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英语从句分类与解析
从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
主语从句用作主语,如::
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如:
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语,如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词,如:
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来,你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if +状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语,结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知),find(发现),see,hear,to be told(被告知),make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话,才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语,可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。)
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句,常用 because, since, as, for fear ( 恐怕 ), seeing that ( 既然 ) , now that (=since), considering that ( 考虑到 ) 等引导。)
Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。 (让步状语从句,引导的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, as; even if, even though; whether…or…; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever.)
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句,通常由where, wherever 引导。)
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。)
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如:
I am a teacher. 其中,I 是主语,am是谓语,a teacher 是表语。
He likes playing football very much. 其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playing football是宾语,very much是状语。
从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
主语从句用作主语,如::
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如:
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语,如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词,如:
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来,你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if +状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语,结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知),find(发现),see,hear,to be told(被告知),make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话,才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语,可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。)
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句,常用 because, since, as, for fear ( 恐怕 ), seeing that ( 既然 ) , now that (=since), considering that ( 考虑到 ) 等引导。)
Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。 (让步状语从句,引导的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, as; even if, even though; whether…or…; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever.)
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句,通常由where, wherever 引导。)
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。)
【导读】主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如:
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如:
I am a teacher. 其中,I 是主语,am是谓语,a teacher 是表语。
He likes playing football very much. 其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playing football是宾语,very much是状语。
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
一、 关系代词和关系副词的区别
1、关系代词(that, who, whom, whose, which)所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who / that在从句中作主语,指人)
例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom / that在从句中作宾语,指人)
例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在句中作定语,指人)
例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.(whose在句中作定语,指物。若指物,它还可以同of which互换)
例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的宾语,指物)
2、关系副词(when, where, why, that)可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
例6. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
例7. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
例8. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
例9. He can’t find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
二、 判断用关系代词和关系副词
方法1: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。请改错:
1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。句1和句2的where, when都应改为which.。
方法2: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),根据第一点(区别),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例10.This museum is ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例11. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one (答案:例1 D,例2 A)
在例10中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而例11中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。
方法3:当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing,the one, much, few, any, little等,或先行词是形容词最高级时,或在there be 句型中,或当先行行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 而不用which。
例12. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
例13. The soldiers and their guns that we sent to the front were lost.
方法4:在引导非限定性定语从句时,和在介词后不能用that,应用which。
例14.(错) The tree, that (改为which)is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
例15.We depend on the land from which we get our food.
注:非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解,在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
1) who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句 关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语,作介词宾语时,介词可位于句末。如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句 whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。
(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句 关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句,在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。① which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如:These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
She is an artist,which I am not.她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上,也真是如此。
② which指代主句中的形容词。如:She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless,which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如:He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。④ which指代整个主句。如:In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎,如果是这样,他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他经常聚精会神地工作,这时他会废寝忘食。
(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句 关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。如:He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句 关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。如:They went to London,where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句 as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,且引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。
如:(as在从句中作主语)He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔,这是常事。
(as在从句中作主语)He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。
(as在从句中作表语)Boy as he was, he was chosen king. 他虽是孩子,却被选为国王。
(as在从句中作宾语)as we all know, the earth is round.众所周知,地球是圆的。
(as在从句中作主语)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意,这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。
(as在从句中作宾语)Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词,而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved. 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿,没有它们产量会减少一半。
They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们很感激Tom,没有他的支持他们是不会成功的。 (9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句 It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地,其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子,绝大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff,eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工,女职工占百分之八十。
2关系词
种类
①引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词:as, which.
②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有:when, where。
区别
1、as引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾,which引导的定语从句可置于句中或句尾。
2、当as后面有“is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时,be动词is或was可省略。
3、 as有时也可用作关系代词 。若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首或句中。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。
4、as有正如…一样、按照、正像、因为的意思,所以常用于肯定句,而which则用于肯定,否定都可以
5、在固定结构中使用as 例如:the same … as 、as … as
例句:
1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which , of course, made the others unhappy.(从句部分的意思为:这当然使别人不高兴;而不能译为正如使别人不高兴。故用which。)
2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.
关于which引导从句的小结:
关系代词 which 一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语,既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。 1. 引导限制性定语从句
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. [ stock存货]
商店应存有最畅销的货物。
This is the family which is planning to move to the city
这是要搬进城里的一家。
2. 引导非限制性定语从句。
( 1 )用来指代一个句子。
Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen.
因特网是如此有趣,它使任何事都有可能发生。
( 2 )用来指代句子的一部分。
When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him.
他常常陷入沉思,这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。
( 3 )如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句,第二个 which 前要加 and.
He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend.
他买了本鲁迅写的书,他决定送给朋友。
练习1.
[1. board 董事会 2. data资料,数据 3. shareholder【英】股东 4. on behalf of代表 5. guard保护]
The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.
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