大学英语四级翻译专题.pptx

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分 标 准,13-15分,译文准确表示了原文意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,10-12分,译文基本上表示了原文意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。,7-9分,译文勉强表示了原文意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。,4-6分,译文仅表示了一小部分原文意思。用词不准确，有相当多严重语言错误。,1-3分,译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表示原文意思。,0分,未作答，或只有几个孤立词，或译文与原文毫不相关。,3/85,例文,许多人喜欢中餐。在中国，烹饪不但被视为一个技能，而且也被视为一个艺术。精心准备中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差异很大。但好烹饪却都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养,(nutrition),。因为食物对健康至关主要，好厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。,Many people enjoy Chinese food.Cooking is looked upon as an art as well as a skill in China.A carefully prepared Chinese dish is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to look at.Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the country.But good cooking does have something in common.It always takes into account color,flavor,taste and nutrition.As food is vital to health,good cooks always strive to strike a balance between grains,meats and vegetables,so Chinese dishes are both delicious and healthy.,4/85,14,分（,13-15,分）：译文准确表示了原文意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（,有少许不显著小错，如冠词、单复数、时态、介词、用语不确切等。,2,处，,15,分；,5,处，,14,分；,7,处左右,13,分。,）,（,14,分参考译文）,Many people enjoy Chinese food.In China,cooking is not only viewed as a skill but also regarded as a form of art.A carefully-prepared Chinese,dinner,can be both tasty and good-looking.While cooking skills and the ingredients differ,largely,from place to place in China,fine cooking always has something in common,that is the consideration of color,flavor,taste and nutrition.Since food is vital to,the,health,a fine cook is always trying to achieve a balance between cereals,meat and vegetables.Therefore,the,Chinese food is both delicious and healthy.,5/85,11,分（,10-12,分）：译文基本上表示了原文意思。文字基本通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。,（有,1,个严重错句，,12,分；,3,处显著语言错误，,11,分；,4,处，,10,分）。,（,11,分参考译文）,Many people like Chinese food.In China,cooking is regarded not only as a kind of skill but also as a kind of art.Chinese food,which is prepared carefully,is both delicious and good-looking.Cooking skills and ingredients differ greatly from place to place in China.,However,good cooking shares one thing in common:,color,taste,feel,and nutrition are always under consideration.Since food is of vital importance to health,good cooks are always trying to,be balanced with grain,meat and vegetables.,As a result,Chinese food is delicious and healthy.,6/85,8,分（,7-9,分）：译文勉强表示了原文意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。（,5,个句子正确或基本正确，,9,分；,4,个句子正确或基本正确，,8,分；,3,个句子正确或基本正确，,7,分）。,（,8,分参考译文）,Many people love Chinese food.In China,cooking is not only regarded as a kind of skill,but also art.Well-prepared Chinese,dishes taste good besides look good.,There is a big different in cooking skills and ingredients between different parts of China.,But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color,the tasting and the nutrition,.As food is so important to health,good,cookers,always try to make a balance between corn,meat and vegetables.,As a result,Chinese dishes are delicious and healthy.,7/85,5,分（,4-6,分）：译文仅表示了一小部分原文意思。,用词不准确，有相当多严重语言错误。（内容基本表示，有,2,个句子正确,6,分；,1,个句子正确,5,分；没有一个正确句子，但有两三个句子有小错,4,分。）,（,5,分参考译文）,Many people like Chinese food.Cooking is not only a skill but also it is a kind of art.It is delicious and beautiful that Chinese meals are careful prepared.It is differently in cooking and material beside in Chinese.,But,good meals have a common point which color teast and nutrition are though about.,Then a good,cooker,is always trying their best to balance it from meat vegetable and so on.Therefore,Chinese meals are delicious and healthy.,8/85,2,分（,1-3,分）：译文支离破碎。除个别词语或橘子，绝大部分文字没有表示原文意思。（,内容基本表示，但全部句子都有错误或严重错误。严重错误少给,3,分，多给,2,分。）,（,2,分参考译文）,Many people like China food.In China,only a technolege make food,and also an artist.Good food is eated fine and seems fine.How make food and make the food need what is different in different place in China.But make food good just only thing the foods color taste,feel make people and nutrition.Food is importand for health,so good people that make food is use more power for better on meat and vegitable,so Chinese food is taste good and more health.,9/85,考生怎样在强化阶段复习翻译，又怎样在考试中夺取高分呢？词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山不二法宝。,关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语,段落翻译重点依然是词汇，,尤其是较为特殊翻译类词汇，经过样卷分析，提议考生多关注一下和,中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等,相关词汇。,10/85,汉译英解题方法,1.,阅读原文，了解原文，取得总体印象。,2.,处理原文句子，正确断句，合句，找准主语。了解原文中语言现象和逻辑关系，注意汉英两种语言不一样表示习惯，综合翻译技巧进行翻译。,11/85,3.,修改，对译文修正、加工、润饰。,第一步：对照原文一句一句修改，看原文内容、,思想是否准确表示出来,；有没有漏译、错译、曲解地方；译文语言是否通顺。,第二步：,脱离原文,，重复阅读后进行修改。看上下文有没有不连接地方，前后有没有矛盾、重复地方，有没有逻辑不通地方。,12/85,写长难句可增加得分点,段落翻译另一难点就是,长难句攻克,，平时加大对长难句分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分句型。分析从句比较多长难句，要找到句子切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到，即连接词,that,、,which,、,who,、,when,等等；另外一个是潜在，即各种动词形式，包含,doing,、,to do(,单独使用,),、,done,等等,13/85,注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打初稿和,写,。在头脑中形成翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，依然不一定是通顺句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这么才能提升语言组织能力。,同时，长难句翻译不是一气呵成，要练习怎样打初稿，确保不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，经过平时初稿练习，也锻炼下打初稿清楚程度，防止在誊写时丢掉一些东西。,14/85,汉语,VS,英语,不一样表示习惯,1.As long as the green mountains are there,one,should not worry about firewood.,留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。,2.,If,winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了,春天还会远吗,?,15/85,1.This book,has already been,translated into Chinese.,这本书已经翻译成汉字了。,4,.It is hoped that,you will have a chance to visit China.,希望你有机会来中国访问。,16/85,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义,二、英语多长句，汉语多短句,三、英语多从句，汉语多分句,四、主语，宾语等名词成份“英语多代词，汉语多名词”,五、英语多被动，汉语多主动,六、英语多改变，汉语多重复,七、英语多抽象，汉语多详细,八、英语多引申，汉语多推理,17/85,英汉结构差异,连接方式：,汉语隐形，即连接词极少出现或不出现，这表达为意合,(parataxis);,英语显性，即连接词出现，表达为形合,(hypotaxis),组句方式：,汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间次序或前因后果逻辑关系排列，呈链状；,英语：常按句内主次隶属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨树状结构。,18/85,汉语段落能够包含一个或一个以上主题；,而英语段落普通只有一个主题，如往往有一个显著主题句（主题句多置于句首），其它句子则层层展开，以支持主题句,19/85,1.,正确判断句子之间关系，补充连接伎俩，实现显性连接。,e.g.,在这一年半中，她誊录、背写英语单词纸，垒起来可达桌子高。,思绪：,SVO=,纸,+,到达,+,桌子高。,问题：垒起来怎么处理？,In that year and a half,the paper,on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory,if stacked up,could,reach the table,from the floor.,结构差异带来启示,20/85,2.,掌握内在联络正确断句,我们,班主任,姓王,，五十开外，方脸，一脸胡子。,Mr.Wang,the head teacher responsible for our class,was over fifty.He,had,a square-shaped face with a full beard.,结构差异带来启示,21/85,汉译英基本技巧,22/85,翻译技巧,1.,句子语法结构分析,2.,用词搭配,3.,把握句内,/,间,逻辑关系,4.,整合检验,23/85,翻译基本方法：,直译意译,直译：,保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。,意译：,只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语特点。,如：我们朋友遍天下。,Our friends are all over the world.,(,直译,),We have friends all over the world.,（意译）,直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法能够并用,24/85,下面分别从词、句角度分析翻译技巧,1,、词翻译,1.1,词义确实定,1.2,词类转换,1.3,词增补,（,1,）语法需要,（,2,）意思表示需要,（,3,）文化背景解释需要,1.4,词减省,1.5,词替换,25/85,词翻译,正确选词是确保译文质量主要前提。主要应依据上下文正确了解原文词义。,1.1,词义选择,26/85,（,1,）日,服,三次，每次一片,To be,taken,three times a day,one tablet each time.,（,2),你说得有道理，我,服,了。,What you said is reasonable.Im,convinced,.,（,3,）他不,服,指导。,He refused to,obey,directions.,27/85,诗人应含有,丰富想象力,。,A poet should have,rich,imagination,.,真遗憾，你,想象力,太,丰富,了。,What a pity!Youve,got into,wild flights of fancy.,28/85,张将军真是,足智多谋,啊！,General Zhang is really,wise and resourceful,.,那个敌参谋长可是,阴谋多端,呀！,The enemy chief of staff,has,a whole bag of tricks,.,29/85,苏州是吴文化发源地，苏绣、绘画、篆刻、昆曲、评弹苏剧以及饮食、衣饰、,语言,等融汇成其丰富内涵。,Suzhou is the cradle of Wu Culture,which covers Suzhou Embroidery,painting,seal cutting,Kunqu Opera,Suzhou Ballad Singing,and Suzhou Opera as well as the local cuisine,costume and,dialect,.,30/85,1.2,词类转换,词类变形和转换，是英语语言一个很主要特点，尤其是,名词、动词、形容词,这三种最主要词类。,31/85,常见词类转换现象,1,32/85,常见词类转换现象,2,33/85,常见词类转换现象,2,34/85,常见词类转换现象,3,35/85,词性转换,1,）名词转换成动词,比如,a,：改革开放政策受到了全国人,拥护,。,译文：,The reform and opening-up policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.,Eg b.,他演讲给我们,印象,很深。,His speech,impressed,us deeply.(,名词变动词,),36/85,2),动词转化成名词,比如：他善于,观察,译文：,He is a good observer.,3),形容词变名词,eg.,你说他傻不,傻,？,Dont you think he is,an idiot,?,37/85,4),名词转换成形容词,比如：在这,担心,时刻，他感到非常害怕。,译文：,The,intensity,of the moment,filled,his mind,with,fear.,38/85,5.,动词变形容词,杭州从来,盛情招待,来自全世界游客和客商。,Hangzhou has long been,hospitable,to,the tourists and businessmen from all over the world,6,动词变名词）,.,她漂亮得,无法形容,。,Her beauty is,beyond description,39/85,国家采取各种办法，切实保护妇女各项权利,不受侵犯,。,The State has adopted measures to effectively protect womens rights,against infringement,.,年，中国成功地取得了,年,夏季奥运会,举行权,。,In the year of,China was selected,to,host,the Summer Olympics.,.,40/85,1.3 词增补,汉英两种语言因为用词造句规律不一样，因而在表示同一内容是需要在译文中增补原文中没有词。,（,1,）语法需要,（,2,）意思表示需要,（,3,）文化背景解释需要,41/85,教室太吵，宿舍太闷，校园里树林中，小河边，假山旁，芳草上全是同学知己，一个个手捧书本，口中念念有词。,As,the classroom was too noisy,and,the dorm too stuffy,I went outdoors,only to find,the fellow students everywhere in the woods,by the brooks,beside the rockery,and on the lawn,all with books in their hands and reading the texts aloud.,42/85,北京是中国政治、文化中心。这里你能够游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。,Beijing is a political and cultural center,that offers some scenic attractions,:the Great Wall,the Forbidden City,the Summer Palace etc.,43/85,（,2,）为了确保译文意思明确而增词,.,增补词有：原文中暗含而无需明言词、概括性词和注释性词语。,比如：,1,、班门弄斧。,Show off ones proficiency before Lu Ban,the master carpenter,.,2,、三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。,Three cobblers,with their wits combined,equal Zhuge,Liang,the master mind,.,44/85,1.,我不以为用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。,2.,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,Practice Please.,45/85,1.,我不以为用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。,I dont think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.,2.,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,增加形式主语,it,增连词,Practice Please.,46/85,1.4.,减词,:,汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简练。汉语重复作为一个修辞伎俩有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表示一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习认为常重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。,这是革命春天，这是人民,春天,，这是科学,春天,！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个,春天,吧！,Let us stretch out our arms to embrace,the spring,which is one of the revolution,of the people,and of science.,47/85,1,见到自己故乡，他想起了童年,情景,。,2,他连续讲了两小类时法语，没有出现任何错误,。,Practice Please.,48/85,见到自己故乡，他想起了童年,情景,。,The sight of his hometown called back his childhood,.,他连续讲了两小时法语，没有出现任何错误,。,He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes.,Practice Please.,情景,没有出现,省名词,(,省动词,),49/85,句子翻译,一、主语选择（,The Selection of Subjects,）,主语选择有三种方法：选择原句主语；选择原句中别成份作主语；增添主语,二、谓语选择（,The Selection of Predicates,）,动词使用时要符合时态、语态、语气三个语法范围要求，同时，数、时、体上和主语保持一致，必须与主语、宾语、甚至其它成份搭配自然。,三、语序改变（,The Change of Word Order,）,汉语重视：时序律；范围律（英语相反）；主客律与表里律（英语也存在）；因果律,四、衔接方式调整（,The Adjustment of Cohesive Devices,）,指称衔接（,referential cohesion,）,;,逻辑衔接（,logical cohesion,）,;,词汇衔接（,lexical cohesion,）,50/85,2.,语态转换,在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。,在英语中被动语态使用频率要远远高于汉语。,假如一味按照汉语原句语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。,门锁好了。,The door has been locked up.,新教材在印刷中。,New textbooks are being printed.,51/85,HINTS,：,e.g.,通常汉字中主语过于宽泛时候，如“人们”、“他人”、“这”等，能够转化成英文被动语态，省略原来主语,原文：现在人们必须采取办法来保护环境。,译文：,Measures should be adopted/taken to protect the environment.,52/85,3.,分译,&,合译,(,按内容层次分译,),分译：,需要分译句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂复句。这种句子假如译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表示不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。假如采取分译，则会使译文简练、易懂、层次分明。,少年是一去不复返，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。,Youth will soon be gone,，,never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.,她隔窗望去，突然发觉有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。,Looking through the window,she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank.In it there was a boatman fast asleep.,(,按内容层次分译,),(,从主语变换处罚译,),53/85,合译：,相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，所以在翻译中，要把汉语两个或多个句子合译为英语一句，使译文紧凑、简练。,对我来说，我电脑就像我自己一个小王国。我就是里面国王。,To me my computer is like my own little kingdom where I am king.,第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有,34,个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。,The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 words,giving more details.,从主语变换处合译,按内容连贯合译,54/85,4.,正、反表示翻译,I.,汉语从反面表示，译文从正面表示,他提出论据相当,不充实,。,The argument he put forward is pretty,thin,.,他七十岁了，可是并不显老。,He was 70,but he carried his years lightly.,II.,汉语从正面表示，译文从反面表示,她来得正是时候。,She,couldn,t,have come,at a better time,.,对于汉译英，你越细心越好。,You can,never be too careful,about Chinese-English translation.,55/85,5.,变序,从译文行文上考虑，有时需要对原文词序作一番调整，以适应英文修辞习惯，或者为了防止因结构而产生歧义。,例：到西安你能够买兵马俑、唐三彩。,Unique local creations are available,in Xi,an,such,as the three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty,and,terra-cotta figures.,(,“,兵马俑,”,和,“,唐三彩,”,在译文中变换了位置，是为了防止,”,of the Tang Dynasty,”,在结构上产生歧义。,),56/85,Practice,makes,perfect!,57/85,样卷,PartIVTranslation(30minutes),Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed,30minutestotranslateapassagefrom,ChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwrite,yo,u,r,answeronAnswerSheet2.,58/85,样题,剪纸（,paper,cutting,）是中国最为流行传统民间艺术形式之一。,中国剪纸有一千五百多年历史，在明朝和清朝时期（,the,Ming,and,Qing,Dynasties,）尤其流行。,人们惯用剪纸美化居家环境。,尤其是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆气氛。,剪纸最惯用颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。,中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人礼品。,59/85,剪纸（,paper,cutting,）是中国最为流行传统民间艺术形式之一。,Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional,folk arts,.,讲解：,1.,传统民间艺术形式：翻译为,traditional folk art,其中,folk,意为,“,民间，民俗,”,，,art,既能够表示,“,艺术,”,这一抽象概念，也能够表示详细,“,艺术形式,”,，所以直接翻译为,art,即可，无须加,form,词。,60/85,中国剪纸有一千五百多年历史，在明朝和清朝时期（,the,Ming,and,Qing,Dynasties,）尤其流行,Chinese paper cutting has,a,history of more than,1,500,years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.,61/85,人们惯用剪纸,美化,居家环境。,尤其是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆气氛。,People often,beautify,their homes with paper cuttings.,During the Spring Festival and,wedding celebrations,in particular,paper cuttings are used to decorate doors,windows and rooms in order to,enhance,the joyous atmosphere.,.,美化居家环境：,“,美化,”,即,beautify,，,“,居家环境,”,翻译成,their homes,即可，不要逐字生硬地翻译为,home environment,。,3.,增加喜庆气氛：翻译为,enhance the joyous atmosphere,。,62/85,剪纸最惯用颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。,The color,most frequently,used,in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes,health and prosperity.,4.,象征健康和兴旺：翻译为,which symbolizes health and prosperity,此处既能够用非限制性定语从句，也能够用分词形式,symbolizing health and prosperity,。,63/85,中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人礼品。,Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and,it is often given as a present to foreign friends,.,64/85,实例,总结一年来工作，我们清醒地看到，经济社会发展中还存在不少问题和困难。必须坚持把人民群众利益放在第一位。要切实维护人民群众经济、政治和文化权益，着力处理关系群众切身利益突出问题，保障城镇困难群众基本生活。不停满足人们日益增加物质文化需要，是社会主义当代化建设根本目标。只有执政为民，我们各项事业才能取得最广泛最可靠群众基础和力量源泉。,65/85,总结一年来工作，我们清醒地看到，经济社会发展中还存在不少问题和困难。,In,reviewing,our work of the past year,we clearly see that many problems and difficulties remain in our economic and social developmen