硕士医学英语与疾病相关的术语.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Medical Terminology,（,11,）,Disease,刘帅,研究生英语教研室（综合楼,110,）,Disease:Types of Diseases,A disease is any alteration from the normal structure,or function of any part of the body.Diseases can be,grouped into a number of different but often,overlapping categories.These include:,Infectious diseases,caused by microorganisms and,other,parasites,that live at the expense of another,organism.Any disease-causing organism is described,as a,pathogen,.,Degenerative diseases(,变性疾病,),resulting from wear,and tear,aging,or trauma(injury)that can result in a,lesion(wound)and perhaps necrosis(death)of tissue.,Common examples include arthritis,cardiovascular,problems,and certain respiratory disorders such as,emphysema.Structural malformations such as congenital,malformations,prolapse(dropping,脱垂,),or hernia,(rupture)may also result in degenerative changes.,Neoplasia,abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue.,Immune disorders(,免疫功能紊乱,),failures of the immune,system,allergies,and autoimmune diseases,in which the,body makes antibodies to its own tissues,fall into this,category.,Metabolic disorders,resulting from lack of enzymes or,other factors needed for cellular functions.Many,hereditary disorders fall into this category.Malnutrition,caused by inadequate intake of nutrients or inability of,the body to absorb and use nutrients also upsets,metabolism.,Hormonal disorders,caused by underproduction or,overproduction of hormones or by inability of the,hormones to function properly.One example is diabetes,mellitus.,Mental and emotional disorders,disorders that affect,the mind and adaptation of an individual to his,or her environment.,The cause of a disease is its,etiology,although many,diseases have multiple interacting causes.An acute,disease is sudden and severe and of short duration.A,chronic disease is of long duration and progresses,slowly.,Infectious Diseases:,Infectious diseases are caused by viruses,bacteria,fungi(yeasts and molds),protozoa,(single-celled,animals,原生动物,),and worms.In shape,bacteria may be,round(cocci),rod-shaped(bacilli),or curved,(vibrios,弧菌,and,spirochetes,，螺旋菌,).They may be named according,to their shape and by the arrangements they form.They,also are described according to the,dyes,they take up,when stained in the laboratory.The most common,laboratory bacterial stain is the Gram stain,with which,gram-positive organisms stain,purple,and gram-negative,organisms stain,red,.,Phagocytosis(,吞噬作用，噬菌作用,),The body uses phagocytosis to get rid of invading,microorganisms,damaged cells,and other types of,harmful,debris,.Certain white blood cells are capable of,engulfing these materials and destroying them internally,.Phagocytic cells are found circulating in the blood,in,the tissues,and in the lymphatic system.The remains,of phagocytosis consist of fluid and white blood cells;,this is called,pus.,Immunity,The immune system,mounts,our specific responses to,disease.Cells of the immune system recognize different,foreign invaders,and get rid of them by direct attack,and with circulating antibodies that immobilize and,help to destroy the cells.The immune system also,monitors the body continuously for abnormal and,malfunctioning cells,such as cancer cells.The system,may also overreact to produce allergies,and may react,to ones own tissues to cause autoimmune diseases.,As noted above,a,neoplasm(,瘤,),is an abnormal and,uncontrolled growth of tissuea tumor or growth.A,neoplasm that does not spread,that is,metastasize,to,other tissues is described as benign,although it may,cause damage at the site where it grows.A neoplasm,that metastasizes to other tissues is termed malignant,and is commonly called,cancer,.A malignant tumor that,involves epithelial tissue is a carcinoma.If the tumor,arises in,glandular epithelium,it is an,adenocarcinoma,(the root aden/o means“gland”);a cancer of,pigmented,epithelial cells,(melanocytes)is a,melanoma,.,Neoplasia:,A neoplasm that involves connective tissue,muscle,or bone is a,sarcoma(,肉瘤,),.Cancers of the blood,lymphatic system,and nervous system are classified,according to the cell types involved and other clinical,features.,Often mistaken for a malignancy is a,cyst(,囊肿,),a,sac or pouch filled with fluid or semisolid material that,is usually abnormal but not cancerous common sites,for cyst formation are the breasts,the,sebaceous,glands(,皮脂腺,),of the skin,and the ovaries.Causes,of cyst formation include infection or blockage of a,duct.,Roots Pertaining to Disease,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Alg/o,algi/o,algesi/o,Pain,algesia,Condition of having pain(,痛觉，痛觉过敏,),Carcin/o,cancer,carcinoma,carcinogen,Substance that produces cancer(,致癌物,),Cyst/o,cyst/i,Filled sac or pouch cyst,bladder,cystic,Pertaining to or having cysts(,囊性的，膀胱的,),lith,Calculus,stone,lithiasis,Stone formation(,结石病，结石形成,),Onc/o,tumor,oncogene,Gene that causes a tumor(,致癌基因,),Roots Pertaining to Disease,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Path/o,Disease,pathogen,Organism that produces disease(,病原体,),Py/o,Pus,pyocyst,A sac or cyst containing pus,(,脓囊肿,),Pyr/o,pyret/o,Fever,fire,pyretic,Pertaining to fever(,发热的；解热剂,),Scler/o,Hard,sclerosis,Hardening of tissue,Tox/o,toxic/o,poison,exotoxin,Toxin secreted by bacterial cells(,外毒素,),Prefixes for Disease,PREFIX,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Brady-,Slow,bradypnea,Slow breathing(,呼吸徐缓,),Dys-,Abnormal,painful,difficult,dysplasia,Abnormal development of tissue(,发育不良,),Mal-,Bad,poor,maladaptive,Poorly suited to a specific use or to the environment,(,不适应的，适应不良的,),Pachy-,Thick,pachyemia,Thickness of the blood,(,血液浓缩,),Tachy-,rapid,tachycardia,Rapid heart rate(,心动过速,),Prefixes for Disease,PREFIX,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Xero-,dry,xerosis,Dryness of the skin or membrane(,皮肤干燥病,),Suffixes for Disease,SUFFIX,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,-algia,-algesia,Pain,myalgia,Pain in a muscle,(,肌痛,),-cele,Hernia,localized dilation,hydrocele,Localized dilation containing fluid(,水囊肿，阴囊水囊肿,),-clasis,-clasia,breaking,osteoclasis,Breaking of a bone,(,骨破折，折骨术,),-itis,inflammation,meningitis,Inflammation of the membrane around the brain,-megaly,Enlarge-ment,hepatomegaly,Enlargement of the liver(,肝肿大,),Suffixes for Disease,SUFFIX,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,-odynia,Pain,urodynia,Pain on urination,-oma,tumor,blastoma,Tumor of immature cells(,胚细胞瘤,),-pathy,Any disease of,cardiopathy,Any disease of the heart,-rhage,-rhagia,Bursting force,profuse flow,hemorrhage,hemorrhage,Profuse flow of blood,Suffixes for Disease,SUFFIX,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,-rhea,Flow,discharge,mucorrhea,Discharge of mucus,(,粘液外流,),-rhexis,rupture,amniorrhexis,Rupture of the amniotic sac(bag of water),羊膜破裂,-schisis,Fissure,splitting,retinoschisis,Splitting of the retina of the eye,(,视网膜分层剥离,),Prefixes for the Infectious Disease,PREFIX,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Staphyl/o,Grapelike cluster,staphylcoccus,A round bacterium that forms clusters,(,葡萄状球菌,),Strept/o,Twisted chain,streptobacillus,A rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains,(,链球杆菌,),Roots for Infectious Disease,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Bacill/i,bacill/o,Bacillus,bacilluria,Bacilli in the urine,(,杆菌尿,),Bacteri/o,bacterium,bactericide,Agent that kills bacteria,(,杀菌剂,),Myc/o,Fungus,mold,mycosis,Any disease condition caused by a fungus(,霉菌病,),Vir/o,virus,viremia,Presence of viruses in the blood(,病毒败血症,),Exercise:fill in the blanks,1.Carcinolysis,is the destruction of a(an),2.A urolith,is a(n)_ in the urinary tract(ur/o).,3.Oncology is the study and treatment of,4.The term,pathogenic means producing,5.Pyorrhea,is the discharge(-rhea)of,6.Arteriosclerosis,is a(n),of the arteries.,7.The term toxoid,means like a(n),8.An algesimeter,is used to measure sensitivity to,9.Any abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue,whether benign or malignant,is called a(n),10.Heat,pain,redness,and swelling are the four major signs of,11.A disease of long duration that progresses slowly is described as,12.The spreading of cancer to other parts of the body is called,13.A malignant tumor of connective tissue is called,14.Toxicology is the study of,15.Death of tissue is called,16.A sudden contraction or cramp is called a(n),17.Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening is a(n),The root,neur/o pertains to the nervous system or,a nerve.Add a suffix to this root to form words with,The,following meanings:,1.Any disease of the nervous system _,2.Inflammation of a nerve _,3.Pain in a nerve _,4.Tumor of nervous tissue,Use the root,oste/o,meaning“bone,”to form,words with the following meanings:,5.Softening of a bone _,6.Tumor of a bone _,7.Destruction of bone tissue _,8.Breaking(-clasis)of a bone _,Thank You!,