资源描述
☆early
first, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote
☆how
describe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, eludicate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account for
☆inevitable
unavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure
☆militant
armed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike
☆objection
commercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration
☆prevalent
common, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular
☆reduce
curtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash
☆role
function (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution
☆recent
modern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-date
☆simulate
virtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate
☆significance
importance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary
☆worldwide
international, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the world
解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle
十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly, enormously, tremendously
Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点
Ability; capability, power, caliber能力
Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的
Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的
Success: achievement, feat 成功
Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因
Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果
Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为
Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致
Disaster: catastrophe 灾难
Pollute: contaminate 污染
Poisonous: toxic 有毒的
Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降
Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升
Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的
Advantage: benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处
Disadvantage: weakness, drawback, negative aspect, fault不利
Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的
Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的
Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评
同义转换作为一种核心考察技能，在雅思考试听说读写四门当中都有着举足轻重的位置。口语和写作需要同义转换体现词汇水平及语言的多样性。听力原文和题目之间也必然存在同义转换以考核学员的听力理解能力。本文，朗阁海外考试研究中心将就同义转换在雅思阅读中的形式及在雅思阅读考试解题过程中的作用进行探讨。
一、词的转换
词的转换一般指的是只涉及单个单词的转换。单个单词的转换包括词性转换及同义词转换。其中词性转换是比较容易的一种，考生即便遇见不认识的单词，也可以通过词根词缀进行猜测。如剑6中原文出现diabetes，考生并不熟悉糖尿病这个词汇，但是题目中使用的是diabetic。相信考生在定位的过程中遇见这样的转换不会出现太大的定位困难。另，在不带选项的Summary题型中，介于其很多题目仍然以细节为主，词性的转换在解题的过程中常常是一个考察的主要技能。如，
原文：Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.
题目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
题目：To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.
这个Summary题目中的空格前的conventional 和原文当中的conventions既是一对典型的词性转换形式。考生即使对于conventional这个词不熟悉也可以根据词性转换的原则定位到原文相关的地方，对应到相应的答案the conventions of discourse structure。根据题目要求，答案的词数限定为两个词，因此答案为discourse structure。
同义词就另当别论了。同义转换如果以同义词的形式出现就很考察一个考生的词汇量了。考生如果原文或题目中有任何一个词不明白意思的话，都很有可能造成定位不到的情况或者出现理解上的误差。如，
原文：Understandings of word order, and the significance of changes in word order, are vital. The anticipation and recognition of common, acceptable and essential collocations clearly help the process of extracting information and meaning.
题目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
题目： Word order is very important in predicting and __________ the most usual combinations.
空格要填的内容是并列结构中的一部分。考生在原文中定位到这一句的主题Word order之后，只要找到并列结构中的predicting就很容易筛选出相关答案。但是动词的活跃性比较高。Predicting这个词在原文当中已经进行了同义词转换，变成了anticipation。这个情况下，考生如果不熟悉anticipation的意思，将会比较难得出正确的答案recognizing。另外这一题的空后也涉及到了一个同义词转换，combination和原文的collocation。考生在备考过程中如果做错了这样的题目，应该注意同义词的积累。
二、词组的转换
词组的转换一般情况下是同义词转换的一个衍生。当一个词没有办法用另一个同义词到位的解释时，可能会出现用词组解释的情况。另外如果本身就是词组的形式，那么一般来讲还是会用词组的形式进行解释。如剑5当中的Text 4 Q36题目中的表述是 birds in temperate climates，而原文对应的描述是temperate-zone birds.这种情况在T/F/NG当中也有体现。绝大多数选TRUE的情况，原文和题目一定会经过同义转换，如，
原文：Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost.
题目：Computers are more popular than they used to be.
原文当中的gaining in popularity题目中用more popular than they used to be作为替换。两者在意思上市完全一致的统一转换，所以答案为TRUE。
答案是FALSE的题目也可以通过同义转换的比对来进行判断，
原文：Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
题目：In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文当中的biologically用题目的in biological terms作为替换。Become则由is said to be作为替换。但是原文当中的die在题目中变成了exist，直接相反的意思。介于最后这一处没有实现正确的统一转换，那么考生就可以判断出此题是FALSE。
三、句子的转换
雅思阅读考试里涉及到的句子转换一般是指句子结构或语态的转换或者是对原文的概括，即用一两句话对于原文的多句话进行一个总结概括。语态变化主要是指主动语态被动语态的转变。如，
原文：The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.
题目：The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.
原文的被动语态在题目当中变成了主动的语态。单是因为题目缺少了条件状语in the hands of terrorists，所以题目的正确答案为NOT GIVEN。
句子转换的另一种形式是对原文的总结概括。Summary或者T/F/NG题目当中，有时候会出现原文和句子之间是总结概括关系。如，
原文：It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
题目：A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
这道题目源自一片讲反应速度的文章。原文中的两句话讲述的内容为，如果警察在接到电话后的1-2分钟反应，抓住罪犯的可能性就非常大；如果3-4分钟反应，拘捕的可能性就会降低。这样的意思在题目当中被概括为一句话，即延后反应一到两分钟会降低抓住罪犯的可能性。
1.rigid/stiff/unchanged/little change僵硬的，一成不变的
2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial
3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost
4.proportion/percentage 比例
5.be involved (in)/involve in/involvement[n.]涉及，卷入，参与
6.given/considering , in regard to/despite/although有鉴于、考虑到，尽管
6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce/deductive推断
7.fortune/destiny/chances
8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/exhaust–exhaust emission (尾气)排放/exploit
plex 错综复杂的/complicated/sophisticated老奸巨滑的，复杂的
10.capacity能力，容量/competence（竞争）能力/ability能力（笼统的）
11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ensure (insure)/guarantee 押金
12.solely/merely/only
13.a vast array of 系列/a great variety of 花样，品种/a great rang 系列of
14.pesticide 杀虫/suicide 自杀/homicide/murder杀人
15.believe/assume(responsibility)/suppose
16.授权，委托：authorize/commission 佣金/entitle 头衔 +ment =right （权利）
17.purchase/buy
18. ethnic 种族的/ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n]
19. modify/change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]
20. insight/knowledge/learning/understanding/knowing
21.constrain拘泥，限制/restrict 限制/limit
22.circumstance 环境（社会）/surroundings/environment 环境（环保）背景 background 后台/settings后台，布景/context 上下文（文章中）
23.notorious 臭名昭著的/flagrant臭的><fragrant 香的
24.移民：immigrant (进来)/emigrant(出去)/migrant
25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/thriving/booming（人口，行业）/flourishing
26.神圣的：divine/heavenly/holy/sacred
27.有毒的：poisonous/toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的)
28.致命的：deadly/fatal/lethal/mortal
29.类似于：look like/resemble
30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term长期的
31.网恋：virtual love/cyber love
32.网友：on-line/net/cyber friend
上网（聊天）chat on line/go on-line cyber café/网吧
33.evolve-evolution进化/revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/involve-involution 卷入，涉及
34. indicator/predictor表示诠释，预测
35.indicate/demonstrate/display/exhibit/betray
36.therapist/expert/specialist
37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/merit/virtue/length
38. commonest/frequent
39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/underdeveloped
40. 退化：degenerate/-tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/degrade->grade 等级/deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下
41. 分类：category-categorize/class-classify
42.consequence后果->影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率
43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁
44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb/replace
45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性
46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝， 排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior)绝缘，隔（体）
47．缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback
48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/innovative (-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary
(易错拼写：environment/convenient)
49．neutral中立的，中性的/negative 否定，消极，阴性的/positive 肯定，积极，阳性的
50．ambiguous->ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure
municate 沟通，传达，
52.accommodate1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠
mitment1 ~ to sth. 奉献 2责任,义务
54．contribute to 导致 ~ result in/account for(占据)导致
54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack (of)/short(of)
55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on/concentrate on
明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=>evidently
56.对…怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious (about/of)
57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw
58.臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous
59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization
60.超过：exceed/surpass
61.岩浆：molten rock/lava/magma
62.语言：linguist ~学家/lingual和~有关的/bilingual/双语
63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/species
breed：[n]品种，[v]繁殖，培养，引起，造成
64.dialect 方言accent腔调
65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial (-ly) [v]
首字母，开始的/initiate
开始，发动>initiative 原创性= origin
66.贫穷：poor/in poverty/impoverished（ 被剥夺财产的）
67.杰出：eminence (-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual
68.gene/genetic defect ~缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩
69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist
70.演绎，推理：deduce->deductive/inferential >< induce 引导，引入，归纳-> induction归纳
71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing
72.apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于
73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary
74.a factor in sth/depend on sth
75.be preferred by/choice
76.attitude to/how
77.the present century/modern society
78.broad/great
79.in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to, in spite of 不顾，尽管
80. small-scale 小范围/marginal边缘处的
81. physical/medical
82.negotiation/agreement 谈判，洽谈/商定，协议
83.evolve/develop
84.apartment/accommodation 公寓/住房
85.virtual (love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟
86.catastrophe/disaster 大灾难/灾难，不幸
87.innovate/invent 革新，创新/发明，创造
sculpture/craft 雕刻，雕塑/工艺
88.exorbitant/expensive 过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的
89. be participant in/take part in/participate in
90.labour[美，澳]/work
91.attend to/take care of
92.dual employment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）
93.indicate/predict 指示，表明，象征/预料，预言
A major contributor to/be central to 来源，起点/是…的主要，中心原因
94.expert/therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家
95.lead to/be associated with 相联系（带来…的好处）
96.balanced/equitable平等的
97.handicap/disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的
98. could not-and cannot/has always been unable to by/from
99.benefit/advantage
100.substantialinfluence/greater likelihood
101.agree on/define恒星英语论坛
102.considereddesirable/effectiveness
103.masquerade/(in) disguise伪装
104.insignificant/didn’t seriously 不重要/不严重的
105.inspect/examine审核,检查
106．caliber/criterion 标准
107．no-one know>< notorious无人知晓><臭名昭著的
108．dissatisfy/argue 不满意/厌恶，讨厌
109.pessimism/negative/blue >< optimistic 悲观的，忧郁的>< 乐观的
110.unsatisfactory/hardly be looked upon
111.identify/define恒星英语论坛
112.turn… into/become
113.urban/rural/suburban
114.demolish/knock down/dismantle 毁坏，拆毁（建筑物）/敲，打
115.migration/move 迁移/移动
116.pay/charge sb for向某人…猛攻，充电，负责，付费，控诉
117.separate/split 分开，使隔绝，提取/分，劈开
118.fascination/attraction (-e:[v]) 迷住，吸引住
119.notrequire/unnecessary 不需要/不必要
120.decode/decipher 译解（密码），解释
121.delay/drawback= disadvantage 耽误，延迟/欠缺，弊端
122.association/organization 机构，关联/组织
123.recent/current/nowadays/present 最近的/现代的/当今的/现在
124.intensiveburst/explosive release 强烈的爆发/爆炸性的释放
125.recognized/identified 承认，识别，认可/识别，鉴别
126.aim to/focus on 针对，目标，打算/集中
127.link…to/lead to连接/导致，通向
128. inadequate (diet)/deficiency (in trace minerals) 不充分，不适当的/缺乏，不足
129.basic/fundamental基础的，基本的
130.seize/catch 捕捉，抓住
131.fatal/lethal 致命的
132.success on/running on 成功
133.costly/be related by有关系的
134.be obtained in/be derived in 获得，流行，通用/由…产生，起源于
135.high-income/wealthy 高收入的/富裕的
136.be alike/be similar to 相同的，相似的
137.indicate/show显示，指出，象征
138. eliminate/lessen >< 消除/减少
139. not risen significantly/stagnate 停滞不前的
140.salary/wage 工资：总称/蓝领的
141.create/gain创造，造成/获得，增加
efficiently/increased productivity 有效率的/上升的生产率
142.economy/financial 经济
143.administration/management
144.(be) sympathetic/understand 同情的，赞同/理解
145.introduce/involve 引入/卷入
146.change/different来源:恒星英语网
147.die>< exist死亡><存在
148.almost/approximately
149.be out of date/be developed
150.solve/reduce 减少
151.famous/eminent
152.barrier/hurdle
153.higher position/top post
154.Advantage: virtue, merit, benefit , positive aspect, strength, 好处 ,优点,长处
155.Disadvantage: weakness, failing, weakness, defect, drawback, negative aspect, fault不利,缺点,缺陷
156.Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected,随意的
157.Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的
158.Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评
159.Flaw: weakness, defect缺点
160.Ability; capability, power, caliber能力
161.Dishonest: deceptive不诚实的
162.Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的
163.Success: achievement, feat成功来源:恒星英语网
164.Reason:factor, contributor, origin, 原因
165.Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果
166.Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为
167.Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致
168.Disaster: catastrophe 灾难
169.Pollute: contaminate污染
170.Poisonous: toxic 有毒的
171.Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降
172.Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升
173.Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的
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