《尔雅》语言学自身价值与影响.doc

《尔雅》语言学自身价值与影响
" Ya " effect of self value and modern linguistics
中国古代是有语言学的,并且有着丰富的古代语言学着作,《尔雅》就是其中的杰作。
In ancient China there is linguistics, and has abundant ancient linguistics works, " Ya " is one of the masterpieces.
一、先秦时期的“名实之辩”先秦时期是我国语言研究的萌芽和草创时期。这一时期语言研究在理论上表现为人们在讨论哲学、逻辑、思维问题时已经不自觉地涉及到了语言的社会本质、语言与思维的关系等问题。在哲学上有所谓“名实之辩”,即讨论思维与存在的关系。墨家认为“所以谓,名也;所谓,实也”。即用来称呼的叫做“名”,所称呼的事物叫“实”,而“名”必须通过语言活动才能表示出来“声出口,俱有名”。这里的“名”实际上是语言范围的问题。在思维和存在谁是第一性的问题上,墨家认为“有之实也,而后谓也;无之实也,则无谓也”。
One, the " debate " in pre-Qin period is the study of language in our country and the initial stage of germination. This period language study showed people in discussing philosophy, logic, thinking the problem is not consciously involve the social nature of language and thinking, language and the relation between in theory. The so-called " debate " in philosophy, namely, discuss the relationship between thinking and existence. Mohist Thought " so that, also called, also ". That is called the " name " name, called the thing called " real ", and " name " must pass the language to express " a sound outlet, are well-known ". Here the " name " is actually a language problem. In the thinking and existence of who is the first problem, the Mohists considered " is also, and that also; not also, also is meaningless ".
在政治上有所谓“正名主义”。孔子首先提出“正名”思想,这里的“名”一方面是伦理等级制度在词的内涵和外延上的表现,另一方面要求人在运用语言时要按确定的词义来选择词语,即“名不正,则言不顺”。在逻辑上墨子提出“以名举实”。“名”就是用词表示的概念。“举实”即用概念反映客观事物,“以名举实”就是说概念反映事物要靠词语来实现。先秦诸子在上述问题中涉及到的语言问题归结起来就是语言的社会本质,语言和思维的关系即语言符号的形式和内容的关系问题。在这个问题上先秦诸子有截然不同的观点,老子、管仲等人认为词与概念之间存在必然联系,“名生于实,实生于德,德生于理,理生天智,智生于当”。而荀子则说明了词与概念之间的关系是“名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜,异于约则谓之不宜。名无固实,约之以命实,约定俗成谓之实名”。按荀子的观点,词与概念之间没有必然联系,是社会成员约定俗成的,语言是一种社会现象。显然这种观点是符合语言实际的。
The so-called "name " in politics ". Confucius first proposed the "name" thought, the "name" is a manifestation of ethical hierarchy in the words of the connotation and extension, on the other hand, people in the use of language to choose words according to the meaning, namely " the name is not correct, the words will not ring true ". In logic, Mo-tse proposed " to lift ". " Name " is the word representation of concepts. " For real " which uses the concept of reflecting the objective things, " for real " is reflected in the concept of things rely on words to achieve. The language problem in the pre-Qin philosophers problem involves boils down to the relationship between the social nature of language, the relationship between language and thought that the language of form and content. On the issue of Pre-Qin scholars have different viewpoints, I, Guan Zhong thought that the relationship between the word and concept ", born in real, real was born in Germany, Desheng in science, science students wisdom, wisdom born when ". Xunzi illustrates the relationship between words and concepts is " without solid appropriate, about in life, that should be established, should not be different from is called. Without solid, about the life of real, real name Convention that ". According to Xunzi, there is no necessary connection between the word and the concept of social members, is common, language is a social phenomenon. Obviously, this view is consistent with the actual language.
二、《尔雅》是先秦语言研究的集大成之作
Two, " Ya " is the language of the masterpiece
先秦诸子“名实之辩”的语言理论探讨对语言实践产生了很大影响,《尔雅》正是“名实之辩”的产物。
Discussion has a great influence on the language practice of Pre-Qin " debate " theory of language, " Ya " is the product of " debate ".
《尔雅》成书于战国末年,编纂人是齐鲁儒生。[3]作为书名,“尔”是“近”的意思(后来写作“迩”),“雅”是“正”的意思,在这里专指“雅言”,即在语音、词汇和语法等方面都合乎规范的标准语。《尔雅》的意思是接近、符合雅言,即以雅正之言解释古语词、方言词,使之近于规范。这说明先秦时期名不副实的词汇变异现象影响到了人们的交际,语言的社会性要求人们按确定的词义理解和使用词语。《尔雅》用标准语解释方言和古语,贯穿着“以名举实”的语言理论,为当时的人们正确理解、运用“名”提供了标准。
" Ya " written in the late Warring States period, lexicographer is Qilu scholars. [3] as a title, " Er" is " close " ( later writing " you " ), " elegance" is " positive ", here refers to "Yayan ", namely in the voice, vocabulary and grammar are up to standard language specification. " Ya " means near, with time, namely by righteous explain archaic words, dialect words, to standardize the. This illustrates the influence of language variation in the pre-Qin period, be more in name than in reality to people's communication, language society requires people to understand the meaning and use of words. " Ya " standard language explain dialect and archaic, runs through the " for real " theory of language, is that people understand, use the " name " provides a standard.
《尔雅》每一篇的篇题都是“释×”,篇与篇之间的安排都经过认真考虑,释诂、释言、释训三篇,属语词部分,其中有形容词、名词,也有动词,释亲以下十六篇,几乎全是名词,其中释亲、释宫、释器、释乐四篇是对名物称谓制度的释义,释天至释畜十二篇属于自然科学的名物称谓,其中释天、释地、释丘、释山、释水五篇为一组,是对天文、地理名词的释义,释草、释木、释虫、释鱼、释鸟、释兽、释畜七篇是关于动植物名称的释义。
" Ya " every piece of the article is " release * ", between the articles and papers the arrangements after careful consideration, shigu, release, release three words of training, is part of the word, adjectives, nouns, verbs also have, release Pro the following sixteen articles, almost all nouns one kiss, release, release, release, release palace music four is the interpretation of nominal appellation system, release to release animal twelve belongs to natural science noun appellation, which release day, release, release, release, release water mound hill five as a group, the interpretation of astronomical, geographical terms the grass, Shimu, release, release, release, release the bird fish insect, release, release the beast animal seven about interpretation of animal and plant names.
在语辞性条目中,《尔雅》用当时的标准语,对人们容易产生语义分歧的方言语辞、古代语辞、日常用语给予正名。春秋战国是社会大变革,大动荡,思想大解放的时代,在语言上表现出“名不符实”的词汇变异现象,《尔雅》在这个时候“正名”,对社会稳定,语言进步有重要的作用。在社会关系条目中,《尔雅对称谓进行了统一解释正名这对维护封建等级制度起到了积极的作用。在人文名物和自然名物条目中,《尔雅》对客观事物本身的名号与实体进行了分辨正名。由于语言的时代和地域变异,同一自然现象,人文名物在不同时代和区域有不同的“名”,《尔雅》的正名,对汉语词汇的稳定和发展极其重要。
In the words of the entry, " Ya " with the standard language, easy to produce the semantic differences on people's dialect words, the ancient language, daily language given name. Spring and autumn and Warring States period is of great social change, turbulence, ideological emancipation of the times, showing " lexical variation phenomenon in language the name falls short of the reality ", " Ya " at this time " name", to social stability, progress has an important role in language. In the social relations of entry, " Ya a unified interpretation of this is to safeguard the feudal system has played a positive role in addressing. In the humanities and the natural objects in the entry, " name and entity Ya " of objective things, the resolution of the. Because of the age and regional variation of language, the same phenomenon of nature, human names in different times and regions have different " name ", " Ya " name, is extremely important to stability and development of the Chinese vocabulary.
纵观《尔雅》二千多个条目,涉及社会,自然的方方面面,充分体现“正名”、“名实相符”的先秦语言学思想,可谓先秦语言研究的集大成之作。
In the " Yi " of more than 2000 entries, involving social, natural aspects, fully embodies the "name ", " live up to your name " of the pre-Qin linguistic thoughts, is the master of the language study.
三、《尔雅》首创按词的意义类别编排词汇的体例,形成了后世的“雅学”
Three, " Ya " initiated by the meaning of the word category words arrangement style, later formed a "elegant studies "
在历史上,《尔雅》备受推崇。这是由于《尔雅》汇总、解释了先秦古籍中的许多古词古义,成为儒生们读经、通经的重要工具。事实上,《尔雅》并不是经,也不是某一部经书的附庸,它是以“正名命物和解经为目的的教科书。人们借助这部词典的帮助,可以阅读古籍进行古代词汇的研究,可以了解古代社会,增长知识。它首创的按意义分类编排的体例和多种释词方法,把两千多个条目分成十九个义类,对后世影响深远,形成了后世所谓的“雅学”——按《尔雅》体例编排的书。如汉代扬雄的《方言》是典型的仿《尔雅》之作,东汉刘熙的《释名》分类比《尔雅》还细。此外,《汉书·艺文志》的“小尔雅”、三国张揖的《广雅》,唐宋的《蜀尔雅》、《羌尔雅》,明代的《通雅》、《骈雅》,清代的《说雅》、《选雅》、《毛雅》等,都是仿《尔雅》体例之作。《尔雅》在中国辞书编纂体例上打下了深深的烙印,对后代词书、类书的发展产生了很大影响。
In history, " Ya " respected. This is because the " Ya " summary, explains many of the pre-Qin ancient ancient meaning, become an important tool of Confucian scholars, by reading. In fact, " Ya " is not, nor is a sutra dependency, it is the "rectification of names for the purpose of life material and the textbook. People use this dictionary help, research can read books on ancient vocabulary, can understand the ancient society, the growth of knowledge. Style and varied according to the classification of meaning arrangement it pioneered the method of explaining words, put more than 2000 entries into nineteen semantic categories, far-reaching impact on future generations, later formed a so-called " Ya " " Ya " style -- according to the arrangement of the book. Such as the Han Dynasty Yang Xiong's " dialect " is the typical imitation " Ya " of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xi's " Shiming " than " Ya " also fine classification. In addition, " Hanshu Yiwenzhi" " Ya ", the " Three Kingdoms Zhang Yi Ya ", " Tang and Song Shu Ya ", " Qiang Yi ", " Ming ", " Ya " style show, the Qing Dynasty ", " said, " Ya ", " selected " hair, etc., are is the imitation of " Ya " style of work. " Ya " in the Chinese dictionary compilation style of branded deeply, produced very big effect on the development of offspring word books, books.
四、《尔雅》对研究汉语词义演变史具有重要价值
Four, " Ya " to the study of Chinese lexical history has important value
《尔雅》中保留了不少古义。如《释宫》:“宫谓之室,室谓之宫。”从这里我们可以看出在先秦时代宫和室是同义词,《诗经·鄘风·定之方中》“作于楚宫”,又说:“作于楚室。”证明《尔雅》的释义是有语言事实为依据的。“宫”在先秦时有“围绕”的意思,从《尔雅·释山》中可以得到证实:“大山宫小山,霍。”由于“宫”的“围绕”义汉以后已消失,有的人把这个句子的标点也搞错了。郦道元的《水经注》就以为“宫”是名词,结果成了“大山曰宫”。
" Ya " preserved many ancient meaning. Such as " release ": " the palace palace called room, room called the palace. " From here we can see that in the pre-Qin era palace and is synonymous with, " the book of songs Yong wind set in " " in the Chu Palace ", said: " in the Chu chamber. " That " Yi " explanation is the language facts. " Palace " " around " in pre-Qin period, from the " mountain " in Er Ya interpretation can be confirmed: " the mountain palace hill, huo. " Because of the " Palace" " around " after the Han Dynasty have disappeared, some people take this sentence punctuation is wrong. Li Tao Yuan " shuijingzhu " think " Palace " is a noun, the result became the " mountains Yue palace ".
《尔雅》作为我国第一部语言学着作、第一部训诂学着作,为后世语言学的学习和研究留下了宝贵的遗产,它的语言学价值是非常巨大,值得后人认真学习并继承和发展。
" Ya " as China's first linguistic works, the first exegetical works, for the later left a valuable legacy of linguistic study, linguistic value of it is very large, which is worth studying and inheriting and developing.