quantum-mechanics量子力学.docx

就在我们每天生活的现实世界里，隐藏着一个惊人的世界，在哪里，我们对宇宙的很多理解是错的
Hidden in the real world where we live，there is a stunning world。At there，most of our understanding of the universe is wrong.
尤其是对于微观领域，我们对这个世界的看法现在完全改变了，这要归功于这些奇怪而神秘的定律，让我们重新理解现实世界，这就是量子力学。quantum mechanics
Especially in microcosmic field，we changed how we looking at the world。It depends on those strange and mysterious laws。They let us understand the real world again。It is quantum mechanics
一段时间以前我们还自以为非常了解行星如何环绕太阳旋转，棒球是如何呈弧线飞越天空，涟漪又是如何漫过池塘表面。这些现象规律都可以用古典力学的公式表达出来，一切似乎都合乎情理。
A time ago we thought we knew very well about how the stars rotate around the sun，how baseball fly across the sky，how waves diffuse the surface of the pond。These phenomenas can be expressed in classical mechanics.Everything seemed to be reasonable.
你只需要做出一些改变，将视野缩小到最微小的尺度，也就是原子及粒子的层面，你会发现这个微观世界里的相关定律，显然与那些熟悉的宏观世界的定律截然不同。
You just need some changing and narrow the field of vision to the smallest scale.It is the atomic and particle level。You will find the laws of this world is obviously different from the macroscopic world which we are familiar with。
尼尔斯波尔提出原子中的电子只能在固定的轨道上运动，每次变换轨道是会放出或吸收特定波长的光线，这就是原子会产生特定色光的原因。所以我们在实验室中看到的是一条条清晰的红光或者绿光。
Niels Bohr said that electrons can only move in a fixed orbit。Everytime when the electrons change their orbit they emit or absorb lights at a specific wavelength and this is why atoms product specific lights。So we can see the clear red or green light lines in laboratory。
电子跃迁最惊人的是，电子会直接从这里跳到那里，似乎完全不用通过中间的间隙。也就是说电子只能在这里或者那里，不会出现在两处间的任何地方。
The most amazing thing of electronic transition is that the electronic would jump from to there without passing the middle gap 。It means that the electronic must be here or there and not be the anywhere between two places。
但是波尔和同事的新观点，与公认的物理定律相冲突，不久后他与历史上一位伟大的物理学家有了一次正面交锋。爱因斯坦从来不怕新观念的挑战。问题就是，电子和波一样也可以发生双缝干涉。但电子这种电子怎么会形成这种图案呢，
But Bohr and colleagues’ new view conflicts with the accepted laws of physics。Soon he had a confrontation with a great physicist in history。Einstein was never afraid of new ideas and challenges。The question is that electrons can also occur with double slit interference like waves。But the electrons，a kind of particles，how can this pattern be formed。
粒子是粒子，波是波，粒子怎么会是波呢，除非你不认为它是粒子，认为你一直认为是一种粒子的东西是一种波。
Particles are particles，waves are waves。How could particles be waves。Unless you don't think they are particles and think what you thought as a kind of particles before is a kind of wave。
但是粒子就像石头，波就像海浪，有人有一天告诉你石头是海浪，what？最终马克斯·玻恩站了出来，说这是概率波。
But particles are like stones and waves are like sea waves。One day someone tell you stones are waves，what？At last Max Born come with a new view that it is wave function。
波恩认为各地方波动的大小代表着电子在这里出现的概率，电子多的地方不代表电子在这里聚集而是表示这里是电子最可能存在的地方，这种说法很奇怪，也就是说电子本身是一种可能性的集合。
Born thought that the size of each place’s wave means the probability of an electron at there。Many electrons does not mean that electrons gather here but mean that this is the most likely place for the electrons。This view is very strange that the electron itself is a collection of possibilities。
你不能问现在电子在哪，你只能问想找到电子，哪里是它们最可能出现的地方。无论如何，这种描述电子的新说法是正确的。它已经被验证了无数次。根据量子力学原理，与赌博一样，世界本身就是一场碰运气的游戏。
You can’t ask where is the electron。You just can ask if we want to find electron，where they are most likely to occur。In any case，this new version of the description is correct。It has been verified many times。According to quantum mechanics，like betting，the world itself is a game of luck。
本质上这种理论认为，自然是建立在偶然性的基础上的，这与人直接的感官相悖，所以很多人一时难以接受。
Essentially，this theory think that nature is built on the basis of chance。It is different from men's direct sense，so many people could not accept for a moment。
其中一位就是爱因斯坦，他难以相信现实世界的本质是由概率决定的，他说上帝不掷骰子，他不相信一件事可能又不可能发生。
One is Einstein。He is hard to believe that the nature of the real world is determined by the probability。He said that God does not throw dice。He could not believe that a thing may and may not happen。
但这种理论又可以精确预言原子和微小粒子群的行为，而且很快催生了许多重大发明，激光器，晶体管，集成电路。
But this theory can precisely predict the act of the atom and the particle swarm。And it soon gave birth to many great inventions，laser, transistor, integrated circuit
但是量子理论还是很神秘，因为无法回答爱因斯坦的问题，观察决定结果，在观察一个粒子时，观察本身会使粒子有一个确定的状态。
But quantum theory is still a mystery，because it can not answer Einstein's question that observation makes result。When observing a particle，the observation itself can make the particle have a certain state。
但爱因斯坦认为不论观不观察，粒子都在确定的位置，但他也一再强调，量子力学并不是不正确，至少就目前来看只是不够完整。波尔回应说别告诉上帝他应该怎么做。
But Einstein think that no matter observed or not，the particle is at a determined location。But he repeatedly stressed that quantum mechanics is not incorrect，just at least for now, it's just not complete。Bohr respond that don't tell God what he should do.
但爱因斯坦发现了量子力学中最奇怪最不合理最疯狂最奇怪的就是量子纠缠效应，两个粒子靠近时会彼此纠缠，之后它们就有了联系，最特别的是，量子力学理论认为即使你把这些粒子分开，它们还是会纠缠在一起，还是有联系，比如纠缠电子对绝对会拥有相反的自旋。
Einstein found out the most curious，the most crazy，the most unreasonable，the most crazy and the most strange thing of quantum mechanics is quantum entanglement effect。When the two particles are close, they will get entangled with each other，and then they have a connection。Most specially，quantum mechanics thinks that even you Separate these particles，they will still have entanglement and connection。For example，entangled electrons will have the opposite spin absolutely。
比如两个会纠缠的轮盘，一个指向红色，另一个一定会指向蓝色，即使把一个送上月球，这种纠缠也会存在。
For example，there are two roulette wheel with entanglement。One points to the red, the other must point to the blue。Even if you send one to the moon，the entanglement also will exist。
爱因斯坦认为两个粒子间一定有什么作用而不必涉及什么神秘的远程连带关系，不管电子在哪里，它们的位置从它们分开那一刻起，就已经决定了。但是如何验证呢，测量本身会决定不同的结果。
Einstein think that two particle must have some effects so they don't need any mysterious remote joint relationship。No matter where the electron is，their position was decided when they were apart from each other。 But how to verify that the measurement？The measurement itself will decide the different results。
年轻科学家约翰克劳泽决定制造一台可以测量数千对纠缠的粒子的机器并比较它们，但是结果表明，确实存在比光速还快的作用（幽灵作用），证明了量子力学是正确的，量子纠缠真实存在，量子粒子可以跨越空间彼此联系，测量其中一个，可以瞬间影响到远处另一个。
Young scientist John Clauser decided to make a machine which can produce thousands of particles in pairs and measure and compare them。But the result showed that it is true that there is an effect faster than light（Ghost effect）。It is proved that quantum mechanics is correct。Quantum entanglement is real。Quantum particle can stride across space and get contact。When we measure one of that，can instantly affect another one。
这是量子力学里最奇怪的一件事，甚至连理解它都是不可能的，别问我为什么，别问我它是如何运做的，没有答案，我们只能说世界就是这样的。
This is one of the most curious things in quantum mechanics。Even understanding it is also impossible。Don't ask me why，don't ask me how it goes。There is no answer。We can just say the world is like this。
人们希望通过这种现象，实现远距离瞬间传送，而且这类研究已经开始了，地点就在非洲的加那利群岛，而且现在通过量子纠缠已经可以传送几千个原子组成的物质。
People want to realize instantaneous transfer of distance through this phenomena。And this research has been started at The Canary Islands in Afrika。Now we can send thousands of atoms by quantum entanglement。
理论上讲，量子纠缠效应可以让我今晚去法国吃一顿晚餐然后再返回，首先需要两座位于这里和法国的粒子舱，里面的粒子相互量子纠缠，然后会对比我全身粒子的量子态，形成一份清单与我的信息完全一样，而在法国的人收到我的全身粒子的量子态信息，用这些信息在那里重建与我的粒子完全相同的量子态，一个新的我就形成了，一点不少。
In theory，quantum entanglement can make me go to France for a dinner and come back。Firstly，I need two particle cabin，one is here and another is at France。The particles in them have entanglement。Then，compare quantum states of my whole body and become a list of my informations。The machine in France will get the list and will use the list rebuild quantum state which is completely consistent。A new ‘ME’ comes completely。
并不是说粒子真的传送了过去，而是我的信息传了过去并形成了新的我，而原来的我在度量过程中被摧毁，所以可能会担心自己变成了一团中子质子和电子一定不怎么好看。也就是说瞬间移动的是信息。
It doesn't mean these particles were sent there，but the informations and it rebuilds a new ‘ME’。The old one was destroied when being measured。So we should be worried about that we seem ugly when we become a ball of neutrons，protons and electrons。So what was moved is the informations。
不管人类自身能否实现瞬间移动，量子力学还是可以应用到其他地方，比如量子计算机。普通计算机的最小存储单位是一比特位，而量子计算机可以形成0与1的混合状态即Q位，它能胜任多任务处理。
No matter people can get instantaneous movement or not，quantum mechanics can be applied to other places like quantum computer。The smallest unit of memory for a common computer is One bit。But for quantum computer，it can mix state of 0 and 1 which we call it a Q bit and can deal with many works at the same time。
就像走迷宫，普通计算机的方法是依次算出每次路线是否正确，而量子计算可以实现同时计算多种路线，也许迷宫问题现在的计算机很快就能算出来，但是想想更大的问题，比如预测很久以后的天气情况，可以用量子计算机预测灾难的发生。
Like in a maze，a usual computer's solution is calculating every ways one by one。But a quantum computer can calculating all ways meanwhile。Maybe nowdays a computer can finish question of maze quickly。But think about larger questions，like forecasting weather long time later and we can use quantum computer forecast disaster。
毫无疑问，我们将会更好地驾驭量子世界，虽然这个理论为我们带来了很多益处，但我们不要忘了，在它的中心任然有一个深邃的大洞，随着物体的变大，这些可能性逐渐的减少，最后只剩下一种可能性，最后得到唯一确定的结果，就像我们看到的现实世界
There is no doubt that we will control quantum world better。Although the theory benefits us so much，but we could not forget there is still a large question in it that as the things became bigger，these possibilities are gradually reduced。At last，there is only one possibility and only one determined result like the real world we can see。
有一些物理学家相信，存在于量子世界里所有其他可能性，并不会真正的消失，相反，每种可能的结果都会实际发生，只是大部分可能性发生于其他与我们平行的宇宙里，
Some physicists believe that other possibilities of the quantum world won't really disappear。On the contrary，every possibility will happen but most in other universes parallel with us。
这个想法令人兴奋不已，它表示现实不止存在于我们看到的这个宇宙，它会不断产生新的可能，形成另一些新的不同的世界，每一个可能性都有可能变成现实，这是量子力学的新领域，没人知道它会通往何处。
This thinking make us excited。It shows that reality is not just what we see。It comes new possibilities and to be other new different worlds。Every possibilities may become a reality。This is a new field but no one knows where it leads to。
量子力学，揭开了现实世界，我们的现实世界，令人震惊令人兴奋的那一面，让我们能够进一步了解宇宙的结构
Quantum mechanics opened the amazing and exciting side of the real world，our world。It let us understand the structure of the universe more and more。