小学英语语法系列1-名词详细讲解--.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,个体名词：,boy,girl,teacher,school,book,room,pen,pencil,desk,apple,具体可见的，可以数出数量的个体。,抽象名词,happiness,misery,difficulty,love,honesty,courage,不能看到的抽象概念。,二,.,名词种类与名词的数,1,）所有的专有名词都是不可数名词。,2,）个体名词通常都是可数的。,3,）集体名词和成双成对的名词永远用作复数。,people,police,trousers,glasses,4,）物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。,特殊情况：,.,有些名词,如,:family,class,team,等既可,用作单数又可用作复数。,当强调整体时，常用作单数；,当强调整体中的各个成员时，常为复数。例：,The family is quite big.,这是个大家庭。,The family are enjoying themselves in the,park.,家里的每个人都玩得很高兴。,2,）有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数,词，但词义有所不同。,sand,沙,sands,沙滩,wood,木头,woods,森林,fish,鱼肉,fish,鱼,orange,橙汁,an orange,桔子,chicken,鸡肉,a chicken,小鸡,room,空间、余地,a room,房间,4.,以,f,或,fe,结尾的词，多数变,f,为,v,，再加,-es,，如：,knifeknives,，,leafleaves,halfhalves,5.,以辅音母加,y,结尾的词变,“,y,”,为,“,i,”,，再加,-es,如：,citycities,factoryfactories,但注意：以元音字母加,y,结尾的名词的复数形式只加,s,，,如：,boyboys,daydays,6.,不规则变化,man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,child-children,ox-oxen,，,mouse-mice,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,B.单复数一致的,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,aircraft,goldfish,fish,名词怎样变复数,名词怎样变复数,1、大多数情况直接加s,book-book,s,chicken-chicken,s,lamb-lamb,s,horse-horse,s,名词怎样变复数,2、以s,x,sh,ch 结尾的名词加es,glass-glass,es,box-box,es,dish-dish,es,sandwich-sandwich,es,名词怎样变复数,3、以f或fe结尾的名词，先去掉f或fe，再加ves,kni,fe,-kni,ves,（wolf）（thief）（wife）（knife）(shelf)（half）（leaf）（life）。,以,f/fe,结尾的单词，,把,f/fe,改成,v,再加,es,魔法咒语,妻子拿刀去砍狼,小偷吓得发了慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光,wife,knife,wolf,thief,shelf,self,half,leaf,名词怎样变复数,4、以辅音字母加y结尾，先把y变成i,再加es,family-famil,ies,cherr,y,-cherr,ies,strawberry-strawberr,ies,baby-bab,ies,如果是元音字母加y结尾，直接加s.,boy-boys,秘密妈咪红,以辅音字母加,y,结尾，,把,y,改成,i,再 加,es,family,famil,ies,boy-boys,名词怎样变复数,5、以o结尾的单词，一般加s。,下面四个词例外：,potato-potato,es,tomato-tomato,es,negro-negro,es,hero-hero,es,黑人英雄吃土豆和西红柿。（简称两人两菜）,一条,蛇吃,了一瓶,XO,就,死,了,sh,ch,x,o,s,有生命的,o,加,es,，没生命的,o,加,s,potato,tomato,hero,zoo,radio,piano,P8,名词怎样变复数,6.其它特殊的单词：,sheep-sheep,food-food,child-children,man-men,woman-women,阿拉丁,所有跟人有关系的词,的复数,a -e,policeman,postman,woman,policemen,postmen,women,C.通常只有复数形式的,Trousers,glasses,stairs,pants,jeans,shorts,pajamas,scissors,fireworks,earphones,goods,brains,复合名词改成复数形式,一.在词尾加-s 或-es,1.主体名词在词末,bedroom bedrooms 卧室,toothbrush toothbrushes 牙刷,greenhouse greenhouses 温室,letter-box letter-boxes 信箱,2.没有主体名词,go-between go-betweens 中间人,break-in break-ins 闯入,has-been has-beens 过时的人、过时的物,forget-me-not forget-me-nots 勿忘草,hand-me-down hand-me-downs 旧衣,二.在主体名词词尾加-s 或-es,son-in-law sons-in-law 女婿,editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 总编辑,commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief 总司令,passer-by passers-by 过路人,vice-premier vice-premiers 副总理,三.两个构成部分都要变成复数形式,a woman cookwomen cooks 女厨师,a man nurse men nurses 男护士,有关名词可数性的三个,易错点：,1.a bread,two breads (X),a loaf of bread,two loaves of bread(,),2.paper (uncountable nouns),newspaper (countable nouns),water (uncountable nouns),tear (countable nouns),3.aim表示“目的”时是可数名词，表示“瞄准”时是不可数名词；瞄准，对准（指技巧或动作,),Your aim is your skill or action in pointing a weapon or other object at its target.,experience,经验,时不可数，表示“经历”时则可数；,fortune，当它表示“运气”和“财产”时不可数，当它表示“命运”时就可数。,7.,表示国籍名词单复数变化规律,Chinese,Chinese,中国人,Japanese,Japanese,日本人,Frenchman,Frenchmen,法国人,Englishman,Englishmen,英国人,German,Germans,德国人,American,Americans,美国人,Egyptian,Egyptians,埃及人,Russian,Russians,俄国人,Italian,Italians,意大利人,不同国家的人的单复数,口诀：,中日瑞士不用变，英法国人,A,变,E,，其余,S,加后面名称 总称（谓语用复数）一个人 两个人,this ,that ,I ,you ,he/she/it,am/is ,these,those,we,you,they,are,单数 复数,不规则名词复数变化三,this-,that-,I-,me-,you-,he/she/it/-him/her/it-,am/is-,these,those,we,us,you,they,them,are,句子单数变复数,This is a book.,That is an eraser.,It is a red apple.,I am a boy.,He/She is a teacher.,Whats this?,These are books.,Those are erasers.,They are,red,apples.,We are boys.,They are teachers.,Whatre these?,复数句子变单数句子,These are,dictionaries,.,单数,一般疑问句,并作肯定回答,划线提问,This is,a,dictionary.,Are these dictionaries?,Yes,they,are.,What are these?,四,.,不可数名词数量的表示,不可数名词,3.,抽象类,1.,液体类,2.,粉末类,coffee,bread,love,容易改变自身形状的物体,Do you know?,不加,s,Be,动词用,is,（,2,）不可数名词的量化,借助一些单位来表示一定的数量,a,glass of,/a,cup of,/a,piece of,a,bottle of,/a,bag of,/a,bowl of,表示重量的名词往往是可数名词，他们可变成复数形式。,t,wo glasses of water,two bags of rice,借助一些表示不定数量的不定代词来修饰，常见的有：,Some,any,a little,little,much,a lot of,lots of,特别的的复数形式：,单复数同形：,deer(,鹿,);sheep(,绵羊,);,people(,人们,);police(,警察,),注意：,fish,es,指鱼的种类。,不可数名词可量化：,数词,+,量词,+of+,不可数名词,two,pieces,of news/paper/work/bread/meat,a,bottle,of milk/water,three,bowls,of rice,ten,cups,of tea,注意：,two paper,s,：两张试卷,P76,不可数名词 Uncountable Nouns,不能直接用数来计数的词，它没有复数形式。,（,1,）常见的不可数名词,抽象名词,beauty,fun,health,love,固体,bread,glass,meat,wood,silk,液体,honey,jam,wine,milk,juice,oil,气体,air,smoke,天气,weather,rain,snow,fog,wind,sunshine,粮食和粉状物,wheat,rice,corn,flour,sugar,salt,(3)表示容积，如cup,bottle,bowl,bag,glass,box,tube,bucket等，例如：,a cup of tea 一杯茶 a bowl of rice 一碗饭,a bag of rice 一袋米 two glasses of water 两杯水,a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏,*注意：可数名词后可加-s，不可数名词后不能加-s。如：,two boxes of books 两箱书,(4)表示动作或状态，如burst,gust,flash,fit等，例如：,a burst of laughter 一阵笑声 a gust of wind 一阵风,这种单位词有四类：,(1)表示个数，如piece,bit,item,article等。例如：a bit of wood 一片木头 an item of news 一则新闻,(2)表示形状，如cake,slice,block,ear,bar,drop,heap等。例如：,a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a slice of meat 一片肉 a block of ice 一块冰 an ear of wheat 一穗麦子 a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力,coffee,some coffee,a cup of coffee,two cups,of coffee,a piece of,a jar of,a bar of,two glasses of,6 bottles of,量词,some,an,a,不可数名词,+,可数的复数,单数名词，以元音音标开头,a.e.i.o.u,单数名词,Whose bread is this?,Whose is this bread?,Jays?,Kenans?,Xiaoshenyang s?,Whose is this jam?,Whose jam is this?,Halis?,Lanyangyangs,Huitailangs,Whose choclate is this?,Whose is this choclate?,Yaomings?,Yixius?,Miss Zhong and Miss zhaos?,Whose is this water?,Whose water is this?,Yixius and,Xiaoyes,Dingdangs and,Daxiongs,Huitailangs and,Hongtailangs,名词的所有格：,1,大多数表示生命的单数名词或不以,-S,结尾的复数名词，直接加,s,如：,我哥哥的瓶子：,my brother,s,bottle;,我孩子们的玩具,my children,s,toys,2,共同拥有的：,Lucy and Lily,s,各自拥有的：,Lucy,s,and Lily,s,注意：,不管单复数,只要以,s,结尾,所有格形式在后面直接加 即可,。如,老师办公室,the teachers,office;,注意：,at Mr.White,s,在怀特家,;,at the doctor,s,在医生诊所。,拓展：,the+,形容词表示一类人，谓语动词用复数,如：老人们很开心：,The old are,very happy.,the White,s,怀特一家人；怀特夫妇。,无生命的名词的所有格的习惯表达：,结构为,：,of+,名词,如：,房子的门：,the door of the house,书的封面：,the cover of the book,注意：有些习惯表达是这样的：,今天的报纸：,today,s,newspaper,十个小时的工作,:,ten hours,work,双重所有格：即,of+,所有格,我姐姐的一个朋友：,a friend of my sister,s,我哥哥的两个儿子：,two sons of my brother,s,我的一个朋友：,a friend of mine,注意：,a photo of my father,s,(,意为我父亲的照片有许多张，这是其中一张,),a photo of my father,(,一张我父亲的照片，照片本人就是我父亲,),名词的所有格,1.,在词尾不是,s,的单数或复数名词之后加,-s,Toms bike,汤姆的自行车,a womens hospital,妇女医院,a childrens palace,少年宫,oxens temper,牛脾气,2.,在词尾是,s,的单数名词之后加,或,s,都可以,my boss office,或,my bosss office,我老板的办公室,Dickens novels,或,Dickenss novels,狄更斯的小说,3.,在词尾是,s,的复数名词之后加,a girls high school,女子中学,birds nets,鸟窝,、,注解,：,s,还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：,my aunts(,我阿姨家,),the doctors(,诊所,),两人共有某物时,可以采用,A and Bs,的形式,如：,Lucy and Lilys,bedroom(,露西和丽丽合住的卧室,),“,of+,名词所有格,/,名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：,a friend,of,my,fathers,(,我父亲的一位朋友,),a friend,of,mine,(,我的一位朋友,),