新概念语法、词汇99-100课.doc

99——100课
New words and expressions：
slip[slip]（slipped, slipped） 1）v.滑倒，滑了一跤
e.g.The kid slipped in the mud. 那孩子在泥泞中滑到了。
slip on the stairs 从楼梯上滑倒
e.g. I slipped on the icy road and hurt my ankle. 我在结冰的路上滑倒了，伤了脚踝。
2）v.滑落
eg.The pen slipped from my hand 钢笔从我的手中滑落。
The glass slipped out of his hand and broke. 玻璃杯从他的手中滑落，打碎了。
3) 溜走
eg. He slipped out of the room. 他偷偷的溜出房间
4）n.疏忽，错误 A slip of the pen 笔误 a slip of tongue 口误
固定搭配：slip away/off 不辞而别
e.g. She slipped away from the party. 她偷偷从舞会上不辞而别

fall [fɔ:l] v. （ fell，fallen ['fɔ:lən] ）① 落下，跌倒
eg. She fell into the river yesterday. 她昨天掉进河里去了。
Leaves fall in autumn. 秋天叶子都落了。
The book fell off the shelf. 这本书从架子上掉了下来。
② 下降、降低
eg.The temperature will fall tomorrow. 明天的气温将下降。
The petrol price has fallen. 汽油的价格已经跌了
Last year, stock prices fell sharply. 去年，股票价格猛跌。
固定搭配短语：
1. fall across 偶然碰到…. 与….邂逅
e.g. He fell across Helen that day in the street. 他那天在街上偶然遇见海伦.
※ come across偶遇
e.g. We've just come across an old friend. 我们刚碰到了一位老朋友。
2. fall asleep 入睡
e.g. 因为我很疲劳，因此很快就睡着了。 Because I am tired, I fall asleep quickly.
3. fall in love with….爱上某人
e.g. She fell in love with him at the first sight. 她对他一见钟情。
4. fall off the bike/fall down from the bike 跌落、掉落

downstairs ['daun'stεəz] adv.楼下（反义词upstairs）
go downstairs 下楼去 come downstairs 下楼来
walk downstairs 走下楼 be downstairs 在楼下
hurt [hə:t] hurt hurt 1) v. 受伤，使疼痛
e.g. His daughter fell off the bike and hurt her back. 他的女儿从自行车上摔了下来，伤到了背部。
He was more frightened than hurt. 他受惊吓比受的伤更重。
2）v. 伤害感情 (尤指思想、心灵)
e.g. You hurt my heart.
You will hurt her feelings if you forget her birthday. 如果你忘了她的生日，那会伤她感情的。
She was hurt to find that no one admired her performance. 她发现无人赞赏她的表演而感到伤心。
back [bæk] 1) n. 背，背部 I’ve hurt my back.
2）n. 背面 the back of the hand手背 /write on the back of the photo 写在照片背面
3）n.后面，后部
eg.There are two students at the back of the classroom. 教室的后面有2名学生
Roy drove his bus into yhe back of a car. 罗伊驾驶公共汽车撞上小汽车尾部
4）adv.在后，向后 stand back 向后站 Move back! 往后退
go back to …回到…. come back to….回来到…. put these books back 把书放回原处
We have to go back to camp now. 我们现在该回营地去了。
Things will soon get back to normal. 这种情况会马上恢复正常的。
固定搭配：lie on one's back 面朝天躺着
We lay on our backs under the tree. 我们在树下躺着。
1)lie用作规则动词(lie，lied，lied)时意为“说谎”
【注意】表示这一意思时，lie可用作名词。我们一般说tell a lie或tell lies，而不说say/talk/speak a lie(或lies)。
2)lie用作不规则动词(lie，lay，lain)时，表示“躺”，“(东西)平放”，“位于”等意。如：  
  He's still lying in bed. 他还躺在床上。
fall on one's back 面朝天摔倒
He stepped on a piece of the banana's peel and fell on his back. 他踩上了一片香蕉皮，仰面朝天地摔倒了。
back and forth 往返；来回
He is running back and forth on the playground. 他正在操场上跑来跑去。
stand up 起立，站起来 sit down 坐下 stand on one’s head 倒立
stand on one’s own feet 独立，自食其力，自力更生 stand behind 做…后盾，支持….
e.g.He can't yet stand on his own feet. 他尚不能自立。
help v. 帮助 help sb (to) do sth：to可以省略
e.g. Can you help me to learn English ?    你能帮助我学英语吗？ 
I'll help you move the piano. 我将帮助你搬动那架钢琴。
help sb. with sth. 帮某人做某事
e.g. You are so kind to help me with the housework. 谢谢你帮我做家务。
help n. 帮助
e.g. I hope that I can be any help for you. 希望我能对你有所帮助。
Your advice was a great help to me. 你的建议对我有很大的帮助。
固定搭配：help (oneself) to 自用....招待自己
e.g. Help ypurself to the cookies. 请随便吃点点心吧。
Can I have a drink?----Help yourself! 我可以喝一杯吗？----请随意。
固定搭配：help sb. out 帮助某人解决难题，摆脱困境
e.g. I don't know how to do this work, please help me out. 我不知道怎么做这项工作，请帮我一把。
at once : right away 立即 immediately [i'mi:diətli]
e.g. We determined to go to the railway station at once. 我们决定立刻去火车站。
e.g. Since she is seriously ill, we have to send for a doctor at once. 既然她病得厉害，我们要马上去请医生。
sure: [ʃuə] adj. 一定的，确信的
e.g. Are you sure of it? 你能肯定吗？
I am sure of my answer. She is sure that she lost her purse.
固定搭配：1. be sure and......千万要，一定要...
e.g. Be sure and remember what I told you. 千万要记住我对你讲的话。
Be sure and take the medicine. 一定要吃药。
2. feel/be sure of oneself 有自信心
e.g. He's not so sure of himself these days. 他近来不大有自信。
3. make sure 弄清楚；确信；设法确保
e.g. Make sure that you put down every word she says. 切实要记下她说的每一个字。
To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance. 为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。
同义辨析：sure, certain
sure强调“主观上确信无疑的”，如：
e.g. We're sure to benefit from the new timetable. 我们肯定会得益于新的作息时间表。
certrain指“有充分根据或理由而相信的”，如：
e.g. This letter made me certain of his innocence. 这封信使我相信他是无罪的。
The evidence is certain and the facts are clear. 证据确凿，事实清楚
课文讲解：
1、-What's the matter?
-I slipped and fell downstairs.
What's the matter? = What`s wrong? =Is there anything wrong with sb?
注意双写：slip-slipped-slipped
fall downstairs 从楼梯上摔下来。
典型例句：He went into the classroom and sat down. 他走进教室并坐下来。
语汇注释：fell 是fall的过去式，属于不规则变化形式。
fall downstairs 从楼上摔下来；downstairs是副词，修饰fell.
2. -Have you hurt yourself?
-Yes, I have. I think (that) I've hurt my back.
现在完成时(基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词) (Lesson 83--88)
think后面跟宾语从句：I think (that).
典型例句：I think she has already gone to bed. 我想她已经上床睡觉了。
hurt oneself 受伤; 负伤
现在完成时表示在过去发生，到现在为止已完成或仍在持续的动作、状态;强调对现在的影响、联系,或表示经历、经验，即用过去发生的动作来说明现在的情况。经常翻译为“已经”，“从…开始就…”等
一、现在完成时的结构
1. 肯定式
现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成；规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表；have可缩写为’ve，has可缩写为’s。如：
They’ve worked in the factory for ten years. 他们在这个工厂工作十年了。
He’s been there before。他以前去过那儿。
2. 否定式
现在完成时的否定式就是在has/have后加not，have not可缩写为haven’t，has not可缩写为hasn’t。如：
I haven’t found my lost cat. 我还没有找到我丢失的猫。
She hasn’t finished her homework yet. 她还没有完成她的家庭作业。
3. 疑问式
现在完成时的疑问式就是把助动词has，have提到句首：
—Have you been to Dalian? 你去过大连吗？
—No, not yet. 不，还没去过。
He has been doing that work since two weeks ago, hasn’t he? 他从两周前就开始做那个工作了，对吗？

不规则动词的过去式和过去分词
AAA型
原型
过去式
过去分词
cost
cost
cost
cut
cut
cut
hit
hit
hit
hurt
hurt
hurt
put
put
put
shut
shut
shut
let
let
let
特殊情况 :　read read read read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
AAB型
beat
beat
beaten
ABA型
become
became
become
run
ran
run
come
came
come
ABB型
make
made
Made
keep
kept
kept
build
built
Built
sit
sat
sat
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
sell
sold
sold
lose
lost
lost
meet
met
met
ABC型
begin
began
begun
break
broke
broken
drive
drove
driven
fly
flew
flown
give
gave
given
grow
grew
grown
swim
swam
swum
sing
sang
sung
write
wrote
written
ring
rang
rung
二、现在完成时的用法
1. 已完成用法：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，这种用法中的谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。如：
He has had lunch already. 他已经吃过午餐了。（现在是饱的）
I have read the book many times. 　这本书我看过多次。（还记得书的内容）
2.未完成用法
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，这种用法中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词。如：
We have lived here for over three years. 我们住在这儿已有三年多了。
We have studied English since three years ago. 我们从三年前就开始学英语了。
三、现在完成时的时间状语
1. 现在完成时与不明确的过去时间状语副词before，just，already，yet，ever等连用。如：
I haven’t seen him before. 我以前没有见过他。
They have just done their homework. 他们刚做完作业。
2.现在完成时与for/since等引导的持续性时间状语或these days，so far等包括“现在时间”在内的时间状语连用。如：
I have known him for six years. 我认识他六年了。
The doctor has saved over two hundred people’s lives so far.
到目前为止，这位医生已挽救了二百多人的生命。
3. Try and stand up. Can you stand up? Here Let me help you.
结构分析：无主句，两个动词由and 连接。
Come upstairs and see it. 上楼来看一看吧 Go and buy a new dress. 去买条新裙子吧！
语汇注释 try to do …尽力，设法做…
我设法把他找出来 I try to find him out.
你应该尽力帮助她。 You should try to help her.
联想记忆：try doing 试着… 尝试去做...
He tries telling his mother the truth. 他试着把真相告诉他的妈妈。
4. Let me help you. 例句：Let me give you a hand.
Let sb do sth 让某人做某事 Let him go. 放开他，让他走。
5. I’m sorry, Lucy. I’m afraid that I can’t get up.
e.g. I’m afraid that I will be late. 我恐怕会迟到。
I’m afraid (that) it will rain tomorrow. 恐怕明天会下雨。
get up = stand up 站起来
6. I think (that) the doctor had better see you.
宾语从句：我想…
had better do sth. 最好做…
had better not do sth. 最好不要做…
She’d better call her mother now. 她最好给她的妈妈打个电话。
7. I'll phone Dr. Carter.
phone sb. = call sb. [v.] 给某人打电话。 Dr. = Doctor 医生 / 博士
8. The doctor says (that) he will come at once. 医生说他马上就来。
at once马上，立刻 = immediately = right away，常用于一般将来时
结构分析：
在英文中如果要把某人所说的话告诉另一个人，要用间接引语，一般由that引导。The doctor says that...医生说，后面是Lucy转述医生的话，是间接引语。
典型例句： He said that he would go shopping the next day. 他说他明天要去逛商店。
My mother said that she had been a teacher. 我妈妈说她当过老师。

9. I'm sure (that) you need an X-ray. = I’m sure (that) the doctor needs to X-ray your back.
结构分析：I’m sure (that) ...后面接宾语从句：我肯定…
典型例句：I’m sure it will rain tomorrow. 我确信明天会下雨。
词汇注释：
need此处是实意动词，表示“需要”。need做实义动词时，有动词的单复数变化，应该加以注意。
e.g．He needs a haircut. 他需要理理发。
X-ray字母的读音是以元音开头的，因此前面的不定冠词要用an。
e.g．The doctor took an X ray photograph of the chest of his patient. 医生给病人的胸部拍了一张X光片。

宾语从句：宾语可由名词，代词或名词短语或句子来充当。当一个句子充当宾语时，这个句子称为宾语从句。
e.g. I hope that you’ve got some money.
I’m afraid that he can’t come .
宾语从句要注意三个方面：
1.引导词：原句如果是陈述句，变为宾语从句时要用that 引导，而that无意义，仅起连接作用。在口语
和非正式文体中常可省略 that.
He thinks that he needs an X-ray.
He says that he wants a haircut .
2. 语序：一定要使用陈述语序。
3. 时态：
主句一般现在时，从句根据句意用各种时态。
主句一般过去时，从句只能用相应的过去时态。
如宾语从句所陈述的内容是客观真理，客观事实，自然现象或定理等，则用一般现在时。
e.g. Everyone thinks (that)Milke will win the game.
I thought (that )he watched the match.
The teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
注：宾语从句表示不肯定或疑问时，由whether或if引导， 表“是否，是不是，能否”等。不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不能省略。whether与if引导宾语从句时，一般可通用， 但在下列5种情况下，whether不可换用if：

1. whether引导的从句居于句首。Whether he agrees with me or not,I don’t know.
2.从句位于介词后作介词宾语。They are talking about whether he will come here.
3.whether在不定式前，与不定式组成词组。I don’t know whether to stay or go.
4.主句的谓语动词是discuss等动词。They are discussing whether they should sell the old house.
5.从句中有or not时。 I don’t know whether or not it rains.
宾语从句的分类：
1. 作动词的宾语：
Everyone knows that he is a good student
say, think, believe, hope, know, understand, suppose等
2.作介词的宾语：This depends on how hard you work.
3.作形容词的宾语：They are afraid that they are wrong.
描写感情的形容词后，如afraid, sure, sorry,glad等
使用宾语从句要注意的3个问题：
1.形式宾语it：如宾语从句后有补语，要用形 式宾语it来代替，而将从句放到补语的后面去。
e.g. He has made it clear that the meeting will not be hold.
2. 宾语从句否定意义的转移：在think、believe、suppose、except等后的宾语中，如从句谓语是否定的，一般将not移至主句谓语，而将从句宾语变为肯定形式。即：否定前移。
e.g. 我想他没时间玩足球。
I think that he doesn’t have time to play football.
I don’t think that he has time to play football.
巧学宾语从句口诀：
宾语从句三注意，时态、语序、引导词。
主句若是过去时，主从时态要一致。
宾从表达是真理，一般现在就可以。
引导词也不难，陈述可用that连。
一般问句表“是否”，if、whether来引导。
特殊问句作宾从，疑问词引导就能行。
还有一点要说明，陈述语序要记清。