托福考试机经.pdf

听力1、其中一个对话是学生要少一点的meal plan,然后讲到他freshman的meal plan太多（他父 母给办的，阿姨说第一年的学生的父母都是这样的，这里有考阿姨认为父母怎么样）还剩 下70顿没吃，问是不是refund或者是加到下个plan里，阿姨说了不行，然后建议带同学 来吃消耗掉，男同学很郁闷说他的同学估计也跟他一样有剩下的，他找不到人来吃，还说 如果不吃掉的话很浪费钱，然后阿姨说那没办法了，要么去找dean说说，学生更郁闷了，说现在要放假了我要准备考试还要pack东西，没时间（有考题）。In the United States,freshman,rather than being a slang term,is officially used by most high schools and universities.Freshman is commonly in use as an US English idiomatic term to describe a beginner or novice,someone who is naive,a first effort,instance,or a student in the first year of study（generally referring to high school or university study）.New members of Congress in their first term are referred to as freshmen senators or freshman congressman to suggest their lack of experience at their new position,no matter how experienced they were in previous government positions.High School first year students are almost exclusively referred to as Freshmen,or in some cases by their grade year,9th graders.Second year students are Sophomores,or 10th graders,then Juniors or 11th graders,and finally Seniors or 12th graders.At College or University Freshman denotes students in their first year of study.The grade designations of high school are not used,but the terms Sophomores,Juniors,and Seniors are kept at most schools.Some Womens colleges in the US do not use the term Freshman,but use the perceived gender neutral term:First Year,instead.Some liberal arts colleges do not use the terms Freshman,Sophomore,etc.at all,but rather stick to First Year,Second Year,Third Year,and Fourth Year designations.Beyond the fourth year,students are simply classified as fifth years,sixth years,etc.Some institutions use the term freshman for specific reporting purposes.2、还有一个对话是学生跟一个clerk还是什么的人说话，clerk说谢谢他来干什么，然后就说 到学生组织的一个会议，说饭很好吃啊，学生说是啊，也很便宜，他选择便宜的那个但是 是international的，还有讲到经费问题，他的budget不够啊，然后说他最后找人搞定。3、有个lecture是讲很久很久以前，有两个不同的site同时出现了两个建筑，一个是石头做 的，另外一个好像是木头做的，然后就研究说有可能两个site是关联的，还有讲到他们的 作用。说是religion性质的,人们来这个site朝拜，还有他们向着sun啊挨着river啊。有 题考面向sun,还有考朝拜的顺序。4.英国巨石阵和10km以外的另一个古迹X比较事实：两个东西一个石头一个木头，都有小路通往近处的一个湖。核心观点：巨石阵用来严肃崇拜神灵，X用来聚会畅饮feasto古代一个仪式的顺序：夏 至的时候，feast一走到湖边到巨石阵Worship。人类学学术思想(教授提出)：不要 用自己本民族的文化妄自推断他民族的文化。里面“巨石阵之谜难倒科学家，这一部分比较像Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire,about 2.0 miles(3.2 km)west ofAmesbury and 8 miles(13 km)north of Salisbury.One of the most famous sites in the world,Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones.It is at the centre of the most dense complex ofNeolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England,including several hundred burial mounds.Archaeologists have believed that the iconic stone monument was erected around 2500 BC,as described in the chronology below.One recent theory however,has suggested that the first stones were not erected until 2400-2200 BC,whilst another suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC(see phase 1 below).The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch,which constitute the earliest phase of the monument,have been dated to about 3100 BC.The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-listing with Avebury Henge monument.It is a national legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument.Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage,while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.Archaeological evidence found by the Stonehenge Riverside Project in 2008 indicates that Stonehenge could possibly have served as a burial ground from its earliest beginnings.The dating of cremated remains found on the site indicate that deposits containing human bone material from as early as 3000 BC,when the initial ditch and bank were first dug.Such deposits continued at Stonehenge for at least another 500 years.ConversationMM没定专业，教授诱惑其选art history。MM说我很有兴趣但是这个专业太专，不够泛；同时我的兴趣其实来自对古希腊神话(art很多描述这个的)。教授说你可以interdisciplinary 学习二文学+希腊语+艺术啊！这个好东西很多学生还不知道呢！MM大喜。教授说不过还 得多学拉丁语，MM说不怕我高中有底子。Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts,i.e.genre,design,format,and style.This includes the major arts of painting,sculpture,and architecture as well as the minor arts of ceramics,furniture,and other decorative objects.As a term,art history(also history of art)encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts;in common usage referring to works of art and architecture.Aspects of the discipline overlap.As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed,the field of art history is much like Caesars Gaul,divided in three parts inhabited by three different,though not necessarily hostile tribes:(i)the connoisseurs,(ii)the critics,and(Ui)the academic art historians1.As a discipline,art history is distinguished from art criticism,which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of comparable style,or sanctioning an entire style or movement;and art theory or philosophy of art,which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art.One branch of this area of study is aesthetics,which includes investigating the enigma of the sublime and determining the essence of beauty.Technically,art history is not these things,because the art historian uses historical method to answer the questions:Hoyv did the artist come to create the work?,Who were the patrons?,Who were his or her teachers?,Who was the audience?,Who were his or her disciples?,What historical forces shaped the artists oeuvre,and How did he or she and the creation,in turn,affect the course of artistic,political,and social events?It is,however,questionable whether many questions of this kind can be answered satisfactorily without also considering basic questions about the nature of art.Unfortunately the current disciplinary gap between art history and the philosophy of art(aesthetics)often hinders this.Art history is not only a biographical endeavor.Art historians often root their studies in the close scrutiny of individual objects.They thus attempt to answer in historically specific ways,questions such as:What are key features of this style?,What meaning did this object convey?,How does it function visually?,Did the artist meet their goals well?,What symbols are involved?,and Does it function discursively?The historical backbone of the discipline is a celebratory chronology of beautiful creations commissioned by public or religious bodies or wealthy individuals in western Europe.Such a canon remains prominent,as indicated by the selection of objects present in art history textbooks.Nonetheless,since the 20th century there has been an effort to re-define the discipline to be more inclusive ofnon-Western art,art made by women,and vernacular creativity.5、Bcell的免疫效果从题目来看，估计是淋巴B细胞。B细胞有分辨体内细胞和体外细胞的能力(通过细胞 中某一部分)，应用它则有两个功能：一是病毒侵入以后包裹并杀菌；二是记忆，下次有 类似的病毒再进来的话就快速反应了。例子有三个，其中一个是cowpox牛痘用来防止天 花smallpox,。另外两个就不记得了，大家听到时候要记住首字母，以及这两种方法各自 对应那两种病毒。最后遗憾：对感冒效力不强，因为感冒2000种，不可能每次都像从牛 痘提取天花疫苗一样提取感冒疫苗。B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response(as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response,which is governed by T cells).The principal functions ofB cells are to make antibodies against antigens,perform the role of antigen-presenting cells(APCs)and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction.B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system.The abbreviation B,in B cell,comes from the bursa of Fabricius in birds,where they mature.In mammals,immature B cells are formed in the bone marrow,which is used as a backronym for the cells name.6、很多artist用lence采光 帮助他们的画看起来3D。然后在阳光下用lence画画。阴影的地方同更名显。然后一种布料特别难画。focus在画后面的钟然后前面帅哥的 袖子模糊口语l.What did you learn in your childhood?2.有的人喜欢把时间排的很满有的人喜欢留很多free time,你呢？阅读 弟扁 关于地理影响对美国的经济影响的，洛基山脉的作用，冰川的形成和退却对土壤的影响云 云。弟扁关于theater的好处，演员和观众互动，能激起观众共鸣，然后是现场的，比较能调动激 动的情绪等等。是说THEATRE和电影的不同，THEATRE LIVE PEFORMANCE,观众有回馈，有互 动。Theatre(or in American English theater)is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture,speech,song,music or dance.Elements of design and stagecraft are used to enhance the physicality,presence and immediacy of the experience.The specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek dsazpov(theatron,“a place for viewing,f)and Osao/ai(thedomai,“to see,to watch,to observe).Modern Western theatre derives in large measure from ancient Greek drama,from which it borrows technical terminology,classification into genres,and many of its themes,stock characters,and plot elements.Theatre scholar Patrice Pavis defines theatricality,theatrical language,stage writing,and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts,literature,and the arts in general.Theatre includes performances of plays and musicals.Although it can be defined broadly to include opera and ballet,those art forms are outside the scope of this article.第二篇关于vienn城市，反正是意大利某城市，从要进口盐到交易盐，到控制世界各国的盐市场 关于土地，mechanical weathering 和 chmeical weathering 之类的。口语TasklDescribe a person who alway makes you laugh.Explain why the person is funny.Include details and examples in your explanation.Task 2Some people prefer to live in a place most of their life.Other people prefer to move to different places.Which do you prefer and why?Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.Task 5【学生困难女生所在的RADIO CLUB要招新，负责招聘的同学病了，不能去明天的 CLUB AFFAIR 了【解决方案女生自己说出两个方案。方案1、自己去，但是有group meeting。方案2、她室友愿意帮她，但是她室友不是RADIO club member。问女学生有什么问题?对这两种 solution你更赞成哪一个？为什么？Task 6mermory gapo 一种是记的时候信息就是错的，一种别人误导。写作 独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is often not a good thing to move to a new city or a new country because of the lose of old friends?阅读第一篇：希腊民主政治改革，高中历史书有讲过。The Politics of Greece takes place in a large parliamentary representative democratic republic,whereby the Prime Minister of Greece is the head of government,and of a multi-party system.Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Hellenic Parliament.Since the restoration of democracy the party system is dominated by the lib er al-conservative New Democracy(Nsa ArnioKpaua-Nea Dimokratia)and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement(HayMr/vio Xo(yiah(yTiKd Kiv叩a-Panellinio Sosialistiko Kinima).The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.The 1975 constitution,which describes Greece as a presidential parliamentary republic,includes extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and vests the powers of the head of state in a president elected by parliament.The Greek governmental structure is similar to that found in many other Western democracies,and has been described as a compromise between the French and German models.The prime minister and cabinet play the central role in the political process,while the president performs some executive and legislative functions in addition to ceremonial duties.Voting in Greece is compulsory but is not enforced,citation neededGreek politics is often described as dynastic,with long-established political families controlling the positions of power.This is certainly true for the Prime Ministers,but there are many Ministers and Members of Parliament with no relation to political families.第二篇：两栖动物并不是不可以调节体温的，他们有自己的方法在一些极端温度下生存Athenian democracy developed in the Greek city-state of Athens,comprising the central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica,around 508 BC.Athens was one of the first known democracies.Other Greek cities set up democracies,and even though most followed an Athenian model,none were as powerful,stable,or as well-documented as that of Athens.It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right.Participation was by no means open,but the in-group of participants was constituted with no reference to economic class and they participated on a scale that was truly phenomenal.The public opinion of voters was remarkably influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theatres.1 Solon（594 BC）,Cleisthenes（508/7 BC）,and Ephialtes（462 BC）all contributed to the development of Athenian democracy.Historians differ on which of them was responsible for which institution,and which of them most represented a truly democratic movement.It is most usual to date Athenian democracy from Cleisthenes,since Solons constitution fell and was replaced by the tyranny of Peisistratus,whereas Ephialtes revised Cleisthenes constitution relatively peacefully.Hipparchus,brother of the tyrant Hippias,was killed by Harmodius and Aristogeiton,who were subsequently honored by the Athenians for their alleged restoration of Athenian freedom.The greatest and longest lasting democratic leader was Pericles;after his death,Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolution towards the end of the Peloponnesian War.It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides;the most detailed accounts are of this fourth-century modification rather than the Periclean system.It was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC.The Athenian institutions were later revived,but the extent to which they were a real democracy is debatable.听力第一篇：讲女生学校的E-mail account无法登陆了，去找管理员，管理员确认女生姓名后，发现学校叫这个名字的还只有一个新生，不过只有新生登记了，女生说上个学期E-m还 可以用，后来自己提出疑问说学校可能把两个人弄混了管理员要女生去学校一个 student account office问，女生问能不能先给个暂时的电脑用一下，因为有assignment在邮 箱下午上课要用（有题），管理员说不行，后来又说万一实在不行了再来找他，他会帮忙 把东西print出来给她（有题，还有关于管理员态度的题）。第二篇：马雅群落的建筑是和人们阶级有关的，有三个区域。A unique and spectacular style,Maya architecture spans several thousands of years.Often the most dramatic and easily recognizable as Maya are the stepped pyramids from the Terminal Pre-classic period and beyond.Being based on the general Mesoamerican architectural traditions these pyramids relied on intricate carved stone in order to create a stair-step design.Each pyramid was dedicated to a deity whose shrine sat at its peak.During this height of Maya culture,the centers of their religious,commercial and bureaucratic power grew into large cities,including Chichen Itza,Tikal,and Uxmal.Through observation of the numerous consistent elements and stylistic distinctions,remnants of Maya architecture have become an important key to understanding the evolution of their ancient civilization.第三篇：制陶工艺，有一个人在这方面有很大贡献（有题）。而且他用vase的shape使 人物更突出（有双选题）。然后工艺进步，可以使人物刻画更真实（有题）。Pottery is the material from which the potteryware is made,of which major types include earthenware,stoneware and porcelain.The place 皿ere such wares are made is also called a pottery（plural potteries）.Pottery also refers to the art or craft of the potter or the