戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第4章Semantics课件.ppt

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,英语语言学,English Linguistics,2,Chapter FiveSemantics,Questions,(the rhetoric use of English words),:,1)Why is a,river,rich?,2)Why Saturday and Sunday are the strongest days?,3)What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”,3,Topics:,5.1 What is semantics,语义学的定义,5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning,关于意义研究的一些观点,5.3 Lexical meaning,词汇意义的主要意义关系,5.4 Sense relations between sentences,句子之间的意义关系,5.5 Analysis of meaning,意义分析,4,5,1.5.1 What is semantics,-the study of meaning in language.,What is meaning?,The meaning of words:Lexical semantics,The meaning of sentences:Propositional meaning,compositional meaning,Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers,logicians and linguists.E.g.Plato&Aristotle.,6,The meaning of meaning,（“,meaning”,的意义）,John,means,to write.(intend,打算,),A green light,means,to go.(indicate,指示,“行”,),9,What does,capitalist,mean,to you?,（,signify,表示,),10,5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning,Naming theory,命名论,(Plato),The conceptualist view,概念论,Contextualism,语境理论,(Bloomfield),Behaviorism,行为理论,11,5.2.1 The naming theory,命名论(Plato),Words are names or labels for things.,词语只是物体的名字或标记,Limitations,局限性,:,1)Applicable to nouns only.,2)There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world,e.g.,ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix,3)There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions,e.g.,joy,impulse,hatred,12,5.2.2.The conceptualist view,概念论,The view holds that there is,no direct link,between a linguistic form and what is refers to.This is best illustrated by the classic,semantic triangle,经典语义三角理论,suggested by Ogden&Richards,thought/concept/image,指称,S,ymbol,符号,referent,所指,(word),stands for,(object),13,airplane,14,5.2.3 Contextualism 语境论,Meaning should be studied in terms of,situation,场景,use,用法,context,语境,elements closely linked with language behavior.,Two types,of contexts are recognized:,1),Situational context,2),Linguistic context,:,the probability of a word,s co-occurrence or collocation.,e.g.,“,black,”,in,black hair,&,black coffee,or,black sheep,differs in meaning.,15,5.2.4 Behaviorism行为主义,M,eaning,:,“,the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer,”,(,Bloomfield,Behaviorists,),The story of Jack and Jill:,Jill Jack,S_r-s_R,生理刺激,语言反应,语言刺激,非语言反应,16,5.3 Lexical meaning5.3.1 Sense and reference,意义和指称,Sense,and,reference,are both concerned with the study of word meaning.They are two related but different aspects of meaning.,Sense,-is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form;it is abstract and de-contextualized.It is,dictionary,meaning,词典意义,17,Reference,指称,（,referent,词语所指事物）,-what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world 语言和客观世界的关系,It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.,18,Note:,Linguistic forms having the,same sense,may have,different references,in different situations;（,your dog and my dog,),On the other hand,there are also occasions,when linguistic forms with the,same reference,might,differ in sense,e.g.,the morning star,and,the evening star;,rising sun,in the morning and,the sunset,at dusk.,The,moon,in foreign countries is rounder?,19,5.3.2.Major sense relations,Synonymy,Polysemy,Homonymy,Hyponymy,Antonymy,Gradable,Complementary,Relational,20,5.3.2.1 Synonymy,同义现象,buy/purchase,thrifty/economical/stingy,autumn/fall,flat/apartment,lift/elevator,21,Synonymy,refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.,1),Dialectal synonyms,方言同义词,-synonyms used in different regional dialects,e.g.,autumn,fall,luggage-baggage,petrol,gasoline,2),Stylistic synonyms,文体同义词,-synonyms differing in style,e.g.,kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence,22,3),Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning,情感或评价意义不同的词,e.g.,A person who helps another:,collaborator,合作者,-accomplice,帮凶,4),Collocational,synonyms,搭配同义词,e.g.,accuse,of,charge,with,rebuke,for;,5),Semantically different synonyms,语义不同的词,e.g.,amaze 好奇,astound 使震惊,5.3.2.2 Polysemy,Polysemic,or,polyemous word,-a word having more than one meaning,E.g.table,(See p.68),（,bachelor and master),23,24,5.3.2.3 Homonymy,同音异义 同形异义,Homonymy,-the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,e.g.different words are identical,in,sound,or,spelling,or,in both,.,Such words are called,homonyms,.,Homophone,-when two words are identical,in,sound,e.g.,rain-reign,night/knight,25,Homogragh,-when two words are identical,in spelling,e.g.,tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),Complete homonym,-when two words are identical,in both sound and spelling,e.g.,ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,The rhetoric use of homonym,1)Why is a river rich?Because it has two,banks,.,2)Why Saturday and Sunday are the strongest days?Because all the others are,week,(,weak,),days.3)What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”,The sun,rose,and wind,blue,.(,rise-rose;blow-blew,),26,27,5.3.2.4 Hyponymy,上下义关系,-the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word.,Inclusiveness,A is included in/a kind of B.,Cf.,chair,table,furniture;,rose,tulip,郁金香,flower;,tiger,lion,elephant,animal,.,Superordinate:,the more general term,Hyponyms:,the more specific term,Co-hyponyms:,members of the same class,28,5.3.2.5 Antonymy反义关系,Gradable antonyms,等级反义词,Complementary antonyms,互补反义词,-the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,Relational opposites,关系反义词,-exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items,e.g.husband-wife,father-son,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,29,1)Gradable antonyms 等级反义词,-there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair,e.g.,old-young,hot-cold,good-bad,long-short,big-small.,Can be modified by adverbs of degree like,very,.,Can have,comparative,forms.,Can be asked with,how,.,30,2)Complementary antonyms互补反义词,-the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other,e.g.,alive:dead,male:female,present:absent,innocent:guilty,odd:even,pass:fail,boy:girl,hit:miss,31,3)Raltional opposites,关系反义词,buy:sell,lend:borrow,give:receive,parent:child,husband:wife,teacher:student,above:below,before:after,host:guest,employer:employee,32,5.4 Sense relations between sentences 句子之间的意义关系,1),X is synonymous with Y,2),X is inconsistent with Y,3),X entails Y,4),X presupposes Y,5),X is a contradiction,6),X is semantically anomalous,33,X is synonymous with Y,同义,X:,He was a bachelor all his life.,Y:,He never got married all his life.,X:,The boy killed the cat.,Y:,The cat was killed by the boy.,34,X is inconsistent with Y,不一致,X:,He is single.,Y:,He has a wife.,X:,This is my first visit to Beijing.,Y:,I have been to Beijing twice.,If X is true,Y is false;if X is false,Y is true.,35,X entails Y,蕴含,X:,John married a blond heiress.,Y:,John married a blond.,X:,Marry has been to Beijing.,Y:,Marry has been to China.,Entailment,is a relation of inclusion.If X entails Y,then the meaning of X is included in Y.,If X is true,Y is necessarily true;if X is false,Y may be true or false.,36,X presupposes Y,预设关系,X:,His bike needs repairing.,Y:,He has a bike.,X:,Paul has given up smoking.,Y:,Paul once smoked.,If X is true,Y must be true;If X is false,Y is still true.,37,X is a contradiction,自我矛盾,*,My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.,*The orphan,s parents are pretty well-off.,38,X is semantically anomalous,语义反常,*The man is pregnant.,*The table has bad intentions.,*Sincerity shakes hands with the black apple.,39,Analysis of meaning,Componential analysis,成分分析法,Predication analysis,述谓结构分析法,40,5.5.1 Componential Analysis成分分析法,-a way to analyze lexical meaning.,The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected,（切分）,into meaning components,called,semantic features,.,For example:,41,HUMAN,Man,:+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE,Boy,:+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE,Woman,:+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE,Girl,:+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE,More examples:,42,Animal words,43,English motion verbs,44,5.5.2 Predication analysis述谓结构分析法,Two points,about sentence meaning:,1),The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its component words,e.g,“,The dog bites the man,”,is semantically different from,“,The man bites the dog,”,though their components are exactly the same.,2),There are two aspects to sentence meaning:,grammatical meaning,and,semantic meaning.,e.g.,45,*,He gave the book me.,*,We will went to Beijing now.,The two sentences are not grammatically well-formed,as they violate grammatical rules(,the subcategorization rules),46,*,Green clouds are sleeping furiously.,*,Sincerity shook hands with the black apple.,The two sentences are grmmatically perfect(agreement or tense),but they are not good sentences because they are not semantically meaningful ones.,Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful or not,is governed by rules called,selectional restrictions,i.e.constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.,47,Predication analysis述谓分析法,-a way to analyze sentence meaning(British linguist G.Leech).,Predication,述谓结构,-the abstraction,抽象,of the meaning of a sentence.A predication consists of argument(s)and predicate.,An argument,变元,is a logical participant in a predication,largely identical with the nominal elements in a sentence.,A predicate,谓词,is something said about an argument,对变元的解释,or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.,48,According to the number of arguments contained in a predication,we may classify the predications into the following types:,One,-place predication,（,一位述谓结构）,Two,-place predication,Three,-place predication,No,-place predication,49,Here are examples:,Tom smokes.TOM(SMOKE),Baby is sleeping.BABY(SLEEP),The tree grows well.TREE(GROW),rise,run,The kids like apples.KIDS(LIKE)APPLE,like,love,save,bite,beat,I sent him a letter.I(SEND)HIM LETTER,give,send,promise,call,It is hot.(BE HOT),It is snowing.(SNOW),Thank you for listening.,