如英语有skin（人皮），bark（树皮），hide（兽皮），cover（书皮），却没有与统称“皮”对应词。汉语中，有时用类名词表示类一部分。英译时，就需要依据上下文辨析词义广狭。,13/28,1）出入下车。,No cycling at the gate.,Cyclists please dismount.,2）兔死狐悲。,The fox mourns the death of the hare-like grieves for like.,14/28,（二）搭配,汉英表示习惯不一样。翻译时，应在准确把握上下文基础上，依据英语习惯进行词语搭配。,1）我看出了他心事。,I could read his mind.,2）他看出了她破绽。,He spotted her weak point.,15/28,二 歧义词(ambiguous word),歧义词指同时含有两种或两种以上解释词，这些词实际意义与其字面意义不一样，轻易引发误解或误译。,（一）古今含义不一样词,有些词古今含义不一样，翻译时应搞清楚其不一样历史含义。,16/28,君不闻汉家,山东,二百周，千村万落生荆杞。,-杜甫兵车行,Have you not heard-in Shantung there two hundred districts lie,All overgrown with briar and weed and wasted utterly?,山东：古代指华山以东,In the eastern Huashan,17/28,（二）同形异义词,古汉语中多单音节词，这些单音节词逐步向双音节词发展。于是，与当代汉语相比较，古汉语一些形同义不一样词需要尤其注意。,矜寡孤独废疾者皆有所养。,Widowers,widows,orphans,childless old people,the physically handicapped,and,the sick,should all be properly taken care of.,18/28,地道表示,31.有名无实,a poor apology,她很有名气，只不过是个有名无实歌星。,She does have a big name,but shes only a poor apology for a good singer.,19/28,32.绞尽脑汁,to rack ones brain,33.没骨气,have no guts,34.真了不起,really something,35.昙花一现,a flash in the pan,20/28,36.一窍不通,not know beans about,37.寡不敌众,be outnumbered,38.单枪匹马,play a lone hand,39.吃得开,have a big drag with,你能够让他帮帮你，他在那帮人那儿尤其吃得开。,You may ask him to help.He has a big drag with those guys.,40.出师不利,get off on the wrong foot,21/28,Homework,1.他谢绝赴宴邀请。,2.产品质量有待提升。,3.那位工程师在一次事故中受了重伤。,4.假如发生创伤，最主要是预防感染。,5.假如病人无力支付，医生会免收诊费。,22/28,1.他谢绝赴宴邀请。,误译：He refused an invitation to dinner.,正译：He declined an invitation to dinner.,评析：refuse 与decline是同义词，意为“拒绝”，但decline意为“婉言拒绝”，refuse意为“拒绝”。,23/28,2.产品质量有待提升。,误译：The quality of the products should be raised.,正译：The quality of the products should be improved.,评析：汉语“提升质量”英语应说improve the quality of,不能说raise the quality of;但能够说raise the price 提升价格，raise efficiency 提升效率，raise the rent 提升租金，raise ones voice 提升声音等。,24/28,3.那位工程师在一次事故中受了重伤。,误译：The engineer got seriously wounded in an accident.,正译：The engineer got seriously injured in an accident.,评析：wound 指在战争或战斗中受了枪弹、刀创伤。injure 指在事故中受伤。上述二词都比hurt（受伤）严重得多。,25/28,4.假如发生创伤，最主要是预防感染。,误译：If an injury should happen,it is then very important to prevent infection.,正译：If an injury should occur,it is then very important to prevent infection.,评析：injury（伤），pain（痛），disease（病）等发生常惯用occur,develop或者result,不用happen.happen 多指发生事故。,26/28,5.假如病人无力支付，医生会免收诊费。,误译：Doctors will not receive fares for services if patients are not able to pay.,正译：Doctors will not receive fees for services if patients are not able to pay.,评析：fee多指学费、会费、诊费、服务费、入场费等。fare主要指车费、船费等。,27/28,The End.,28/28,
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