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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2013/12/6,#,The Worker as Creator or Machine,Erich Fromm,1/88,Erich Fromm,1900-1980,sociologist,psychoanalyst and author,born in Frankfurt,Germany,and got his Ph.D.at the Univ.of Heidelberg,1922.,He came to the United States in 1934,where he practiced psychoanalysis and lectured at various institutions,including the International Institute for Social Research(193439),Columbia Univ.(194041),the American Institute for Psychoanalysis(194142),and Yale(194950),2/88,His Viewpoints,Fromm attempted a synthesis and reformulation of Freud and Marx.,He was particularly concerned with the relationship between the individual and society and the problems of human self-realization and fulfillment.,He took issue with Freuds view of the instinctual bases of human motivation.,He argued that social character is not determined by instinct but rather shaped by cultural training.,He also maintained that in modern,industrial societies,men have become alienated from themselves.These feelings of isolation resulted in an unconscious desire for unity with others.,3/88,His works:,Escape from Freedom,(1941),The Sane Society,(1955),The Art of Loving,(1956),The Heart of Man,(1964),The Revolution of Hope,(1968),4/88,5/88,6/88,7/88,8/88,The Text,This piece is an excerpt from“The Sane Society”1955.In this book,Fromm is mainly concerned with the effect of a sociological environment on Americans which exalts(praise)success through,competition,and the,human alienation,that accompanies technological development which isolates the workman from the finished product.,9/88,The following two paragraphs have been deleted from the beginning of this piece:,“What becomes the meaning of work in an alienated society?”,“We have already made some brief comments about this question in the general discussion of alienation.But since this problem is of utmost importance,not only for the understanding of present-day society,but also for any attempt to create a saner society,I want to deal with the nature of work separately and more extensively in the following pages.”,10/88,alienation,What is,alienation,?Is it a topic worth talking?,The term is derived from,Marx,and refers to the domination of people by power elites,material constraints,political structures,and thought itself.Ultimately,alienation is the separation of humankind from its labor.It interferes with the production of authentic culture(see Culture).It is affected by any process which limits a persons power to know the world,and thus dehumanizes the world itself(see Humanization).,11/88,异化,在,物异化,现象中，主体（人）创造物原来是主体为了自己目标而创造出来，是到达人特定目标工具和伎俩，是到达人某种控制性目标而使用工具，可是，在异化现象中，物却反过来成了奴役人、控制人力量，主体成了被动、可怜、受制于物“成份”。原来是以人尺度为标准而“设计”人,-,物关系，在异化现象中变成了以物尺度为标准人,-,物关系。能够看出，物异化现象一个基本特点就是反客为主和工具性压倒了目标性。,12/88,The theme or thesis,The meaning of work in an alienated society.,The worker is no longer a creator but has become a machine.,“,He is part of the machine,rather than its master as an active agent.,”,(para.6),13/88,The method of writing,The method employed by the writer in this piece of expository writing is,causal analysis,or,causation,因果分析,.,It means something happened is,1)because of sth else,2)as a result of sth.else,In this lesson,the writer explained the reason why man changes the attitude toward work and its effect,14/88,Organizational Pattern,5 sections,Sect.I,(Para.1-2).The writer deals with general positive values of work,Para.1.,the general idea of the meaning of work to man in ancient times.,Para.2.,more specifically states what work means to craftsman in 13-14,th,century.,Work was satisfactory,pleasurable,instructive,meaningful,He cites examples of craftsman in 13-14,th,century to illustrate work.,15/88,Organizational Pattern,Sect.II,(Para.3-4),He deals with the change in the meaning of work to man,especially at the beginning of modern society(capitalism),What does work mean to man then?,a duty and obsession-upper middle class,forced labor-poor laboring people,16/88,Organizational Pattern,Sect.III,(Para.5-7),He deals with the change in the meaning of work to man now.,Work has become an alienating factor.,Work alienates the workers from others,and worker has become part of the machine.He is not a master,but slave of machine.,17/88,Organizational Pattern,Sect.IV,(Para.8-9),The cause of the changes,The writer makes a general survey in the research of the causes of the changes from the industrial psychological point of view.,18/88,Section IV.,The relationship between the worker and work is determined by the whole social organization.,The worker knows very little about other things.,The worker is passive.,He is isolated(alienated)from others.,19/88,Organizational Pattern,Sect.V,(Para.10-13),The effects(results)of this alienation.The workers have two reactions resulting from alienation.,laziness(Para.11-12),hostility(Para.13),20/88,Detailed Study of the TextPara.1,Para 1,the specific positive values of work,1.Work enables human beings to rise from the animal kingdom.,2.Work liberates men from nature and makes them into social beings and work together in a cooperative way.,3.Work molds and changes nature and himself.,4.Work develops man,s different powers,skills,capacities,personality and creativity.,21/88,What is work?,By working,a man could:(para.1),Differ himself from animal,(rise him above the animal kingdom),Separate himself from nature,(Liberator from nature),Socialize himself,(Creator as a social and independent being),Become his own master,(Molding and changing the nature as well as himself),22/88,Para.2,Para.2-,detailed description of the meaning of work to man.,The paragraph deals with the subject of craftsmanship.According to Mills and Fromm craftsmanship involves the control of the work process by the individual worker.At its height in the late Middle Ages,it enhanced man,s productive powers and was a source of great satisfaction to the craftsman.,23/88,C.W.Mills(1916-1962),An American sociologist,known as one of the very few outstanding social critics during the McCarthy period.His best known work is,White Collar,(1951),from which his quotation is taken,and,The Power and Elite,.,He died in 1962.,24/88,25/88,Why was work a pleasure to man?,Because the worker is free to control his own working action.He is responsible for the whole production process.,26/88,Why does the writer use a quotation?,to prove his idea in a more direct way,to give a kind of authority to what he says,-A paraphrase would not provide that directness and authority.,27/88,What does,“,There is no split of work,”,mean?,There is a close relationship between work and pleasure.They go hand in hand.While the worker is working,he enjoys himself.When he is making sth.,he learns sth.,28/88,Para.3,Protestant countries,:referring to Germany,Switzerland,Scandinavia,the Netherlands,the British Isles and Early America.,What,s protestant,s idea about work?,They held that all men are born sinful.They must work hard to purify their souls.God then will take them to paradise after they die.,29/88,Protestantism,one of the three major branches of Christianity,along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.,Protestantism formed from the split with Roman Catholicism during the Reformation,in the 16,th,century,.Led by,Martin Luther,John Calvin,and others,the reformers broke from the Roman Catholic Church due to abusive ecclesiological structures and theological differences.,30/88,The medieval period,The medieval period lasts from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire(the fifth century)to the outbreak of the Bourgeois Revolution in the 17th century.,31/88,Newly won freedom,Freedom from feudal restrictions.The craftsman felt safe and secure in his guild and profession,but became afraid now that he was entirely on his own in a highly competitive society.,32/88,Man,being afraid of,Because the craftsman felt uncertain about his new way of life(the breakdown of the bonds of feudal community),he felt the need to do something to work to overcome and conquer his doubts and fears so as to regain psychological equilibrium(,平衡）,.,33/88,The outcome,Early Protestantism maintained that most souls are,predestined,by birth by God to eternal damnation and a few to be saved after death.But theres no way that anyone can know which is which.Obviously people lived in fear.All one could hope for was a sign from God that he might be among the elect,even though a sign was no guarantee.,34/88,It was believed that any form of sinfulness was likely indication of damnation,whereas ceaseless work,especially if it resulted in wealth,could be sign of,salvation,.Clearly,work lost all the intrinsic positive aspects it formerly had,and instead became purely and simply a method to achieve wealth and success.,35/88,asceticism,-a special term in religion,self-denying mode of living,a simple,strict way of life with no luxuries or physical pleasures,which people usually lead because of their religious beliefs.,36/88,Work became,in Max Webers terms,Work became,according to Weber,the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life.Work was the only thing that brought relief to those who felt alone and isolated leading this kind of ascetic life.,用马克斯,韦伯话说，劳动已成为“内心世界禁欲主义”思想体系中一个主要原因，处理人们内心寂寞和孤独感一个方法。,37/88,The Protestant work ethic,Protestantism in its attempt to reform Christianity,brought the ascetic standards of the monk and the priest into the minds and daily conduct of every practicing Christian.So even though Protestants were to strive for wealth,they were also supposed to deny themselves worldly pleasures.Thus arose the frugal,hard-working,self-denying,money-making capitalist.,38/88,Max Weber,(1864,1920)a Germansociologist,philosopher,andpolitical economist whose ideas influencedsocial theory,social research,and the entire discipline of sociology.,Weber is often cited,withEmile Durkheim andKarl Marx,as among the three founding creators of sociology.,39/88,Max Weber,Weber is best known for his thesis combiningeconomic sociology and thesociology of religion,elaborated in his book,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,in which he proposed thatascetic Protestantism was one of the major elective affinities associated with the rise in the Western world of market-driven capitalism and therational-legal nation-state.Against Marxs“historical materialism”,Weber emphasized the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of capitalism.,40/88,41/88,Max Webers Major Works,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,Ancient Judaism,Sociology of politics and government,Economy and Society,The Methodology of the Social Sciences,From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology,The Religion of India:The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism,The Religion of China,:Confucianism and Taoism,Basic Concepts in Sociology,42/88,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,Webers essay,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,is his most famous work.Here,Weber put forward the controversial thesis that theProtestantethic influenced the development of capitalism.Religious devotion had usually been accompanied by rejection of worldly affairs,including economic pursuit.Why was that not the case with Protestantism?Weber addressed this paradox in his essay,finding his answer in the religious ideas of theReformation.,43/88,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,Weber argued that certain Protestant ideas,particularlyJohn Calvins understanding ofpredestinationthat sinful people cannot know directly whether they are part ofGods elect to whom the grace of salvation is offered,favored rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities.Resultant insecurity on the part of Protestants,and their fear of eternal damnation,led them to seek signs indicating Gods direction for their lives and affirmation of their correct behavior.,44/88,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,Thus,hard work followed by financial success came to be the hallmark of Gods grace.Coupled with traditional religiousasceticism,these ideas encouraged people to accumulate wealth.It was not the goal of those religious ideas,but rather a byproductthe inherent logic of those doctrines and the advice based upon them,both directly and indirectly,encouraged planning and self-denial in the pursuit of economic gain.,45/88,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,According to Weber,this spirit of capitalism not only involved hard work andentrepreneurialismon the part of Protestants,but also a sense of stewardship over the resulting gains.For if money is not sought after for luxury or self-indulgence,but as moral affirmation,economizing and reinvesting in worthy enterprises become normal economic practices.,46/88,Para.4,Work as duty,as a means for saving one,s soul exists only for the upper and middle classes.,Work as forced labor is for the laboring people.,47/88,Para.5,The theme:“Work has become alienated from the working person.”,In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hostile to the work he is doing.,48/88,Modern manboredom.,With work stripped both of its craftsmanship quality and meaning and of its sense of religious obligation,it no longer holds any deep attraction.Therefore,people feel themselves at loss,with no purpose or direction.Life is empty.Work becomes merely a time-filler to escape the emptiness and meaningless of one,s life.,This is another psychoanalytic analysis of Fromm.We know the bourgeoisie amassed wealth through the exploitation of worker and the worker were forced to sell their labor in order to survive.,49/88,Something newnew ideals,A new ideological driving force for work has replaced the lost ones.The drive is now for more bigger,and better products.Fromm again misses the real point here.Profit is the real driving force of capitalism.,50/88,Para.6,What role the worker plays in the manufacturing of products?,A passive role,the worker plays a small isolated part in the process of production.He is not concerned with the whole product,because he makes only a part of it.His work can be explained as performing actions which can not be performed by machines.,51/88,He spends“something”,Quotation marks indicate the worker produces something or other,any old thing.It doesnt matter what,because he has no say in the decision or the process of production and doesnt care about the quality of the result.It may also mean that the worker only makes a small part of a product.He has only a small part to play in the process.,52/88,He fulfillsa store,The worker plays only a small isolated part in the process of production which is complicated and highly organized.When he is working he doesnt see the finished product as a whole.If he has enough money,he may see the finished product in a sore when he goes there to buy one.,“his”product:quotation marks for,irony,.The product can scarcely be said to be his.He doesnt even get to see it except perhaps in a store when he goes to buy it.,
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