unit-1words-and-expressions学生版.doc

A good book is a light to the soul. 好书一本，照亮心灵。 选修八Unit1
选修八
Unit 1 A land of diversity
单元要点预览（旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点）
词汇
部分
词语
辨析
1. means / way / method 2. percent / percentage
3. obvious / apparent/ evident / clear 4. hire / employ / rent
重点
单词
1. majority n. 大多数；大半
2. applicant n. 申请人
3. occur vi. 发生；出现；存在
4. indicate vt. 指出；标示；表明
5. slip vi. 滑动；滑行；滑跤 n. 滑倒；小过失；失误
6. insert vt.插入，嵌入
重点
词组
1. live on 继续生活或存在
2. make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
3. keep up坚持；维持；沿袭古老的风俗﹑ 传统等；使某人不能去睡觉
4. team up with（与某人）一起工作（尤指为一共同目标）；合作
5. mark out 划线标出……界线
6. take in 包括；吸收；接纳；欺骗
7. a great/good many 相当多，很多
重点句子
1. California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.
2. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.
重点语法
名词性从句（见语法部分）
语言要点（模块）
Ⅰ.词语辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料)
1. means / way / method
【解释】
means “方法、方式、工具”，着重于具体的手段。（单复数相同）
way “一般的方法、方式或个人的特殊方法方式”，与技巧或效果的好坏无关。
method “有系统的、有效率的精心拟定的方法”，也可以指抽象概念“条理”。
短语搭配：做……的方法：a way to do sth.／a way of doing sth. / a method of doing sth.；用这种／些方法：in this way / with the method / by this means；用……方法，借助……：by means of... 无论如何：by all means；一点也不，决不(用于句首句子需倒装) ：by no means；by the way顺便问一下；on one’ s way to…在去……的路上；in the way 挡住路
【练习】用means，way，method填空。
1). These vegetables can be cooked in different _______.
2). Only in this _______ can you find out the truth.
3). By this _______ I get in touch with him.
4). We express our thoughts by _______ of words.
5). ______ _______ _______ shall I lend him money!
6). The methods of _______ (teach) need _______ (improve).
2obvious / apparent/ evident / clear
【解释】
obvious意为“某东西具有显著特点，不需费力就可觉察到，常用于一目了然的事物”。
apparent意为“表面看起来很明显，而实际情况未必如此”。
evident意为“有证据作出合理判断，考虑到各种事实、条件后而显得明显”。
clear意为“不存在使人迷惑或使问题复杂化的因素”。
【练习】用obvious，apparent，evident，clear填空。
1). It was an ________ mistake for him to have gone alone.
2). The situation is ________ to everyone.
3). It was becoming increasingly _________ that he disliked me.
4). The applause(掌声) made it _________ that the play was a hit.
3. hire / employ / rent
【解释】
hire是日常用语，指按工作量或时间雇用人或租借东西，多指临时租用某物。如：hire a boat，a car，a camera，a bicycle，an evening dress，a hall for a meeting等，指人时，有“雇用”、“受雇”两种含义。
employ较正式，多指商店或公司长期雇用人手；受雇人员较广，甚至包括社会地位较高
的职业人员，有“聘请”之义；也可以解释为“忙于，从事”常用于be employed in sth. / doing sth. 短语中。 注：要弄清 employ 几个名词的用法：employee (雇工，雇员)，employer (户主，东家)，employment (就业，雇用)。
rent一般指租借房屋、地产(租借出去)；也有“花钱使用某物”和“把某物使用权出让给别人以收取费用”之意；多指用于长时间的场合。如：rent a house，a flat，a TV等。rent还可作名词，意为“租金；租费”。
【练习】用hire，employ，rent填空。
1). Our house has been ________ by a newly-married couple.
2). It’ s important to ________ proper words in writing poem.
3). They _________ ________ in writing when I came.
4). They ________ out boats by the hour.
5). We ________ a driver to take us on a tour of the city.

Ⅱ.词性变化 （旨在提供语法填空所需材料）
1. elect vt.选举，推举；选择vi. 进行选举，作出选择
election n.选举，推举，当选
elective adj.可任意选择的n.选修科目
2. immigrate vi. 移入
immigration n. 移民入境
immigrant n.移民，侨民
3. race n.赛跑；竞争；人种
v. 参赛
racial adj. 人种的，种族的
racism n. 种族歧视，种族偏见；种族主义
4. apparent adj. 显然的，明白的，表面上的
apparently adv. 显然，表面上地

5. punishment n. 罚，刑罚
punish vt. 惩罚，处罚

【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。
1). In America, presidential ________ (elect) are held every four years. （总统选举）
2). They deserve to ________ (punish) for putting passengers at risk. （被惩罚）
3). She had to tidy the classroom as ________ (punish) for being late. （惩罚）
4). She was the daughter of Chinese ________ (immigrate) to America. （移民者）
5). There was a sudden increase in ________ (immigrate) from Eastern Europe. （移民）
6). He is a victim of ________ (race) discrimination. （种族的）
7). She turned to face him, her anger ________ (apparent) gone. （明显地）
8). Their motives, as will soon become _______ (apparently), are completely selfish.
Ⅲ.重点词汇（旨在提供词汇综合运用所需材料
1. majority n. 大多数；大半 major adj.&n. 较大的，主要的；主修，专攻
(反义词minority少数；少数民族)
[观察]
1). A / The majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health.
2). The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.(建议)
[总结常用结构]
_____________ …的大多数
be _____ the/a majority …构成大部分/大多数
a majority _____ sb …超过对方的票数
[练习] 按要求填空或翻译。
1). English speakers form the ________ (大多数) of the population.
2). Among the members of the committee those who favour the proposed changes are _______ (介词) the majority. （占大多数）
3). They had a large majority _______ (介词) the other party at the last election. （超过）
4). The majority of people _________ (prefer) peace to war.
5). The majority of the damage _________ (be) easy to repair.
2. applicant n. 申请人 application n. 申请(书)；应用；用途 apply v. 申请；运用，适用
[观察]
1). We had 250 applicants for the job. 有250人申请这份工作。
2). As the wages were low, there were few applicants for the job. 因为工资低, 没有什麽人申请这份工作。
3）More than 100 people applied for the position.
Apply 还有“适用于”的意思
4.) The books applied to young children.
apply…to… 还有“把…运用于…”
It is very important to apply what you learn to your job.
[总结重点用法]
apply _____. 申请……
apply ____... 适用……
fill in the __________ form . 填写……申请表
[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。
1). Successful _________ (apply) will receive notification within the week.
2). This rule can’ t be applied ________ (介词) every case.
3). You should ________ ________(申请) the job immediately, in person or by letter.
4). The question in the form _________ ________ (适用) married men only.
3. occur vi. 发生；出现；存在 过去式 occurred 过去分词 occurred
[观察]
1）Just then an idea occurred to me. 就在那时我想起了一个主意。
2）It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my umbrella upstairs.我突然想到我把伞忘在楼上了。
3). Didn’ t it occur to you that he might be late? 你当时没有想到他可能会迟到吗?
[总结重点用法]
____________ (主意) 浮现于脑海中；被想到；被想起；（某人）想到……
___________________… （某人）想到…(后加句子)
it occurs to sb. to do sth. 使某人想到做某事
[练习] 根据句子的意思填空或翻译。
1). The possibility that she might be wrong never even ________ ________ her.
2). A good idea _______ _______ him.
3). _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ _______ (他从没想到) he might be falling in love with her.

易混辨析
happen/occur/take place
happen是一般用语，尤其指偶然发生，表示“碰巧、恰好”的意思。
occur 文言意味较浓,常指某特定事物的发生，也可以表示某种想法出现在人的头脑中。
take place 指事先计划或预料到的“发生”，此外还有“举行”的意思。
朗读下列句子
New things are happening all around us.
新事物在我们周围不断发生。
The explosion occurred at 5:30 a.m.
爆炸发生在早上5点30分。
When will the basketball game take place?
篮球赛何时举行？
单项选择
It suddenly to the detective that the millionaire was probably murdered by his own daughter.
（2010·01·安徽合肥检测）
Happened B. occurred C. thought D. took place
解析：选B。由空格后的to可知，选B。occur to 一个想法突然呈现……。
4. indicate vt. 指出；标示；表明；暗示
[观察]
1). I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.
2). Research indicates that men find it easier to give up smoking than women.
[总结常用结构]：
indicate sth. (to sb.) 向（某人）指出某事；把……指给（某人）看
indicate that /wh- ..表示……；示意……
联想拓展
indication n. 指出；表明
indicative adj.指示的；暗示的
[练习] 完成句子 每空一词
1). The government has ________ (表明) that it intends to cut taxes.
2). Research ________ (显示) that eating habits are changing fast..
3). There is every ________ (indicate) of a change in the weather.
Keys: 1). indicated 2). indicates 3). Indication
5. slip vi. 滑动；滑行；滑跤 n. 滑倒；小过失；失误 slippery adj. 滑溜的
[观察]
1). My foot slipped and I nearly fell. 我的脚一滑，差点跌到。
Slip into
2). She slipped into the room when no one was looking.
Let sth slip 错过（机会）
3）Don’t let the chance to work abroad slip through your fingers.
Let sth slip 泄漏某事
4.) I happened to let the secret between us slip.
[总结重点用法]
let …slip... 错过……；
slip out 无意中说出
let slip sth. 泄漏，无意中说出
let sth. slip through your fingers错过(机会)，失去(机会)
[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。
1). She ________ ________ (无意中说出) that she was intending to leave the company.
2). As the years _________ by, I thought more and more about him.
3). Drive very carefully; the roads are wet and ________ (slip).（滑的）
6. insert vt.插入，嵌入
[观察]
He inserted a key into a lock. 他把钥匙插进锁中。
[总结重点用法]
insert sth (in/into/between sth) 插入、放入、置入或嵌於某物或某两物间
[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。
1). She inserted an additional paragraph ________ an essay.（文章中插入一段）

Ⅳ.重点词组（旨在提供综合运用所需材料）
1. live on 继续生活或存在
[典例]
She lived on for many years after her husband died. 丈夫死後她继续活了多年。
[短语归纳] live短语：
live on sth 以某物为食；靠某种经济来源生活
live by doing sth 靠做某事物为生
live for sth 为… 而活着
live through sth 经历…（困难或其他困境）而幸存
live together 在一起生活；同居
live up to sth 达到…符合…不辜负（他人的期望）
live with sth 接受或容忍（不快的事）
live a... life 过着……的生活
[练习] 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的live短语。
1). The lonely old man _______ _______ charity.
2). Mozart is dead but his music _______ _______.
3). My grandfather _______ _______ both world wars.
4). We should work hard and try to _______ _______ _______ our parents’ expectations.
5). The brave girl is learning to _______ _______ her disability.
Keys: 1). live on 2). lives on 3). lived through 4). live up to 5). live with
2. make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等
[观察]
They settled down in Canada and made a life for themselves. 他们在加拿大定居下来，习惯新的生活方式。
[短语归纳] life短语：
bring sb/sth (back) to life 给某人/事物的活力；使复活
a/sb’ s way of life（某人的或某些人的）生活方式
a walk of life 行业；职业；阶层
[练习] 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的介词或翻译。
2). They interview people from _______ _______ _______ _______ (各行各业的人).
3). She adapted easily to the French _______ _______ _______ (生活方式).
3. keep up坚持；维持；沿袭古老的风俗、传统等；
[观察]
1). You’ re all doing a splendid job; keep up the good work! 你们干得都很出色, 要坚持下去!
[短语归纳] keep短语：
keep up with sb/sth. 跟上（某人/某事物）；跟上（形势）
keep (on) doing sth. 继续做某事物；重复做某事物
keep away from（使某人/事物）不靠近某人/事物
keep sth. back 阻止某事物
keep oneself/sb from sth/doing sth 使自己/某人不能做某事物keep sth from sb 不将某事告诉某人
keep off (sb/sth) 不接近或不接触某人/事物
keep sb/sth out (of sth) 不让某人/物进入（某处）
keep in touch with保持与某人的联系
keep fit 保持健康
[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。
1). The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices _______ (副词).
2). She likes to keep up _______ (介词) the latest fashions.
3). The house is becoming too expensive for them to ________ ________ (维持)).
4). We should try to ________ ________(沿袭) our old customs.
5). Police warned bystanders to ________ ________(不靠近) the blazing building.
4.team up with（与某人）一起工作（尤指为一共同目标）；合作
[典例]
The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car. 那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。
[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。
He _______ _______ _______ (与某人一起工作) his brother in the doubles.
Keys: teamed up with
5. mark out 划线标出……界线
[典例]
Please mark out the sentences that you don’ t understand with a red pen. 请用红笔标出你不懂的句子。
[重点用法]
be marked with... 标记着……
[练习] 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。
1). I’ ve lost a case _______ _______ (标记着) “IX” on its back.
2). She carefully _______ _______ (划线标出) the important phrases and sentence patterns.
6. take in 包括；吸收；接纳；欺骗
[观察]
take in 有“理解”的意思
1). The students find it easy to take in what you teach. 学生发现你的课很好懂。
Take sb. In 有收留某某人，让某人留宿的意思
2). He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没地方可以睡，我们于是就提出让他留宿。
Take in 还有吸收的意思
3） Fish take in oxygen through their gills.
Take sb in 还有欺骗的意思
4.）She took me in completely with her story.
联想拓展
take apart 拆开；剖析，抨击(论点等)
take down 拿下，取下；拆卸；记下
take back 取回，带回；收回说过的话；使……回忆 起
take care of 照料；保管
take up 开始从事；占用(时间或空间)；着手处理
take medicine 服药
take it easy 别紧张，慢慢来
take over 继承；接收，接管
take off 脱下(衣服等)；起飞
take on 承担，从事；呈现
take one s place 入座；代替某人的位置
take one’ s time 不急，慢慢干
高手过招
用take的相关短语填空 （原创）
①Don’ t be by his promises.
②Who do you think will now that the governor has been dismissed?
③These boxes of yours are too much space.
④I was really when seeing old photos.
⑤Dear ladies and gentlemen，please now .The opera is soon to begin.
⑥Tom carefully what the teacher said.
7. a great/good many 相当多，很多
[典例]
It all happened a good many years ago. 这发生在很多年前。
[重点用法]
a great/good many
a large number of
scores of
dozens of
many/few

修饰可数名词复数
many a
修饰可数名词单数
a good/great deal of
a large/great amount of
large amounts of
much / little / a little

修饰不可数名词
a lot of = lots of
plenty of
a large/great quantity of = quantities of
a supply of = supplies of

可数名词复数/不可数名词

[练习] 根据句子的要求翻译。
1). I’ ve known her for _______ _______ _______ (很多) years.
2). I imagine if one day I had _______ _______ _______ _______ (很多) money, I would go traveling round the world.
Keys: 1). a great/good many 2). a good/great deal of 或a large/great amount of
Ⅴ.重点句子 （旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）
1. California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加利福尼亚是美国第三大洲，但有着最多的人口。
[解释] 形容词的最高级前面可以被序数词以及by far，much，almost，nearly，not quite等词修饰。
[练习] 翻译句子。
1). 黄河是中国第二长河。
____________________________________________________________________________________
2). 亚洲是世界上最大的洲。
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 没有人知道确切在什么时候第一批移民者到达我们今天所称为加利福尼亚的地方。
[解释] what we now know as California是一个由what引导的名词性从句，做arrive in的宾语, what是复合关系代词，相当于the thing(s)that，因此，在名词性从句中可以用the thing(s)that取代的，应该用what。
注意1：名词性从句中what与that的区别：that在名词性从句中不起句子成分的作用，what必须起句子成分的作用。
注意2：名词性从句中what与which的区别：指代前文已经提到过的对象或范围时，用which，否则用what。
注意3： 在定语从句中， the +先行词+ that= what
what= all that
what = the thing that
All that I want is a peaceful life.= What I want is a peaceful life.
The book that you gave me is very interesting.
= what you gave me is very interesting.
What he said sounds reasonable. (what作said的宾语)
That our team has won the game has been proved. (That在主语从句中不起句子成分的作用)
There are many books available. I don’ t know which to read. (which指的是前文提到的books的其中一本)
What book do you want to buy ? (前文没有提及买什么书或哪一类书)
[练习] 根据句子的意思填词。
1). This is ________ he wanted.
2). This is the thing ________ he wanted.
3). She is no longer ________ she used to be.
4). She is no longer the person ________ she used to be.
13
To stand still is to move back. 逆水行舟，不进则退。