肌组织与神经组织(英文版).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,何少健,He shaojian,广西医科大学组胚教研室,办公地点：,104,馆三楼,关于教学改革的几点补充,教学模式,满堂灌、全部点,启发式,教学方式,教师讲授、归纳,学生全盘笔记,教师抛砖引玉,学生自学为主,学习方式,被动式,主动式,学习方法,死记硬背,理解式记忆,教学目的,以通过考试,为目的,通过考试,检验学习效果,Constitution,of human body,from macroscopy to microscopy,human,body,systems,organs,tissues,cells,and,intercellular,Materials,间质,subcellular,structures,EM,Molecule,s,分子,atoms,atomic nucleus,electron,Neutron,中子,Proton,质子,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,and,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,（,review,）,He shaojian（,何少健）,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,*Covering,Epithelium,Simple,Epith.,Simple,Squamous,Epith,.,Simple,Cuboidal,Epith,.,Simple,Columnar,Epith,.,Pseudostratified,Ciliated,Columnar,Epith,.,Stratified,Epith.,Stratified,Squamous,Epith,.,Stratified,Columnar,Epith,.,Transitional,Epith,.,*Glandular Epithelium and Glands,*Specialized,Structure,of,Epithelial Cell,Classification,of Glands,Structure of,Exocrine,Glands,Types of,Glandular,Cells,*Covering,Epithelium,*Glandular,Epithelium,and Glands,*Specialized,Structure,of,Epithelial Cell,Exocrine Gland,Endocrine Gland,Acinus,or,Secretory,Portion,Duct,Serous cell,Mucous cell,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,EPITHELIAL TISSUE,*Covering Epithelium,*Glandular Epithelium,and Glands,*Specialized,Structure,of,Epithelial Cell,Free,Specialization,Lateral,侧面,Spec.,Basal,Spec.,Microvilli,Cilia,Tight Junction,Intermediate Junction,Desmosome,Gap Junction,Basement Membrane,Plesma,Membrane,Infolding,Hemidesmosome,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Connective Tissues Proper,*Blood,and Lymph,*Cartilage,and,Bone,Loose Connective Tissue,Dense Connective,Tissue,Adipose Tissue,Reticular Tissue,Cells,Fibers,Ground,Substance,Fibroblasts,Plasma Cells,Macrophages,Mast Cells,Adipose Cells,未分化的间充质细胞,白细胞,Collagen Fibers,Reticular Fibers,Elastic Fibers,Proteoglycan,(forming,molecular sieve,),Glycoprotein,Tissue Fluid,Mesenchyme,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Connective Tissues Proper,*Blood,and Lymph,*Cartilage,and,Bone,Loose Connective Tissue,Dense,Connective,Tissue,Adipose,Tissue,Reticular,Tissue,Dense Regular,Connective Tissue,Dense Irregular,Connective Tissue,Elastic Tissue,White Adipose Tissue,Blown Adipose Tissue,Reticular Cells,Reticular Fibers,Matrix,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Blood,and Lymph,Erythrocytes,Leukocytes,Blood Platelets,*Connective,Tissues,Proper,Structure of,Bone Marrow,Haemop,o,iesis,Blood,（1）,Structure,of,Bone Marrow,and Haemop,o,iesis,Lymph,*Cartilage,And Bone,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Cartilage,And Bone,Hyaline Cartilage,Fibrous Cartilage,Elastic Cartilage,*Connective,Tissues Proper,*Blood,and Lymph,Bone Tissue,Long Bone,Cartilage,（1）,Bone,（2）,Bone,development,Intramembranous,Ossification,Endochondral,Ossification,MUSCLE TISSUE,He shaojian (,何少健),NERVOUS TISSUE,&,MUSCLE TISSUE,（0）,*Skeletal,Muscle,*Cardiac,Muscle,*Smooth,Muscle,Structuer,Under L.M,（1）,Ultrastructure,&Molecular,Constitution,M,e,chanism,of Contraction,Types of,Skeletal Muscle,Fibers,Myofibrils,Transverse,tubules,(T-tubules,),Sarcoplasmic,reticulum,(L-tubules),MUSCLE TISSUE,（0）,*Skeletal,Muscle,Ultrastructure,&,Molecular,Constitution,Myofibrils,（2）,Thick,filaments,（3）,Thin,filaments,Myosin,（肌球蛋白）,Actin,（肌动蛋白）,Tropomyosin,（原,肌球蛋白,）,Troponin,（肌钙蛋白）,MUSCLE TISSUE,（0）,*Skeletal,Muscle,*Cardiac,Muscle,*Smooth,Muscle,Structuer,Under L.M,Ultrastructure,&Molecular,Constitution,M,e,chanism,Of Contraction,（5）,Types of,Skeletal Muscle,Fibers,Myofibrils,Transverse,tubules,(T-tubules,),（4）,Sarcoplasmic,reticulum,(L-tubules),MUSCLE TISSUE,*Skeletal,Muscle,*Cardiac,Muscle,*Smooth,Muscle,Structuer,Under L.M,Ultrastructure,&Molecular,Constitution,Transv,er,se tubules,(T-tubules,),Sarcopl,a,smic,reticulum,(L-tubules),Thick filaments,Thin filaments,Structuer,Under L.M.,Ultrastructure,&Molecular,Constitution,M,e,chanism of Contraction,NERVOUS TISSUE,（0）,Neuron,Synapse,Neuroglia,cell,Neural Stem Cell,Nerve Fiber,and Nerve,Nerve ending,Degeneration and,Regeneration of Nerve Fiber,Shape,（1）,Structure,（2）,Classification,Soma,N,eu,rite,Membrane,Nucleus,Perik,a,ryon,The Numbers,of,N,eu,rite,Long or Short Axon,Function,Releasing the Sorts of,Neurotransm,i,tters,Dendrites,Axon,NERVOUS TISSUE,Classification,of Neurons,（3）,The Number,of,Neurites,Long or,Short Axon,Function,Releasing,the Sorts of,Neurotrans,-,mitters,Pseudounip,o,lar,Neuron,Bip,o,lar Neuron,Multip,o,lar,Neuron,Golgi type I Neuron,Golgi type II Neuron,Sensory Neuron,Interneuron,Motor Neuron,Cholin,er,gic Neuron,Amin,er,gic,Neuron,Peptid,er,gic,Neuron,NERVOUS TISSUE,Synapse,(1),Neuron,Types,Classifi-,cation,Structure,of Chemical,Synapses,Axo,dendr,i,tic Synapse,Axo,sp,i,nous Synapse,Axo,som,a,tic Synapse,Axo,a,xonal Synapse,Dendro,dendr,i,tic,Synapse,El,e,ctrical Synapse,Chemical,Synapse,Presynaptic,Element,(Synaptic,Bouton,),Synaptic Cleft,Postsynaptic Element,Structure,Influence On,Next Cell,Exc,i,tatory Synapse,Inh,i,bitory,Synapse,NERVOUS TISSUE,Neuroglia,or,glial,Cell,Neuron,Synapse,Glial Cell,In the Central,Nervous System,Glial Cell,In the Peripheral Nervous System,A,strocytes,Oligod,e,ndrocytes,Micr,o,glia,Ep,e,ndymal,Cells,Neural Stem Cell,Nerve Fiber,and Nerve,Nerve ending,Degeneration and,Regeneration of Nerve Fiber,Schwann Cells,Satellite Cells,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,Neuron,Synapse,Neuroglia,or,glial,Cell,Nerve Fiber and Nerve,Nerve ending,Degeneration and,Regeneration of Nerve Fiber,NERVOUS TISSUE,Self-replication,Differentiated potency,(labeled protein nestin),Neural Stem Cell,NERVOUS TISSUE,Nerve Fiber,and Nerve,Neuron,Synapse,Neuroglia,Cell,Neural Stem Cell,Nerve,Fiber,（1）,Nerve,M,y,elinated,N.F.,In the Peripheral,Nervous System,M,y,elinated,N.F.,In the Central,Nervous System,Nerve Ending,Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Fiber,M,y,e-,linated,N.F.,（,2,）,Unm,y,e-,linated,N.F.,Unm,y,elinated,N.F.,In the Peripheral,Nervous System,Unm,y,elinated,N.F.,In the Central,Nervous System,NERVOUS TISSUE,Nerve Ending,Neuron Synapse,Neuroglia,Cell,Neural Stem Cell,Nerve Fiber,and Nerve,Sensory,Nerve,Ending,Motor,Nerve,Ending,Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Fiber,Free Nerve Ending,Enc,a,psulated Nerve Ending,Tactile C,or,puscle,（触觉小体）,Lam,e,llar C,or,puscle,（,环层小体）,Muscle Spindle,（肌梭）,Som,a,tic,Motor Nerve Ending,V,i,sceral,Motor Nerve Ending,NERVOUS TISSUE,Degeneration and,Regeneration of Nerve Fiber,*Neuron,*Synapse,*Neuroglia Cell,*Neural Stem Cell,*Nerve Fiber and Nerve,*Nerve Ending,Degeneration,Regeneration,组织学总论自习与思考,1、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组织学有何认识？,2、请将每一基本组织的框架列出。,3、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？,4、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织,的内容？,5、,你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？,OVER,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Cartilage,and,Bone,Hyaline,Cartilage,Fibrous,Cartilage,Elastic,Cartilage,*Connective,Tissues Proper,*Blood and Lymph,Cartilage,T,issue,Perich,o,ndrium,Formation,and Growth,of,Cartilage,Cartilage,Matrix,Ch,o,ndrocyte,Interst,i,tial,Growth,Appositional,Growth,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,*Bone,Bone,Tissue,Long,Bone,*Connective,Tissues Proper,*Blood and,Lymph,*Cartilage,Bone,Matrix,Bone,Cells,Osteoprog,e,nitor,Cell,O,steoblasts,O,steocytes,O,steoclasts,Spongy,Bone,Comp,a,ct,Bone,Peri,o,steum,(Outer/inner),Circumfer,e,ntial,Lam,e,llae,Osteon,or,Haversian,System,Interst,i,tial,Lam,e,llae,CONNECTIVE TISSUE,Blood,Neutroph,i,lic,Gr,a,nulocyte,(,N,eu,trophils,),Eosinoph,i,lic,Gr,a,nulocyte,(,Eos,i,nophils,),Basoph,i,lic,Gr,a,nulocyte,(,Basophils,),Monocytes,Lymphocytes,Erythrocytes,Leukocytes,Blood,Platelets,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,*Shape,*Structuer,*Function,OVERVIEW,Components,（组成）,：,Muscle cells and a litter of L.C.T.,2.,Types,：,Skeletal muscle,（骨骼肌）,Cardiac muscle,（心肌）,Smooth muscle,（平滑肌）,OVERVIEW,3.,The Several Terminology,：,Muscle fiber/cell,（肌纤维,/,肌细胞）：,Because of their shape like the fiber.,Sarcol,e,mma,（肌膜）：,The membrane of the muscle cell.,S,ar,coplasm,（肌质,/,浆）：,The plasma of the muscle cell.,Sarcopl,a,smic,Reticulum,（肌质,/,浆网）：,The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of,the muscle cell.,（1）,Shape&Size,（2）,Nucle,us,（3）,S,ar,coplasm,Shape&Structure of,Skeletal Muscle,CellUnder Light Microscope,（1）,Shape&Size,：,long c,y,linder,1,40 mm in the length,10100,m in di,a,meter,Shape&Structure of,Skeletal Muscle,CellUnder Light Microscope,（2）,Nucleus(,Nuclei),：,polynucleation,peripheral,flat,-,ellipse (,扁椭圆形,),Shape&Structure of,Skeletal Muscle,CellUnder Light Microscope,（3）,S,ar,coplasm,：,Sarcoplasm is full of longitudinal,myofibrils,and among them there are many organ,e,lles such as mitochondria.,Shape&Structure of,Skeletal Muscle,CellUnder Light Microscope,Myofibril,（肌原纤维）：,Each myofibril is composed of,repeating subunits called,s,ar,comeres,，,which,are composed of,myofilaments,.,Shape&Structure of,Skeletal Muscle,CellUnder Light Microscope,Skeletal Muscle,Skeletal Muscle,Fibers,（,longitudinal section,）,Myofibril,Cross Stri,a,tion,Muscle,Satellite Cell,Skeletal Muscle,Fibers,（,transverse section,）,Muscle,Cell,Myofibril,Nuclei,Muscle,Fiber,and,Myofibril,Muscle,Fiber,Myofibril,I band,A band,Cross Striation,Muscle,Fiber,and,Myofibril,Muscle,Fiber,Myofibril,I band,A band,Cross Striation,I band.(I/,明带),A band.(A/,暗带),Band Patterns of the Myofibril,Muscle,Fiber,and,Myofibril,Muscle,Fiber,Myofibril,I band,A band,Cross Striation,Myofibril,I band,A band,线,Myofibril,（,electronic microscope,）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,I band.(,明带):,Z line,.,Thin line in middle of the I band,caused by the presence of the Z disk.,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,线,Myofibril,（,electronic microscope,）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,A band.(,暗带):,H band,M line,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,线,Myofibril,（,electronic microscope,）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,A band.(,暗带):,H band,.,The central region of the A band,which is slightly lighter in appearance,because it does not have thin filaments in it.,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,A band.(,暗带):,M line,There,is,a central dark line in A band.,there are structural proteins at the location,that bind to thick filaments to keep them,in register.,Band Patterns of the Myofibril,线,Myofibril,（,electronic microscope,）,A band,band,line,I band,line,line,Sarcomere(,肌节),A segment of myofibril between two,neighbor Z line.,I band,+,A band,+,I band,The basal contr,a,ctile appar,a,tus of skeletal muscle cells.,Location:,Structure:,Function:,Myofibril,I band,A band,line,line,band,Sarcomere,line,Myofibril,line,line,Thick,Filament,Thin,Filament,line,line,line,H band,I band,(,thin filament only,),A band,(,thick filament only,),thin&thick,filaments,Cross bridge,Molecule Myosin,（,bean-bud shape,）,Head,（,ATPase,）,Rod,Troponin,肌钙（原）蛋白,Actin,肌动蛋白,Tropomyosin,原肌球蛋白,Thin Filament,Composed mainly of the protein,actin,.Smaller amounts of,tropomyosin,and,troponin,are present.,The point,combined with myosin,a pair of spiral,chains,of molecule actin,Actin,肌动蛋白,Single molecule actin,Tropomyosin,原肌球蛋白,a pair of spiral chains,of multipeptide,Troponin,肌钙（原）蛋白,（,three subunites,）,Troponin,肌钙（原）蛋白,Composed of three spherical subunites,namely,TnT、TnI、TnC.,TnT,TnI,TnC,combined with Ca,2+,regulate mutual link between,actin,and,myosin,help,troponin,adhere to,tropomyosin,Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管,),The plasma membrane has tubular,invaginations,called,T-tubules,that run into the cytoplasm,branching and surrounding,myofibrils,.,T-tubules,Myofibril,Sarcoplasm,T-tubules,A band,I band,Thin&Thick,Filaments,Terminal,Cist,er,na,Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管,),Their function is to carry the,action potential,(,动作电位,),into the cell interior.,They associate closely with the,SER,in the cell.,Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管,),Their location is at,the,interface between,I band,and,A band,in,skeletal muscle cell,.,Sarcoplasmic Reticulum,(,肌质,/,浆网),Longitudinal Tubule,(,L-t,ubule,纵小管),It forms a network between and around,the myofibrils.,At level of A band-I band interface,there are,terminal cist,er,n,ae,of the,sarcoplasmic,reticulum,that flank a T-tubule.,Usually two terminal,cist,er,nae,/per T tubule:,therefore this complex is called a,triad,(,三连体,),.,Two triads/per,sarcomere,.,It can,reserve calcium ions,.,T-tubules,&,L-tubules,Myofibril,Sarcoplasm,T-tubules,A band,I band,Thin&Thick,Filaments,L-tubules,Terminal,Cist,er,na,N,冲动,肌膜,横小管,终池,及,纵小管,，,释放,钙离子,骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）,钙离子,与,肌钙蛋白,结合,细肌丝,构形改变，暴露出,肌动蛋白,的结合,位点,骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）,粗、细肌丝,接触,肌球蛋白,分子头,ATP,酶,被激活，分解,ATP,释放能量,粗肌丝,拉着,细肌丝,向,M,线,方向滑动，,肌节,缩短。,收缩结束后，,钙离子,被泵回,肌浆网,，,肌钙蛋白,等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。,M,线,肌球蛋白头,肌动蛋白,肌钙蛋白,T,C,原肌球蛋白,松弛时,Z,线,Z,线,收缩时：,肌节,Z,线,Z,线,Z,线,H,带,M,线,松弛时：,肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图,肌丝滑动模式图,*Nerve Cells,（,Neurons,）,：,They are the basal structural and functional,unite.,They can,receive stimulations,integrate,informations,and transmit nervous impulses.,Some,neurons has the endocrine function.,*,Neur,o,glia,Cells,（,Neur,o,glia,）,：,They play an,important,role in the support,the,nutrition,the protection and,the,insulation,for,neurons.,Constitution of,Nervous Tissue,Neuron,Neurites,Soma,Axon,Dendrites,Shape of Neurons,(section),H.E stain,silver stain,The,soma,includes the,nucleus,and the,perik,a,ryon,.,Nucleus,large,round,clear,and having,distinct nucl,e,olus,Perik,a,ryon,Contains rich organ,e,lles,The special organ,e,lles are,Neuron,H.E high mag.,Nissls bodies,Neurofibril,Structure of Neuron,Nissls bodies（,尼氏体）,Definition:,The basalphilic substances in the cytoplasm of neuron,.,Component,：,Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum,RER.&,Free Ribosomes,Function：,synthesize protein.,Neuron,H.E high mag.,Neurofibrils,（神经原纤维）,Definition:,They are the filaments,which can be demonstrated with silver stain,in cytoplasm.,Component,：,They consists of aggregate of,microtubules,and,neurofilaments,.,Function：,They support the neurons as a,cell skeleton,and are also involved in the,transportation of substances.,Neuron,silver stain,high mag.,Classification of Neurons,1、,According to,the number of their processes,Multip,o,lar,Neuron,Bip,o,lar Neuron,Pseudounip,o,lar,Neuron,2、,According to,the size of soma,and,the length of axon:,Golgi type:,Large soma and long axon,Golgi type:,Small soma and short axon,Axon,Classification of Neurons,3、,According to,the functions:,Sensory Neuron,(or,A,fferent),Motor Neuron,(or,E,fferent),Interneuron,Model of nerve,reflex,circle,Classification of Neurons,4、,According to releasing,the sorts of,neurotransm,i,tters or neurom,o,dulators:,Classification of Neurons,Ch,o,linergic Neurons,（胆碱能神经元）,A,minergic Neurons,（胺能神经元）,P,e,ptidergic Neurons,（肽能神经元）,In general,a neuron can only release a kind of neurotransm,i,tters,（神经递质）,or neurom,o,dulators,（神经调质）,.,Synapse,（突触,）,.,Definition:,It is a specialised cellular junction between a neuron,and another one,or a neuron and an eff,e,cting cell,where the transmission of messages occurs.,.,Type of the Synapse,*,Axo,dendr,i,tic Synapses,*,Axo,sp,i,nous Synapses,*,Axo,som,a,tic Synapses,*,Axo,a,xonal Synapses,*,Dendro,dendr,i,tic,Synapses,.,Classification,：,El,e,ctrical Synapses,Chemical,Synapses,.,Definition:,A nerve fiber is composed of an axon and a surrounding sheath formed by the neur,o,glial cell.,Nerve Fiber,2.Classification,：,*,Myelin,a,ted nerve fiber,（有髓神经纤维）,*,Unmyelin,a,ted nerve fiber,（无髓神经纤维）,Nerve Fiber,3.Formation of the Myelin Sheath,：,Glial cell first fixes to the sur