unit-7--称谓-习语.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,称谓翻译,、习语翻译,在外事接待活动中，译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的口译。称谓代表了一个人的职位、职衔或学衔，体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重，而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解，尤其是对称谓语的认识。一种称谓语很可能表示多种身份，例如，英语的头衔语 president，译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统、国家主席、大学的校长、学院的院长、学会或协会的会长或主席、公司的总裁或董事长等等。,1.一般说来，各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词 head，但从比较严格的意义上看，应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如,校长（大学）President of Beijing University院长（医院）President of Huadong Hospital,校长（中小学）Principal/Headmaster of Donghai Middle School院长（大学下属）Dean of the Graduate School系主任（大学学院下属）Chair/Chairman of the English Department,会长主席（学协会）,President of the Student Union,Shanghai University,厂长（企业）,Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant,主任（中心）,Director of the Business Center,主任（行政）,Director of Foreign Affairs Office,董事长（企业）,President,Chairman of the Board of Directors,董事长（学校）,President,Chairman of the Board of Trustees,2.,首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总,”,表示，而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有,chief general,head,managing,这类词，因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时，需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯：,总书记,general secretary,总工程师,chief engineer,总会计师,chief accountant,总建筑师,chief architect,总编辑,chief editor;editor-in-chief;managing editor,总出纳,chief cashier;general cashier,总裁判,chief referee,总经理,general manager;,总代理,general agent,总教练,head coach,总导演,head director,总干事,secretary-general;,总指挥,commander-in-chief;,总领事,consul-general,总监,chief inspector;inspector-general,总厨,head cook;chef,5.行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达，最为常用的英语词是 associate，例如：,副教授 associate professor副研究员 associate research fellow,/researcher,副主编 associate,chief/,managing editor副编审 associate senior editor副审判长 associate judge副研究馆员 associate research fellow of.(e.g.library science)副译审 associate senior translator副主任医师 associate senior docto,r,6.,当然，有些英语职位头衔，如,manager,和,headmaster,，其副职头衔可冠以,assistant,，例如：,副总经理,assistant/deputy general manager;assistant/deputy managing director,大堂副理（宾馆）,assistant manager,副校长（中小学）,assistant headmaster,7.,以,director,表示的职位的副职常以,deputy director,表示。此外，,secretary,mayor,dean,等头衔的副职也可冠以,deputy,，例如：,副秘书长,deputy secretary-general,耐书记,deputy secretary,副市长,deputy mayor,副院长,deputy dean,8.,学术头衔系列除了含“正”“副”级别的高级职称和中级职称外，还有初级职称如“助理”，“助理”常用,assistant,来表示，例如：,助理教授,assistant professor,助理研究员,assistant research fellow,助理工程师,assistant engineer,助理编辑,assistant editor,助理馆员,assistant research fellow of.(e.g.library science),助理教练,assistant coach,9.,还有一些行业的职称头衔，其高级职称不用“正”或“副”表示，而接用“高级”或“资深”来表示，我们可以用,senior,来称呼，例如,高级编辑,senior editor,高级工程师,senior engineer,高级记者,senior reporter,高级讲师,senior lecturer,高级教师,senior teacher,高级农艺师,senior agronomist,10.,有一些行业的职称或职务系列中，最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词，英常用,chief,来表示：,首席执行官,chief executive officer(CEO),首席法官,chief judge,首席顾问,chief advisor,首席检察官,chief inspector/prosecutor,首席仲裁员,chief arbitrator,首席监事,chief supervisor,首席播音员,chief announcer/broadcaster,首席代表,chief representative,11.首席记者 chief correspondent除了用“总”、“高级”、“首席”等词语来表示一些机构或行业的最高级职务之外，还有一些高级职务则使用带“长”字的头衔，例如：,检察长 procurator-general审判,长,presiding judge；chief judge；chief of judges护士长 head nurse秘书长 secretary-general参谋长 chief of staff厨师长 head cook，chef,有些头衔会含诸如“代理”、“常务”、“执行”、“名誉”这类称谓语，例如：代理市长，代理总理，代理主任,常务理事，常务副校长,执行主席，执行主任，执行秘书,名誉校长，名誉会长12.一般说来，“代理”可译作 acting，例如：,代理市长 acting mayor代理总理 acting premier代理主任 acting director13.“常务”可以 managing 表示，例如：,常务理事 managing director常务副校长 managing vice president,14.“,执行”可译作,executive,，例如：,执行主任,executive director,执行秘书,executive secretary,执行主席,executive chairman,（也可译作,presiding chairman,）,15.“,名誉”译为,honorary,，例如：,名誉校长,honorary president/principal,名誉主席、会长,honorary chairman/president,（也可用,emeritus,表示，如,emeritus chairman/president,）,16.,有些职称或职务带有“主任”、“主治”、“特级”厂特派，、“特约”等头衔，英译不尽相同，例如：主任编辑,associate senior editor,主任秘书,chief secretary,主任医师,senior doctor,主任护士,senior nurse,主治医师,attending/chief doctor;physician;consultant,特级教师,special-grade senior teacher,特派记者,accredited correspondent,特派员,/,专员,commissioner,特约编辑,contributing editor,特约记者,special correspondent,17.,许多职称、职务的头衔称谓其英语表达法难以归类，需要日积月累，逐步登录在自己的称谓语料库中。以下所列举是其中的一部分：,办公室主任,office manager,（如“校长办公室主任”,manager of presidents office,）财务主任,treasurer,车间主任,workshop manager/director,博导（博士生导师）,doctoral student supervisor,研究生导师,graduate student tutor,客座教授,visiting professor,院士,academician,译审,senior translator,村长,village head,领班,captain,；,foreman,；,gaffer,经纪人,broker,税务员,tax collector,股票交易员,stock dealer,红马夹,(stock exchange)floor broker,业务经理,service/business/operation manager,住院医生,resident(doctor);registrar,国际大师,international master,注册会计师,chartered/certified public accountant;registered/incorporated accountant,18.,我国有一些常见的荣誉称号,(honorary title),在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语，,标兵,pacemaker,学习标兵,student pacemaker;model student,劳动模范,model worker,模范教师,model teacher,优秀教师,excellent teacher,优秀员工,outstanding employee,三好学生,triple-A outstanding student;outstanding student,习语、典故,、古诗词,的口译,成语、典故的口译,口译实践中，译员经常会遇到习语、引语的互译。特别是为国家元首、高级官员、文化人士、社会名流做口译时，译员会发现他们在事先精心准备的讲话或随意交谈中,时常出其不意的借用本国或外国习语，引用名人或名著中的妙语佳句来表达自己的立场、观点或赞颂对方的民族和文化。例如，英国前首相撒切尔和美国前几届总统访华时，都在不同场合的讲话中有意引用中国习语或引语，借以表达他们的立场和观点,。,成语、典故的口译,美国总统尼克松 1972 年 1 月访华时在宴会祝酒词中引用毛泽东主席诗词中的话。他说：,Chairman has written:So many deeds cry out to be done,and always urgently;the world rolls on,time presses.Ten thousand years are too long；seize the day，seize the hour!This is the hour.This is the day for our two people,（毛出席写过：多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久，只争朝夕！现在就是我们两国人民只争朝夕的时候了 ）,成语、典故的口译,英国首相撒切尔在她 1982 年 9 月的访华讲话中引用唐代诗人的佳句：,In a poem addressed to a departing friend,one of your Tang poets said:“provided our friendship survives,distances mean very little;although dwelling on far horizons we can still be as near neighbors.”,（在一首送别朋友的诗中，贵国唐代一位诗人曾写道：“海内存知己，天涯若比邻。”）,成语、典故的口译,美国总统乔治布什在他 1989 年 2 月的访华讲话中说:,Let us plant trees together,so that the next generation,yours and ours can sit together in the shade.,（让我们来一起种树，这样，我们的后代就能一起在树下乘凉。）,成语、典故的口译,美国总统克林顿 1998 年 6 月访华时在国宴祝词中说：,In so many different ways,we are upholding the teachings of Mencius,who said:“A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community;good citizens of the world will befriend of the other citizens of the world.”,（我们是以如此不同的方式在维护孟子的教导，他说：“一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士，天下之善士斯友天下之善士。”）,成语、典故的口译,朱镕基总理 1999 年 4 月访美时，在一次记者招待会上回答某记者有关人权问题的提问时,引用了“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。”的古语。,(The people are the most important element in a state.Next are the gods of land and grain;least is the ruler himself.)表明中国向来十分重视人权问题。,成语、典故的口译,同样，江泽民主席访美时在哈佛大学的演讲中引用中国古代思想家的话,“亲仁善邻，国之宝也。”,(Loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country),他在为他举行的欢迎宴会的讲话中引用了美国诗人朗费罗的诗句：“只要行动起来，我们每个明天都会比今天进步。”“行动起来吧，让我们马上就开始。”,（But to act that each tomorrow finds us farther than today.Act-act in the living present.）,成语、典故的口译,任何一种语言的习语、引语都与使用该语言的民族的历史、经济、文化、风俗习惯、价值观念、地理位置等密切相关。因此，习语、引语有明显的民族特色，是人民群众智慧的结晶，是经过长期使用而提炼出来的妙语名言。习语、引语准确、快速、流利的互译可以简明、生动、形象、有力地表达说话人的思想、观点和情感，增强语言的魅力和表达效果。习语、引语的口译也是译员经常遇到的难题之一。那么，口译中译员怎样才能准确、快速、生动形象地进行习语、引语的互译呢？,1.,同义习语借用法（套译法）（,word-equivalence,）：,英汉习语中有不少同义习语，它们在内容和形式上都非常吻合，结构上对应，比喻相似、意思相近，在翻译时，我们可采取借用的手法。,例：,As a man sows,，,so he shall reap.,种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆,to kill two birds with one stone,一箭双雕,walls have ears,隔墙有耳,fish in troubled water,混水摸鱼,strike while the iron is hot,趁热打铁,by fair means or foul,不择手段,facts speak louder than words,事实胜于雄辩,a drop in the ocean,沧海一粟,to add fuel to the fire,火上加油,to be on thin ice,如履薄冰,to turn a deaf ear to,充耳不闻,heart and soul,全心全意,Like father,like son,有其父必有其子,There is no smoke without fire.,无风不起浪,Man proposes,God disposes.,谋事在人，成事在天,look before you leap,三思而后行,burn ones boats,破釜沉舟,2.直译法（literal translation）：,对结构和意义上完全对应的习语可采用直译法。直译是习语翻译中最便捷的方法。它把原语比喻和修辞手法直接移植到译语中，不作太多的引伸和注释。,例如：英语习语的汉译,stony heart/have a heart of stone,铁石心肠,plain sailing,一帆风顺,Well begun is half done.,良好的开端是成功的一半,in black and white,白纸黑字,to be armed to the teeth,武装到牙齿,to pick bones from an egg,鸡蛋里面挑骨头,Honesty is the best policy.,诚实是上策,to show ones cards,摊牌,Children and fools tell the truth.,童愚吐真言,Evil is rewarded with evil.,恶有恶报,Content is happiness.,知足者常乐,Know your own faults before blaming others for theirs.,欲正人,先正己,One swallow does not make a summer.,一燕难成夏。,Blood is thicker than water,血浓于水,a castle in the air,空中楼阁,All roads lead to Rome.,条条道路通罗马,A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.,双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手,flesh and blood,亲骨肉,as firm as a rock,坚如磐石,to be led by the nose,被牵着鼻子走,同甘共苦,to share each others joys and hardships,轻如鸿毛,as light as a feather,实事求是,to seek truth from facts,一见如故,to feel like old friends at the first meeting,掩耳盗铃,to plug ones ears while stealing a bell,汉语习语的英译,良药苦口利于病,Good medicine is bitter in the mouth,，,but good for the disease.,坦白从宽,抗拒从严,Leniency to those who confess,and punishment to those who resist.,远水救不了近火,Distant water cannot put out a nearby fire.,远水不解近渴,Distant water cannot quench present thirst.,千里之行，始于足下,A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.,天下乌鸦一般黑,All crows are equally black.,知识就是力量。,Knowledge is power.,一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴。,An inch of time is worth an inch of gold,，,but an inch of gold cannot purchase an inch of time.,一回生，两回熟。,First meeting,strangers;second meeting,old friends.,一年之计在于春。,The whole years work depends on a good start in spring.,兔子尾巴,长不了。,Like a rabbit tail-it cannot grow any longer-it wont last long.,3.,意译法：（,free translation,）,：,有些习语由于习惯表达方式不同以及文化差异太大，很难采用直译法来进行翻译。为了保持原文思想内容的完整性，避免产生误解或歧义，我们可选用意译法。意译最重要的是译出话语的真正含义。译员要根据文化背景以及交谈的话题、意图和上下文等因素，充分理解习语所包含的内在涵义。,hit the nail on the head,说得中肯，打中要害,to hold water,站得住脚，合乎逻辑,to miss the boat,坐失良机，错过机会,to be up to ones ears,有许多事情要做；忙于,to beat around the bush,旁敲侧击，转弯抹角,to cut corners,节约，偷工减料,例如：英语习语的汉译,to have other fish to fry,有别的事干,a black sheep,害群之马,to face the music,勇于承担后果,to spill the beans,不慎泄密,to hold ones horses,耐心点；别沉不住气,in ones element,在行；擅长,on ones toes,机灵,once in a blue moon,极难得；千载难逢,to see eye to eye,与,(,某人,),看法一致,straight from the shoulder,直截了当,Rome was not built in a day.,冰冻三尺,非一日之寒,to burn the candle at both ends,过分耗费精力,to poke ones nose into,探听,;,干涉,to play for ones own hand,为自己的利益而做,to pull wool over ones eyes,蒙蔽某人,to call a spade a spade,实话实说,直言不讳,Birds of a feather flock together.,物以类聚,人以群分,Love me;love my dog.,爱屋及乌,to take something with a grain of salt,对某事半信半疑,to,put,all ones eggs in one basket,孤注一掷,;,冒险,to put the cart before the horse,本末倒置,望子成龙,to hold high hopes for ones child,司马昭之心，路人皆知,the villains design is obvious,王小二过年,一年不如一年,to be going from bad to worse,小巫见大巫,to be simply nothing compared to,不管三七二十一,regardless of the consequence,汉语习语的英译,十万火急,extremely urgent,才高八斗,hav,ing,profound learning,杞人忧天,unnecessary anxiety,东施效颦,blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish,4.,直译加注法：,对于某些习语带有浓厚的民族色彩，以及蕴涵着历史典故或历史人物，为了准确、完整地表达原文的含义，可采用直译加注法。即先将原文直译，然后附上恰当的解释，这样可使听者既领略了异国文化，又对习语有个全面正确的了解。,1.,八仙过海，各显神通,like the Eight Immortals(in the legend)crossing the sea,each one showing his(or her)special prowesstry to outshine each other or vie with each other,2.,搬起石头砸自己的脚：,to lift a rock only to drop it on ones own feet-to suffer from what one has done,汉语习语的口译,汉语习语的口译,3 卧薪尝胆,to sleep on brushwood and taste gall-to undergo self-imposed hardships so as to strengthen ones resolve to wipe out a national humility；to endure hardships to accomplish some ambition.,汉语习语的口译,“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛”。为人民利益而死，重于泰山。,Though death befalls all men alike,it may,be,weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.To die for the people is weightier than Mount Tai.,先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。,Be concerned about the affairs of state before others,and enjoy comfort after others.Be the first to feel concern about state affairs and the last to enjoy yourself.,1.,嗟来之食,a meal offered from pity mixed with contempt-a favor done without courtesy,2.,杀鸡给猴看,to kill the chicken to frighten the monkey-to punish somebody as a warning to others.,3.,班门弄斧,to show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter-to display ones slight skill before an expert,例如：英语习语的汉译,To carry coals to Newcastle,运煤到纽卡索,-,多此一举（因为纽卡索是英国的产煤中心）,Eden,伊甸园,美丽的乐园,olive branch,橄榄树,-,和平的象征,crocodile tears,鳄鱼的眼泪,-,假慈悲,an ivory tower,象牙之塔,-,脱离现实生活的小天地,如：英语习语的汉译,sour grapes,酸葡萄（把得不到的东西说成不好的）,Waterloo,滑铁卢,-,惨重的失败,Achilles heel,阿基里斯的脚踝,致命的弱点,Pandoras box,潘多拉盒子,灾祸之源,