当代商业概论总结.doc

Cｈaptｅｒ 1
1. Defｉne bｕｓiｎess and　ｐrｏfｉts
Ｂusiness-----Ａｎ ｏｒgａnｉｚatｉoｎ tｈａt providｅs goods　or seｒviｃes　to eａrｎ　profｉts
　 Profｉts： The　positive differｅnce bｅtｗeeｎ a business’ｓ reｖenｕes ａnd ｉts ｅｘpenses
Ü rｅwarｄs fｏr bｕsineｓsｐeｏplｅ ｗho　takｅ tｈe risks
２、 Ｄisｔinguish bｅtwｅｅｎ　businesｓ ａnｄ not－for－prｏfit　oｒganizatiｏnｓ
• Ｂusinesｓ　consｉｓtｓ　of all　profit－seｅｋing activities and enｔｅｒpｒiｓｅs ｔhａt ｐｒoｖｉde　goｏds and sｅｒviｃes necｅｓsary tｏ aｎ　eｃonomｉc sｙsｔem、 [＇ｅｎｔəprａɪｚ］　事业,项目
　 　Not-for-profｉt orｇaｎizａtiｏns are ｂｕｓiｎess likｅ establishments (机构;团体;企业）　that　havｅ　pｒiｍａｒy　ｏｂjectiｖes oｔher than　ｒeturｎｉng　proｆｉts ｔｏ thｅir ｏwners、 It operates in　botｈ　pｕｂlic service and ｐrivatｅ seｃtｏr　(部门，行业,领域）、
3、　Ｉdｅnｔｉfy tｈe　fａcｔoｒs of pｒｏｄｕctioｎ、
　 Ｌabor, capｉｔaｌ， eｎtreprｅnｅuｒｓ　（［ˌɒntrəprə'nɜ：(r)] 企业家)， physicａl ｒesouｒces,　infｏｒｍation resｏｕrces、
４、 Gloｂaｌ　ｅconomic systems
Pｌannｅd ecｏnomy, mａｒｋeｔ eｃonomy ａnd mixed　economies
• Pｌanｎed　Ecoｎomy:
Ø An ecoｎomic sｙsｔem in wｈｉch the ｇｏverｎｍｅnt ｏwns ａnd　operaｔes　ａll ｓources　ｏｆ production
• Mａｒｋet Ecoｎoｍｙ：
Ø An　ecｏnomiｃ ｓystｅm in　ｗhich ｂuyers ａnd sellers　intｅrａcｔ ([ˌɪntər'æｋt］　相互作用; 互相影响） ｂａsed　on ｆreedom of choice
　 　Mixeｄ　Econｏmies:　Plaｎｎｅｄ ａnd Ｍａrｋet
• Ｔhe econｏｍies ｏｆ mｏst ｃｏuｎtries　iｎclｕde boｔh planｎed and markeｔ ｅｌeｍents、
5. Ｅxpｌａin the fａctors thaｔ dｒive demａｎd and supplｙ、
(1）Factoｒｓ Dｒivｉｎg Dｅmaｎd
　　 １） Prｉｃe
2) Ｃustomer preｆerencｅs anｄ ine
　 　3)Ｐrｉｃｅs of　ｓｕbstituｔe (［'ｓʌbｓtɪtju:ｔ］ 替代得） ａnd plementary ([ˌkɒmplɪˈｍｅntrｉ］ 互补得）ｉtems
４) Number　of　buｙｅrs ｉｎ the market
　 　5) Ｃoｎsｕmerｓ’ ｏｐtimism aｂｏuｔ ｔｈe　fuｔuｒｅ、
(2）Ｆａctors Dｒivinｇ　Ｓupply
• fａctoｒs of produｃtｉon (Ｃeｎｔrａl roｌe　ｉn　detｅｒmｉnｉng the oｖerａll sｕpplｙ　ｏｆ ｇoods　anｄ ｓeｒｖｉｃes ｉs playeｄ by　fａctｏｒｓ ｏf ｐroｄｕction、）
• Otheｒ faｃtors　ｌikｅ tａｘes　and　ｔhe nｕmbｅr oｆ sｕppｌiｅrｓ will alsｏ　inflｕｅｎce the supｐly、
6. Ｄescribe eaｃｈ　of ｔhe ｆour　differeｎt ｔｙｐes　of ｍarket　strｕｃtuｒes ｉn a private　enterprise ｓystem、
Perfeｃt　petｉtioｎ,monｏpolｉstic [məˌｎɔpəˈlistｉk］ petition(垄断性竞争),oｌｉgopoly( [ˌɒｌɪ'gɒｐəlɪ] 寡头, 求过于供得市场情况) and monoｐoｌy　( [mə＇nɒpəlɪ] 垄断)
Peｒfecｔ petitiｏn existｓ when all firｍs in an　ｉｎｄｕｓtry ａre　sｍaｌl and ｔｈe　nｕmbｅｒ of ｆirms ｉs ｌarge、 Pricｅｓ are dｅtermiｎeｄ by ｍaｒket　forces as　suｐｐlｙ aｎd ｄemaｎｄ、
Iｎ　mｏnopolｉstic petition，　many　seｌlers tｒy tｏ make ｔｈeir　prｏducts ａｔ leａsｅ seem　ｔo ｂe　dｉffereｎｔ frｏｍ tｈosｅ of ｐｅｔｉｔors、 Product　diｆfeｒｅntｉａtion gｉves ｓellerｓ some cｏntroｌ ｏｖer pｒices、
Wheｎ an　industry has onｌy a handfｕｌ ｏf sｅｌlers, an　oｌigopoly existｓ、 Ｔhe enｔrｙ oｆ　ｎew pｅｔｉtｏｒｓ is hａrｄ、 And the prices oｆ paｒaｂｌｅ pｒoｄucｔs　ａre usｕally similar、
Ａ monopoly exｉｓｔs　ｗhen ａn indusｔry　ｏｒ markｅt　hａs　ｏnｌy ｏnｅ　ｐｒｏdｕｃer、　A sｏle ｓupplｉｅr enjoys nｅarly plete cｏntroｌ oveｒ　ｔhe pricｅs ｏf ｉts proｄｕcts、
Cｈaracｔｅristiｃ
Pｅrfect peｔition
Mｏnｏpｏlistｉc pｅｔitiｏｎ
Oｌigopoly
Mｏｎopolｙ
Eｘamplｅ
Locａｌ farmer
Sｔａtioneｒy sｔore
Sｔｅeｌ　indｕｓtrｙ
Ｐublｉc　ｕtilitｙ
Ｎｕmｂer ｏｆ petiｔors
Maｎｙ
Many，　buｔ　fewer　than in perfect pｅtition
few
noｎe
Eａse of entrｙ into the industｒy
Relativeｌy easｙ
Ｆａirly easy
diffiｃｕlt
Reｇulated ｂy governmeｎt
Siｍiｌaｒｉty of ｇｏodｓ/servicｅs offｅreｄ bｙ peｔinｇ fiｒms
Identicａl
Simｉlaｒ
Can ｂe simiｌar or dｉffｅrent
Nｏ dｉrｅcｔlｙ peｔing goods or　sｅｒvｉcｅｓ
Lｅvel　oｆ cｏｎtｒol ovｅｒ price　bｙ individuaｌ firms
None
Ｓoｍｅ
Soｍe
Cｏnsiderａblｅ
7. Idｅntｉfy ａｎd describe ｔhe fｏur　stages of　the busiｎｅｓs　cycle、

Prｏspｅrｉｔy， 繁荣；　 ｒeｃesｓioｎ 衰退;　deprｅsｓion 萧条; recｏvｅry 复苏
[ｐｒɒ＇spｅrətɪ] 　 　 　 　 ［rɪˈｓｅʃｎ] 　　　 　 　 [ｄɪ'pｒeʃn］
8. Explａiｎ　hｏw　ｐroducｔivｉty, price-leveｌ changes, aｎd ｅｍｐloｙｍent leｖels　affect ｔhｅ stabilｉty ｏf a nａtioｎ’s　economy、
9. Discuss　how mｏnetary polｉｃy and fｉscａl　ｐｏlicy are used　tｏ　manaｇｅ ａn eｃonｏmy’s　ｐerｆｏrｍaｎｃe、
Monetary Pｏｌicy 货币政策
ｇoveｒnment actions ｔo ｉｎｃｒease ｏｒ ｄecrｅase　the ｍoney sｕpply　and chanｇe banｋｉng　requireｍenｔs and interesｔ ｒａteｓ to inｆlｕeｎce bａnker’ｓ willｉnｇnesｓ　ｔｏ　make loans、
Ｆiscal Policy 财政政策
Goｖｅｒｎmenｔ infｌuｅnｃes ecｏnomy bｙ　spenｄｉng and tａｘatｉon ｄecisｉons、　Goverｎmeｎt　uｓes fiｓcａl pｏliｃｙ　to cｏｎtroｌ inflaｔioｎs （[ɪn'fleɪʃn] 通货膨胀), ｒｅduｃe ｕneｍplｏyment,　impｒove the ｇｅnｅraｌ welｆare of cｉtizens, anｄ　encｏｕｒage ecoｎｏｍic　growtｈ、　
Chapteｒ 2
1、　Exｐlａin the coｎｃｅｐtｓ of bｕｓｉnｅss　ｅtｈicｓ and　social responsiｂility、
Buｓiness eｔhics　aｒe standards of bｕｓｉneｓｓ ｃonduct anｄ moral values ｂy eｍployeｅｓ on ｔｈe joｂ
Soｃial resｐonsibiｌｉty　rｅfers　to　thｅ overaｌｌ way　ｉn　whｉcｈ ａ　busineｓs aｔteｍpｔｓ to ｂaｌaｎce ｉts mｉtmenｔs to releｖanｔ grｏｕｐs and　ｉnｄｉviduａｌs in its sｏｃｉal　ｅnviｒonｍents、
2. Deｓcriｂe the fａctoｒs ｔhat　inｆluenｃe　ｂｕsinesｓ ｅｔhics, aｔ　inｄｉｖidual, oｒganizａｔional, leｇal,　societal levｅls
Iｎｄｉvｉdual: valｕes,　wｏrｋ ｂaｃkground, famｉｌy staｔus, persoｎａlitｙ
Organｉｚatioｎａl： Top Level　Ｍgmt、　Pｈilosoｐhｙ， ｔｈe Fｉrm’s Ｒewarｄ　Ｓyｓtem， Jｏｂ Ｄimensionｓ
Envirｏnmental： ｐetｉtiｏn, ecoｎomic cｏｎditionｓ, soｃｉaｌ/culｔural iｎstitutions
3、 Lisｔ tｈe stageｓ iｎ ｔｈe devｅloｐmｅnt　of ｅtｈical ｓｔandards、
　 Ｓtage　1:　Pｒeconvｅntionaｌ
　 　 　 Individual iｓ maｉnｌy lookinｇ ouｔ fｏr　ｈis oｒ her interest、 Rulｅｓ arｅ　foｌｌowed only out　of　fｅar of ｐｕnishmenｔ or　ｈｏpe of rｅwaｒd、
Ｓtagｅ　2： Conveｎtｉonaｌ
　 Indｉviｄual conｓiders　tｈｅ　ｉnｔeｒｅstｓ and　eｘpectaｔｉoｎs　ｏf othｅrs in　mａkｉng　ｄecｉｓionｓ、 Ruleｓ are rｕles　arｅ foｌlｏｗｅd because iｔ　ｉs a part　of　belong to the ｇroｕps、
Sｔａｇe　3： postcoｎventional
Ｉndividual folloｗs peｒsonaｌ　priｎｃｉples for rｅｓｏlviｎg　ethicaｌ dilemmaｓ、 He or shｅ　cｏnsiders perｓonal, group anｄ ｓoｃial interests、
4. Ｉｄentify ｍoｎ ethical dilemmas ｉｎ thｅ woｒkpｌａce、
Ｃonfｌict of interｅst， honeｓtｙ ａnｄ inｔegriｔy(正直)， ｌoyalty ＶS trｕth, whistlｅ-ｂlowing(揭发)、
5. Dｉscusｓ hoｗ ｏrｇanｉｚations shaｐe ethicaｌ beｈavior、
6. Sｕmmaｒize tｈｅ　reｓpｏnsｉｂilｉtｉes of buｓiness tｏ ｔhｅ ｇｅｎeraｌ　ｐuｂlic, ｃｕstｏmerｓ, eｍpｌｏyeｅｓ　and　ｉnvｅstors、
Responｓibｉｌｉtiｅｓ　to　tｈe Ｇeneｒal Public
a) Pubｌｉc　Heａlth Issｕes
b) Ｐrｏtectiｎg thｅ Enｖironmｅnｔ　
Green wａｓhinｇ： Uｓing ａdvｅｒｔiｓｉng to project　ａ　greeｎ　imａgｅ wｉthoｕt ｓuｂstaｎtialｌy ａlｔerinｇ processes oｒ prｏducts
Ｒecycling—reprocesｓing oｆ　used mａteriaｌｓ for　ｒeｕse
　 c) Ｄevelopｉnｇ tｈe　Qualｉtｙ ｏf　the　Workｆorce
　 d) Ｃｏｒpoｒate Phiｌaｎthrｏpy ([fɪ＇lænθｒəpɪ] 慈善事业)
Responｓibiｌity Towａrｄ Ｃｕstomers
Ｃoｎsｕｍer Rｉghｔs,　Ｕｎfaｉr　Pricing, Etｈiｃｓ iｎ　Adveｒtiｓinｇ
Rｅｓpoｎsｉｂiｌiｔy Ｔoward Emｐｌｏｙｅeｓ
Ｗorkplace Safety; Ｑuａｌity of　Life Iｓsuｅs……、
Resｐoｎｓibiｌity　Toｗaｒd Inｖｅｓtoｒs
Imｐｒoper fｉnanｃial maｎａgemenｔ； Check kitｉnｇ空头； Ｉnsiｄer　tradiｎg　;
Misreprｅｓentatｉon of　ｆiｎaｎceｓ
7. Ｅｘｐlain diｆｆerenｔ　stａncｅs in ＣSR
Defensive
Stance
防卫立场
Obstructionist
Stance
阻碍立场
Acmodative
Stance
接纳立场
Proactive
Stance
积极立场
Lowest
Highest
Actively Avoids Responsibility
Does Legal Minimum
Responds to Requests
Actively Seeks Opportunities to Contribute

Chaｐｔer 3
1. Identｉｆy　thｅ iｎduｓtｒｉes in which ｍost sｍａｌl firｍs aｒｅ establｉshed
Sｅｒvｉces服务业， reｔaｉlinｇ零售业, coｎstｒｕctiｏn建筑业, wholesaliｎg批发, finａnce and ｉnsuranｃe金融保险， maｎufacturｉng制造业,ｔrａｎｓportation运输、
2、 pare tｈｅ aｄｖaｎｔages　aｎd disadｖantａｇｅs　ｏf small buｓinｅｓses、
Smalｌ fｉrms caｎ ｏfteｎ opｅｒａte　wｉth greaｔeｒ ｆleｘibiｌity tｈａn　ｌarger　corpoｒations cａn　aｃhieｖe、 This ｆlｅxibiｌity aｌlｏws smaｌl busiｎess　to ｄｅvelop innovative prｏｄuｃtｓ, lower cｏsts， proｖide supｅｒior customer　seｒvｉcｅ，　and　fill　isｏlated　nｉｃhｅs、 ［'aɪsəleɪtɪd] 偏远得 [nɪtʃｉz] 商机
Howeveｒ，　small busiｎesｓ also　mｕst ｏpeｒate with　feｗer ｒesources ｔｈａn larｇｅ corｐｏｒａtions caｎ ａpply、　Aｓ a rｅsuｌt， thｅy must ｓuｆｆer　ｆroｍ fiｎａncｉａl liｍｉｔations ａnd mａnagemenｔ shortings、 Ｔaxes　aｎd govｅrnmeｎt regulａtion can ａlso imposｅ exｃessive burｄens ｏn sｍall ｂuｓiness、
3、 Expｌain　how ｆｒanｃｈiｓｉng　can pｒovide oppoｒtunitｉes for　both franchisｏｒｓ ａnd franｃhiｓｅes(被特许人)、
　　Franchisees ｂeｎeｆit fｒom ｔhe pareｎt　corｐｏratioｎｓ' expｅriencｅ and expｅrtise、 The frａｎcｈｉseｒ maｙ pick ｔhe stoｒe lｏｃａtｉon, nｅgｏtiate the lｅasｅ,　purcｈasｅ ｅquｉpmeｎｔ， and support fｉnancing、 Franchising　ｏfｆerｓ tｈe　beneｆit　oｆ ｂraｎd reｃognｉtｉon, ｗhｉcｈ　can　make　it easier to　attｒact cuｓtoｍerｓ and　ｒedｕce the cｏsts oｆ advertising as well ａs inｃrease tｈe lｉｋelihooｄ of sｕｃceｓs、
4. Ｄefinｅ ｔhe teｒm ｅｎtrｅｐreｎeur and distiｎguish ａmong eｎｔrepreneｕrs， small-bｕsｉnｅｓs owｎerｓ, and managｅrs、
Entreｐreｎeｕr：
Bｕsｉneｓspersoｎ who aｃcepts　ｔhｅ rｉｓks anｄ opportunｉtiｅs　involved in cｒeatｉng,　operatiｎg aｎｄ ｇrｏｗiｎg ａ ｎｅw buｓiness
Smaｌl　Busineｓs Ｏwner:
Doｅs not havｅ　planｓ for gｒowth、
5. Starting ａｎd　funding ａ ｓmall buｓｉｎeｓs
• Starｔing　ｆrｏm Ｓｃratｃｈ [skrætʃ] 从零开始;从头做起;白手起家
Ø Ｄisaｄｖaｎｔaｇｅ: Ｈｉgheｒ ｒisk ｏf　bｕsｉnｅss　failuｒe
Ø Adｖａnｔagｅ： Aｖoids　ｐroblemｓ　of an existing business
• Buyｉng an Exiｓtinｇ Ｂusiｎess
Ø Somｅ ｐｒｅfeｒ not ｔo ａｓsume the　ｒiskｓ ｏf starｔing a　new　ｆｉrｍ
Fｒanchiｓiｎg
v Ａnotｈer ｌesｓ ｒisky wａy tｏ bｅgin a busｉness
a) Ｃｆ、 equitｙ ｆiｎancｉng anｄ debt　ｆｉnａncing
6. Iｄentify tｈrｅe　diｆfｅｒent　tyｐes　ｏf entｒepreneurs、 企业家
• Ｃｌaｓsic　enｔrｅpｒenｅurs—person wｈｏ　ｓeｅs　a ｂｕsinｅss oｐportunitｙ aｎd uｓｅ reｓouｒces　ｔｏ　tap ｔhａt market、
• Intraｐrenｅur—pｅrsoｎ ｗho deｖelｏps　iｎｎovations　withｉn ａ lａrｇｅ orｇanizaｔion、　 [ɪｎtræprə'ni：ɜ:]　公司内企业家， 内部创业者
• Chaｎｇe Agenｔ—ｍanaｇer who　trieｓ tｏ rｅvitaｌizｅ　ａｎ esｔablisheｄ ｆirｍ tｏ　ｋeep　ｉt petitiｖe、　[ˌrｉ:'vａɪtəlａɪｚ] vt、 使恢复元气;　使新生; 使复兴
7. Ｉdentifｙ persｏnａｌiｔy ｔrａits ｔhaｔ ｔypicaｌlｙ chａractｅｒize　successfｕl ｅｎtｒeｐrenｅurs、
Sｕｃｃessfｕl　entrｅpreneurs ｍaｙ ｈａｖe sｅｖeral ｔｒaｉｔｓ,　inｃluｄing viｓｉon， hｉgh　energy　ｌeｖel， need to　ａchieｖｅ,　seｌf－coｎfidenｃe anｄ oｐtimｉｓm, toleｒaｎce fｏr failｕｒｅ, creativity， ｔoｌeｒaｎce　for ａｍbiguity（含糊), aｎd intｅrnatiｏnal ｌｏｃuｓ of controｌ、
1)　Are ｒesourceｆｕl and　open-minｄed足智多谋,心胸开阔
２）　Ａrｅ coｎcerneｄ about　ｇｏoｄ ｃustomer ｒeｌatiｏns良好顾客关系
3)　Ｄesｉre ｔo　be tｈｅｉｒ own boｓs
4)　Ｃａｎ　ｄeal with uncertaiｎｔy aｎｄ risｋ
5） Ｒelｙ ｏｎ netｗorkｓ, ｂusiness plａns， and　consensus(共识)
8. Sumｍaｒizｅ ｔhe　ｔhree　baｓiｃ　foｒms ｏf ｂusiness ｏwｎershiｐ　anｄ the aｄｖantages and disadｖaｎtａges of eaｃh form、
１)Soｌe Prｏpｒｉｅtorsｈiｐs (所有权) 　 个人独资企业
Disadvantages:
• Unlimited Liability(major drawback)
• Limited resources
• Limited fundraising capability(有限得融资能力)
• Lack of continuity
　 Ａｄvantages:
• 　Frｅｅｄoｍ
• 　Sｉmｐlｅ ｔo form
• Low　stａrt ｕｐ　cｏsｔｓ
• Taｘ beneｆits
• Ｄｏn’ｔ hａve　to ｓhａre tｈe profits
2） Ｐartｎｅｒsｈips合伙企业
Ｉｎ most cａsｅs， pａrtｎers share tｈe　profｉts eｑuａlly or in propoｒtion ｔｏ theiｒ　inｖesｔmeｎt、
Silent partnｅr:　ｉnｖest funds bｕt pｌａy　nｏ　ｒole in its maｎａgeｍent
Disadvantages:
• Unlimited liability
• Disagreements among partners
• Lack of continuity
• Ownership transfer
Sｗeaｔ equity: invest nothiｎg but proｖiｄe all thｅ ｌａｂoｒ
　　 　Advanｔages:
• Moｒｅ talent and moｎeｙ（tｈe ｍｏst sｔrｉkinｇ)
• Moｒｅ　ｆundrａiｓｉng　ｃapabiｌｉtｙ
['fʌndˌreɪzɪŋ]　筹款得
• Ｒelatiｖｅly eaｓy to　fｏrｍ
• Limited liaｂiｌitｙ for liｍited paｒｔners
• Taｘ benefits
3)ｃoopｅrativｅs
ｂｉne　the　freｅｄom oｆ sole propｒieｔorshｉps ｗith thｅ finanｃial　ｐoweｒ　oｆ ｃorpｏrａｔioｎs
Ø ｐａrａtｉｖe Summaｒｙ：　Thｒeｅ Foｒｍｓ of Ｂusｉness
Busiｎｅss form　
liabiliｔy
Contiｎｕｉｔy
Maｎagement　
Ｓources of invｅｓtmenｔ
Pｒopriｅｔoｒshiｐ
Personal, ｕnliｍｉｔed
Ends with deａth　oｒ decｉｓion of owｎer
Peｒｓｏnaｌ，　unrestｒictｅｄ

Pｅｒsｏｎal
Ｇeneral ｐarｔnｅrｓhiｐ
Peｒｓonal, unlimｉtｅd
Enｄs with death or dｅcｉsion of　any ｐaｒtneｒ
Unｒestｒicted ｏr　dｅpends　ｏn　pａrtｎership agreｅｍeｎt
Personaｌ by parｔners
Corporaｔiｏｎ
Ｃapitａl, iｎｖesｔｅd
As sｔated　ｉn ｃhａrteｒ, pｅrｐｅtual　or fｏr ｓpecified peｒiｏd of yeａrs
Under cｏｎtｒol of　board of　ｄiｒectｏｒs, which　is selected by stｏckhｏｌdｅrs
Puｒchase　of stｏck
最大得区别:就是否具有法人资质(ｅntitｙ)
Disadvantages:
• Double taxation
• Fluid control ['flu:ɪd]不稳定得
• plicated and expensive to form
4)Corporaｔions
　 Aｄvａnｔageｓ:
• Ｌimiｔed Liabｉlity
• Ｃｏnｔinｕiｔy连贯性
• Stronger　ｆundraisｉng caｐabｉｌity
9. Type　of Coｒporatiｏns
Tyｐe
Distｉngｕishiｎg Feaｔures
Clｏｓely held
Stｏck heｌｄ by onｌy　a few　peoｐle
Suｂject　ｔｏ cｏrporａｔe taxaｔｉoｎ
Puｂlicly　held　
Sｔocｋ　wideｌy hｅld among manｙ inｖesｔors
Subject tｏ ｃorpｏrａｔe taｘａtiｏn
Subchapｔeｒ S　
Orgａnｉzｅｄ　mｕch ｌiｋｅ a　cｌoseｌy ｈｅld coｒｐoｒａｔiｏn
Subject to addiｔional rｅguｌaｔion
Subject　to partｎeｒship tａxaｔｉon
Limited　liａbiliｔｙ
Organiｚｅd muｃh like ａ ｐubｌicly　held ｃorporatiｏn
Ｓubjｅcｔ to ａｄditｉonal　regulaｔion
Ｓｕbjeｃｔ to　ｐartnersｈiｐ taxatｉｏn
Profeｓsｉoｎａl　
Sｕｂjｅcｔ　to　parｔnershiｐ　ｔaxation
Lｉmｉtｅd ｂｕsiｎess　lｉａbilitｙ
Unｌｉmｉtｅd　ｂｕsiｎeｓｓ ｌiaｂｉlitｙ
Mulｔinatioｎal
Spans national bｏuｎdariｅｓ
Sｕbject ｔｏ rｅｇulaｔion in mｕltiplｅ counｔrieｓ
10、Ｄescribｅ recenｔ　tｒendｓ iｎ meｒｇeｒs合并and acｑuisitions收购、
Ｍeｒgｅr—uｎiｏn　of ｔwo ｏr　ｍoｒe firms　to form a　ｎew pａnｙ
Ａｃｑｕiｓｉtion—ｐurchase oｆ oｎe pany　by ａnother
Cｈapｔer　4
1. Uｎderｓtand　signiｆiｃance oｆ gｌｏｂａliｚａtion
Glｏbaｌizaｔion can mａke ｕse ｏf intｅrnａtｉonａl sources of　factｏrs ｏf productｉon、
Gｌｏbalizａtｉｏn ｅxｐends intｅrnatioｎal marｋｅts、
The　pｏtenｔiａl　foｒ hｉgher stａnｄａrds　oｆ liｖｉnｇ and　ｉmpｒoｖｅd bｕsinesｓ profｉtａbｉlｉtｙ、
Gｌoｂａliｚａｔｉon reduceｓ　fiｒms’depeｎｄence　oｎ thｅ ｅconｏmiｅs of tｈeir ｈome natiｏns
2. Diｓｃuｓs tｈe reｌａtioｎshｉp of absｏｌuｔe and ｐａrａtivｅ　advaｎtａｇｅ to intｅｒnatｉonal traｄe、 (I　dｏn’ｔ knoｗ、）
Aｂｓｏlute　Aｄvantage ｅxｉsts whｅn ａ　country　can produｃe　ｓomething ｔhat　ｉs cｈｅaper or hiｇｈer ｑualｉｔｙ than ｏthｅｒ ｃｏuntry、
parａtivｅ Ａdｖantage exisｔs ｗhｅｎ ａ cｏuntrｙ cａn prｏduce more　eｆficientlｙ　or　bettｅｒ than ｏthｅr　nations、
Ｂoth of　tｈeｍ tｒａnｓlａte into petitive　adｖantage、
3. Descriｂｅ how　ｎatｉons measｕre iｎtｅrnａtional ｔrade　and the signｉficａnｃｅ　oｆ eｘchaｎge　rates、
Natiｏｎs mｅaｓｕrｅ ｉｎternaｔional　ｔradｅ　ｂy bａlａnce ｏf tradｅ, ｂalaｎｃe of pａｙｍeｎｔs and exchａnge Ratｅs、
Ｅxchanｇe Rates Heaviｌy　Impａｃt Ｇlobal Tｒade
• Wｈｅn ａn ecｏnomy’s curｒenｃｙ　iｓ stronｇ：
Ø Domeｓtic　panｉes ｆind ｉt haｒｄer　to expｏrｔ pｒodｕcts
Ø Foｒeign panies find it easiｅｒ　ｔo　expoｒｔ　ｐroduｃts
Ø Dｏmｅｓtｉｃ　panies maｙ mｏve ｐroducｔion to cheapｅｒ sｉｔes iｎ foreigｎ cｏunｔrｉeｓ
• Wheｎ　aｎ ｅｃonomｙ’s curreｎcy ｉｓ　ｗｅak:
Ø Doｍｅstｉc　ｐａniｅs ｆｉnｄ it eａｓieｒ to exｐorｔ prodｕｃts
Ø Ｆoｒeｉgn pａnies find it ｈａｒdeｒ　to　export ｐrｏducｔs
Ø Ｆoreign panies may invest iｎ productioｎ　ｆacilｉtｉｅs
Eurｏ mon cuｒｒency shared aｍong most of ｔhｅ　members of tｈe Ｅuroｐean Union (excludiｎg Dｅnmark, Sweｄeｎ， anｄ　the Ｕｎｉtｅd　Kinｇdoｍ)
Aｂsｏｌｕte advanｔａｇe　abiｌｉty tｏ ｐrｏｄuce soｍｅtｈing　ｃheaper　anｄ/ｏr ｈighｅr　qualｉty than　any ｏther　ｃoｕntrｙ
pａrative advaｎtage abｉｌitｙ to produｃｅ mｏre effiｃieｎｔly oｒ　better tｈan ｏtｈｅr natｉons
Natioｎal　peｔｉｔivｅ ａdvａｎｔaｇe iｎternationａl petitive advantage stｅmminｇ from a bｉnation ｏf ｆaｃtor ｃoｎdｉｔions， demand condiｔiｏns, relateｄ and supporting　ｉndustrｉeｓ,　and fｉｒm stｒategｉes, strｕctures, ａnd ｒiｖａlｒies、
Facｔor conditiｏｎs: labor capｉtal entｒｅpreneurｓ　physｉcal rｅsoｕrｃes and information resouｒcｅs
Demand condｉtｉons : reflect ａ ｌarge domeｓtic consuｍeｒ ｂａｓe　ｔhａt prｏｍｏtes stroｎg ｄeｍａnd fｏr innoｖativｅ proｄucts
Reｌated and ｓupｐｏrting　induｓtｒｉes : strｏng local ｏr regｉonal sｕpplｉｅrs and/or ｉnduｓｔｒｉal ｃustｏmerｓ
Strategiｅs, ｓtｒuctuｒeｓ, aｎd rivalrｉes： fiｒms ａnd ｉnduｓtｒieｓ thａt stress cost reduｃtion, pｒoduct quality, hｉｇｈeｒ ｐroｄｕctivｉty, and innovative ｐｒoduｃts、
Inteｒnatiｏnaｌ bｕsinｅｓs　mａｎagｅｍｅnt
Ｇoinｇ inteｒnａｔioｎａｌ： gauｇｉng　internａｔional ｄemand; adaｐtiｎg　to custoｍｅr nｅｅds； outsourｃｉnｇ　ａnd off-shoriｎg
Levｅl of iｎtｅrnaｔioｎal　involveｍent ：　expｏrtｅｒs and imｐｏrters； intｅrnatiｏｎaｌ firms; mｕltｉnatioｎal firms
Ouｔｓoｕrciｎg： pｒａｃtｉcｅ oｆ payｉng　ｓupplierｓ aｎｄ　ｄisｔributｏｒs to pｅrfoｒm cerｔain bｕsineｓs ｐｒoｃｅssｅs ｏr to provide needed mａterｉaｌs　or ｓerｖiｃes