翻译技巧一：词法翻译法.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第一节：词义的选择,For example:Last,1)He is the,last,man to come.,他是,最后,来的。,2)I wouldnt marry you even if you were the last person on earth.,即使世上只剩下你一个人，我也不会和你结婚的。,3)He is the,last,man to do such kind of dirty thing.,他,决不会,做这种肮脏的事。,4)He is the,last,person for such a job.,他,最不配/不适合,干这活。,For example:story,This war is becoming the most important,story,of this generation.,这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的,事件,。,It is quite another,story,now.,现在的,情况,完全不同了。,Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.,有些没让参加那次会议的记者把,内情,捅出去了。,Hell be very happy if that,story,holds up.,如果这一,说法,当真，那他就太高兴了。,story,The Rita Haywoths,story,is one of the saddest.丽泰海华丝的,遭遇,算最惨的了。,A young man came to Scottis office with a,story,.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室,报案,。,Last Dec.the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities,but officials refused to confirm the,story,.去年12月，邮报首先报道侦察工作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条,消息,。,The,story,about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,报道,中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。,Delicate,Delicate skin,娇嫩的,皮肤,delicate porcelain,精致的,瓷器,delicate upbringing,娇,生,惯,养,delicate living,奢侈的,生活,delicate health,虚弱的,身体,delicate stomach,容易吃坏的,胃,delicate vase,容易碰碎的,花瓶,delicate diplomatic question,微妙的,外交问题,delicate surgical operation,难做的,外科手术,delicate ear for music,对音乐,有鉴赏力,delicate sense of smell,灵敏的,嗅觉,delicate food,美味的,食物,sophisticated,1)Be careful when you deal with him.He is a,sophisticated,man.,与他打交道要小心，他是个,老于世故/狡黠,的人。,2)He is a,sophisticated,columnist,and is well-received by the reading public.,他是个,老练的,专栏作家，很受读者欢迎。,3)The American spacecraft“Pathfinder”carries highly,sophisticated,electronic devices.,美国的航天器“探路者”携带有高度,精密的,电子装置。,4)F-117 stealth fighter is a,sophisticated,powerful weapon.,F-117隐形战斗机是一种威力强大的,尖端,武器。,在1994年72题a leader of the new school contends中，school是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思;,在1995年74题when the qualities to be measured更、quality是“特征”的意思，而不是质量”的意思;,在1996年74题elegant system中，elegant是完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优稚”的意思;,在1997年71题there is an agreed account of human rights中，account是“认识，看法”的意思，而不是帐户的意思,在1998年75题some respected ideas中，respected是“公认”的意思，而不是“受人尊敬的”的意思;.,在1999年74题appropriate;to various branch of historical inquiry中，inquiry是“研究，探究，探索，的意思，而不是“询问”的意思;-,在2000年75题 arising from mass migration movement中，movement是“移动，流动”的意思，而不是“运动”的意思;.,在2001年75题And home appliances will become so smart that中，smart是“智能化.的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思;，,在2002:年65题a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected-中，tecnoLogy是“方法，研究方法”的意思，而不是“技术”的意思;,在2003年65题like the concept of set in mathematics中，set是“集，集合”的意思，而不是“一套，放置”的意思;,在2004年62题we are obliged to them中，oblige是“感谢，感激”的意思，而不是“被迫”的意思;,在2005年48题a fact underlined by statistics中，underline是“强调，表明，突出”的意思，而不是“下划线”的意思;,这些例子都说明了词义选择和词义引申在考研翻译中的重要性。因此，在翻译中绝不能拘泥于自己所记忆的基本释义，机械地用固定的汉语词替换对应的英语词。正确的做法应当是，在掌握每一个单词基本释义的基础上，根据这个单词所处的语境，根据上下文提供的各种线索，判定其确切含义;同时，按照汉语的表达习惯和汉语的搭配方式，选用恰当的词语表达这一含义。,词义的选择,英语与世界上任何一种语言一样都存在着一词多义的现象。所谓一词多义，是指同一个词在同一种词性中，具有几个不同的词义。在英语与汉语中，很难找到一词一义的对应情况，这就需要在翻译过程中理解英语原文中单词的意思，然后努力地寻找在汉语中与这个英语单词具有相同意义的常用表达方法。就home这个词而言，大多数人都知道有“家”的意思，但是，上下文不一样，home的翻译就完全不一样。,Ill see her,home,tonight,今晚我送她回,家,。,India is the,home,of elephants.,印度是大象的,生长地,。,Hes,at home,with the classics.,他,精通,古典文学,New,homes,are for sale.,新,房,出售。,Shes,at home,where she is.,她在哪儿都自由自在。,Maternity home,costs in America have gone up sharply.,美国,妇产医院,收费已经急剧上涨。,Much is produced here for,home,market.,这里为,国内,市场生产了许多产品。,He looks on London as his,home,.,他把伦敦看成是他的,故乡,。,（一）根据词性确定词义,如：book这个单词，在作名词时，意思是“书，书籍”；用作动词却常表示“预订，预约”的意思。又如：while作连词时，有“当.的时候，而，虽然”等意思；作名词时，却指“片刻，一会儿”；作动词，又有“消磨”的意思。遇到这种情况，如果不弄清楚词性，常常就会将词义搞错，进而影响原文的正确理解和准确翻译。因此在翻译中，我们可以根据语法关系来辨别关键词的词性，以便能准确的判断词义。,light：,This,light,is too poor to read by.,这,光线,太暗不能看书。（名词）,Aluminum is a,light,metal.,铝是一种,轻,金属。（形容词）,Will you,light,the fire for me?,你替我,点上火,好吗？（动词）,round：,The Earth is not completely,round,.,地球并不是完全,圆的,。（形容词）,Lets go into the hall and have a look,round,.,让我们进大厅,转一转,。（副词）,They are dancing in a,round,他们围成,一圈,跳舞（名词）,He worked,round,the day.,他工作了,一整天,。（介词）,The boys eyes,rounded,with excitement.,男孩兴奋得眼睛,睁得圆圆,的。（动词）,（二）根据上下文确定词义,以动词move为例，如果上下文不一样，move的意思显然也是不一样，必须依据上下文才能做到准确通顺的翻译。,That car was really,movin,g.,那汽车跑得可真快。,Share prices,moved,ahead today.,股票价格今日,上扬,。,The story of their sufferings,moved,us deeply.,他们的苦难经历深深,打动,了我们。,Work on the new building is,moving,quickly.,新大楼的工程,进展,得很快。,The governments opinions on this matter havent,moved,.,政府对这件事的看法没有,改变,。,I,move,that we support the introduction of this new technological process.,我,提议,我们支持采用这一新工艺方法。,She,moves,in the highest circles of society.,她,生活,在高级社交圈里。,Unless the employers,move,quickly,there will be strike.,雇主若不尽快,采取措施,，就要引起一场罢工。,（三）根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义,a deep well,是指深井；,a deep voice,低沉的嗓音；,a deep red,鲜红色；,deep in study,专心学习；,a deep mystery,难以理解的奥妙；,a deep thinker,知识渊博的思想家；,deep outrage,强烈的愤怒。,动词work在翻译时如果上下文不同，汉语习惯搭配也不一样，翻译时应该选择不同的词义来表达。,I think your suggestion will,work,.,我想你的建议,行得通,。,The new treatment,works,like magic.,新疗法,疗效,神奇。,My watch doesnt,work,.,我的表不,走,了。,The sea,works,high.,海浪,汹涌起伏,。,She,worked,her way to the front.,她好不容易才,挤到,前面。,The root of the pine tree,worked,down between the stones.,松树的树根在石缝间,扎,下去。,The new regulation is,working,well,新规定,执行,得很顺利。,第二节、词义的引申,（一）通过抽象化加以引申,They have their,smiles and tears,.,他们有自己的,欢乐与悲哀,。（原文中的smiles and tears本来是“微笑和眼泪”，但是可以引申为抽象的“欢乐与悲哀”。）,We insist that international trade should not be a,one-way street,.,我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。（在原文中，one-way street本意为“单行道”，将“单行道”与国际贸易联系在一起，便不难引申为“有来无往”这一含义。）,I have,no head for,mathematics.,我,没有,数学方面的,天赋,。（原文中的head本来是“头脑”的意思，但是可以引申为“对数学没有天赋”。）,（二）通过具体化加以引申,The car in front of me stopped,and I missed,the green,.,我前面的车停住了，我错过了,绿灯,。（在原文中，green本来是“绿色”的意思，但是根据上下文，可以引申为具体的事物：“绿灯”。）,Perhaps the only,trouble,with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses.,就某些用途来说，铜的唯一缺点也许是硬度不够。（原文的trouble本来是“麻烦”的意思，但是与“铜”联系在一起，就可以引申为“缺点”来翻译了。）,第三节：词性转换,转译成动词,转译成名词,转译程形容词,一、转译成动词,由动词派生的名词转译成动词。,I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.,你决定战胜复习考试中的困难，这一点我很羡慕。,Rockets have found,application,for the,exploration,of the universe.,火箭已经,用来探索,宇宙。,含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。,A careful,study,of the original text will give you a better,translation,.,仔细,研究,原文，你会,翻译,得更好。,The,sight,and,sound,of our jet planes filled me with special longing.,看到,我们的喷气式飞机，,听见,隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。,英语中有些加后缀-er的名词,Those small factories are also lavish,consumer,and,waster,of raw materials.,那些小工厂还在极大的,消耗,和,浪费,原材料。,形容词转译成动词,英语中的形容词，常常与系动词搭配构成系表结构。从而使这些形容词有了动作的意味，翻译是要转化为形容词。比如：,与思维和知觉相关的形容词:aware,conscious,certain,sure,miildful,ignorant,alert等;,与情感相关的形容词:glad,pleased,cautious,careful,angry,happy,exhilarated,excited,confident,thankful,grateful,concerned,afraid,doubtful,sorry等;,与欲望相关的形容词:desirous,hopeful,anxious,keen,eager,enthusiastic,zealous等。,I am,anxious,about his health.,我,担心,他的身体健康。,Scientists are,confident,that all matter is indestructible.,科学家们都,深信,，所有的物质都是不灭的。,Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.,医生们说他们不敢直定能救得了他的命。,副词转译成动词,英语中，副词用来修饰动词作状语，这使得副词具有了动词的意味：,She opened the window to let fresh air,in,.,她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气,进来,。,After careful investigation they found the design,behind,.,经过仔细研究之后，他们发现这个设计,落后,了。,二、转译成名词,1.动词派生的名词：,This kind of behavior,characterizes,the criminal mind.,这种举止是罪犯的心理,特征,。,Our age is,witnessing,a profound political change.,我们的时代是深刻政治变革的,见证,。,Most U.S.spy satellites are,designed,to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.,美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其,设计,，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。,2.形容词转译成名词,They did their best to help,the sick,and,the wounded,.,他们尽了最大的努力帮助,病号,和,伤员,。,He was,eloquent,and,elegant,but soft.,他有,口才,、有,风度,，但性格软弱。,转移成形容词,形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。,This issue is of vital,importance,.,这个问题至关,重要,。,The,pallor,of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.,她,苍白的,脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。,有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往要以转译成形容词。,Our performance was,a,success,.,我们的演出很,成功,。,Independent thinking is,an,absolute,necessity,in study.,独立思考对学习是绝对,必需的,。,第三节：增词法,增补并列结构中省略的词语,We dont retreats，we never have and never will.,我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。,(we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never willretreat-),A fool and his words are soon parted;a man of genius and his money.,愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。,(a man of genius and his money=a man of genius and his money are soon parted),增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语,Without a sense of your fault,how can repentance and amendment be expected?,如果你对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你悔改呢。,Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.,假设准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办,Since air has weight,it exerts force on any object immersed in it.,因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。,Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.,学生应该向老师学习，老师也应该向学生学习。,增加形容词或者副词,根据原文的上下文、有些动词需增加适当的副词，有些名词需增加适当的形容词，才能确切表,达原意。,What a leader he was!,他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊!,The crowds melted away.,人群渐渐散开了。,As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.,他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,增加名词,Day after day he came to his work-sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.,他每天来干活扫,地,，擦,地板,，收拾,房间,。,He never drinks before driving.,他开,车,前从不喝,酒,。,Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.,哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.,这部打字机真是价廉物美。,A new kind of aircraft-small,cheap,pilatless-is attracting increasing attention一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意这种飞机,体积,不大，,价钱,便宜，无人驾驶。,增加表示名词复数的词,英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，这样做可以让汉语译文更加通顺，更加完整：,Flowers,bloom all over the yard.,朵朵鲜鱼开满了庭院。,Newsmen,went flying off to Mexico.,记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。,There were,rows of,houses which he had never seen before.,一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。,The lion is the king of animals.,狮是直兽之王。,We have to face different problems.,我们得面对各种不同的问题，,Mr.Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.直到昨天下午，霍布斯先生才跟他兄弟讨论了我的各项建议。,增加表达时态的词,英语动词的时态是靠动词词形变化(如write,wrote)或加助动词(如will write have written）来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化，表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一些表示时间的词。如:翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了，;翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”;翻译将来时往往用“将，、“就”、“会”、“便”、“就要”等。除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往需要加一些其他的词。,I had known two great social systems,在那之前，我经历过两大社会制度。,(这里除了用.字外，还增加了“在那之前”，强调过去完成的动作。),The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.,那位老人教会工孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。,Man,was,is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions,人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。,I was,and remain,grateful for the part he played in my release.,我的获释是他成全的，对此我这过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。,The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.,该高空飞机过去是、现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。,第四节：省略法,省代词,I had many wonderful ideas,but,I,only put a few into practice.,我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。,He was thin and haggard and,he,looked miserable.,他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,The more he tried to hide his mistakes,the more he revealed,them,.,他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。,Please take off the old picture and throw,it,away.,请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。,I put,my,hand into,my,pocket.,我把手放进口袋。,She listened to me with,her,rounded eyes.,她睁大双眼，听我说话。,代词it的省略,Outside,it,was pitch dark and,it,was raining cats and dogs.,外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。,He glanced at his watch;,it,was 7:15.,他一看表，是七点一刻了。,It,took me a long time to reach the hospital.,我花了很长时间才到了医院。,It,is the people who are really powerful.,人民才是最强大的。,省略连接词,e looked gloomy,and,troubled.,他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连接词）,As,it is late,you had better go home.,时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。（省略表示原因的连接词）,If,sinter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（省略表示条件的连接词）,If,I had known it,I would not have joined in to.,早知如此，我就不参加了。（省略表示条件的连接词）,John rose gloomily,as,the train stopped,for he was thinking of his ailing mother.,火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。（省略表示时间的连接词）,省略冠词,英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。,A,teacher should have patience in his work.,当教员的应当有耐心。（省略不定冠词A）,The,horse is a useful animal.,马是有益的动物。（省略定完词The）,It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.,在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情（省略定完词The）,The,moon was slowly rising above,the,sea.,月亮慢慢从海上升起。（省略定冠词The）,省略动词,When the pressure,gets,low,the boiling-point,becomes,low.,气压低，沸点就低。,Delivery,must be effected,within the time stated on the purchase order.,必须在购货单规定的时间交货。,第五节：数词的翻译,数词短语的翻译,by hundred 数以百计1,By thousands 数以千计;大量,by(the)milions数以百万计,by halves不完全,thousands of数千;数以千计,thoiiSands upon thousands成千上万,tens of,decades of数十个,scores of 许多，大量,millions upon millions of千百万,dozens of几打;几十个,hundreds of millions亿万,a thousand and one无数的,a hundred and one许多,ten to one十之八九,nine cases out of ten十之八九,nine tenths十之八九;,tens of thousands好几万,several millions of数百万,fifty-fifty各半的;对半的;平均,by one hundred percent百分之百的;全部,by twos and threes三三两两,概数的翻译,在英语中，一般常使用about;some,around,round,nearly,towards,somewhere estimated,approximately,close to等词修饰数字，表示“不确定”、“大约,The volume of the sun is about(or some,around,round)1 300 000 times that ofthe earth.,太阳的体积约为地球的130万倍。:,It is nearly(or towards)4 oclock.,现在已是将近4点了。,The price of this new machine is in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars.,这台新机器的价格约1000美元。,According to the weatherman,the temperature will be up 5C or so.,据天气预报，气温将升高5C左右。,表示“高于”或“多于”的翻译,英语常用more than,odd,over,above,long,past,higher than,or more,in excess of等词修饰数字，表示“超过”、“以上”、“有余”“高于”、“多于”,The weight of this child is said to be over one hundred pounds.,据说，这个孩子的体重有100多磅。,It took me more than two hours to finish the homework.,我花了两个鱼小时才做完家庭作业。,This car has run a long thousand miles.,这辆车已经跑了1000鱼英里。,表示少于、差一些、不到的翻译,英语常用less,less than,below,no more,under,short of，off,to,within,as few as等词修饰数字，表示“少于”、“不到”、“以下”等：,It took one month less than three years for them to develop the new material.,他们花了差一个月三年的时间才研制出了这种新材料。,The price of that tricycle is less than one hundred and eighty-five francs.,那辆三轮车的售价还不到185法郎。,He bought the coffeepot at 6 dollars off the list price.,他以低于价目表6美元的价格买下了那个咖啡壶。,倍数的译法,倍数+as.as,The grain ouput of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.,今年的粮食产量大约是去年的3倍。(今年的粮食产量比去年多两倍左右。),Asia is four times as large as Europe.,亚洲比欧洲大三倍(亚洲是欧洲的4倍大。),倍数+比较级+than,Kuwait oil wells yield nearly 500 times more than U.S.wells,科威特油井的产油量几乎是美国油井的500,Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.,铁的重量几乎是铝的3倍。(铁几乎比铝重两倍。,表示增加意义的动词+倍数,常见的表示增加意义的动词有,increase,rise,exceed,grow,raise,expand,go up等,The number of the students enrolled in evening classes has increased more than twofold.,注册上晚间课的学生人数增加了1倍多。,The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 6.2 percent,compared with the same period of last year.,和去年同期相比，国家第一季度的总收购量增长了5.2个百分点。,The production of various picture tubes has been increased four times as against 1993.,各种显像管的产量比1993年增加了3倍。,倍数减少翻译,用表示“减少”的动词,decrease,reduce,fall,lower等连接“by n times”,“n dines”,“n times as+形容词或副词+as”,“by a factor of n”等，均可译作“减少了n分之“减少到n分之.”：,The enterprise management expenditure this year has decreased by three times as against that of 2002.,该企业今年的行政管理开支比2002年降低了三分之二。,The principal advantage is a fourfolder reducton in volume.,主要优点是体积减少了四分之三。,The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through technical innovation.,通过技术革新该设备误差概率降低了五分之三。,