初中英语被动语态.doc

一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式,表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系.英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者（或执行者）eg：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象.eg：Chineseis spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者.二、被动语态的构成被动语态由助动词be及物动词的过去分词构成.人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的.(被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成.)各种时态的被动语态构成：1.一般现在时：am/is/are及物动词的过去分词Im asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world2.一般过去时：was/were及物动词的过去分词This house was built in 1958. His leg was broken in an accident.3.一般将来时：will/shall be及物动词的过去分词More factories will be built in our city. He will be taken to hospital tomorrow. 4.现在进行时：am/is/are being及物动词的过去分词.A road is being built around the mountain. Many new houses are being built in this city5.过去进行时：was/were being及物动词的过去分词 he meeting was being held when I was there. We were being trained this time last year. 6.现在完成时：have/has been及物动词的过去分词His book has been translated into many foreign languages. The prices of many goods have been cut again . 7.过去完成时：had been + 及物动词的过去分词A new school had been set up by the end of last year. 8.含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.三、被动语态的基本用法一般来说,在我们日常生活中,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态.只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态：1.不知道动作的执行者是谁.1).Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.2).This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年.3).The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打2.没不要说出动作的执行者是谁.1).The time-table has been changed .时间表已变动了 2).China was founded in 1949.3.不愿意说出动作的执行者,其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等.在这种情况下,有时常用一些句式,如It is said that（据说）,It is reported that （据报道）,It is well known that（众所周知 ）It is supposed that（据推测说, It is believed that大家相信,It is hoped that大家希望,It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that据建议等等.It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人.It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）4.强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者.1).The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的.2).his book was written by him.这本书是他写的.3).Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成.注：使用被动语态的情况口诀：动作谁做的不知道,谁说出的不必要.接受动作需强调,用被动语态最为妙.四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.2.把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式).3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格.He plant trees in spring.Trees are planted in spring by him.主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变,原主变宾by后见,时态人称be关键.All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him.被动语态中by+宾语的省略：被动语态句式中的by+宾语表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者,但是在遇到以下情况时,表示动作执行者by+宾语常常被省略.动作执行者不确定时Paper is made from wood. Many people are killed in traffic accidents every day .不必表明动作执行者时English is also spoken as the second language as well as one of the official languages.Football is played in most school.动作执行者为一般大众时.Both English and Spanish are spoken in this area.He is made the monitor of the class today.五、主动语态变被动语态应注意的几个问题：谈谈几种特殊的被动结构1.当句子结构为主语+谓语+宾语（唯一宾语）时,把宾语提到句首做主语,然后把谓语改成被动语态形式,最后把原主语变为宾格至于介词by之后.实际运用中by短语常被省略.We finish our homework in the evening.Our homework is finished in the evening.2. 当句子结构为主语+谓语+间接宾语(表示人的)+直接宾语（表示物的）时,一般把间接宾语变为主语,而直接宾语不变,这样句子显得自然些.如果把直接宾语作为主语,那么在间接宾语前应加介词to或for.She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主动) I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被动)A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被动)My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主动) I was bought a watch yesterday. (被动)A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.(被动)注意：1).间接宾语前需要加for的动词buy ,sing ,catch ,find ,get,drow ,cook ,keep ,make,offer 等.2).间接宾语前需要加to的动词bring ,give ,pass ,hand ,leave ,show ,write ,take ,teach ,tell ,thow ,lend,send ,return等3).当句子结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语把主动态变成被动态时,只需将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语,而原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的主语补足语了They asked me to help them. I was asked to help them. Now people can use computers to help them .Computers can be used to help them.We must keep the room clean. The room must be kept clean .We saw them coming over. They were seen coming over. 如果复合宾语是由宾语+不带to的动词不定式构成,变为被动语态时,动词不定式前的to要补出来.常见的这类动词有：一感（feel）,二听（hear,listen to ）三让（let ,make ,have ）四看（watch ,see ,notice ,observe,+look at ）但动词为let时,to仍可省略.The story made us laugh. We were made to laugh by the story. The teacher let the little boy go home. The little boy was let (to) go home .4).含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动语态变成被动语态时,由情态动词be过去分词构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后to仍要保留.We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once. It should be done at once.The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.5).短语动词的被动语态：一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但许多不及物动词+副词或介词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,也可以有被动语态,但变被动语态后,不可把介词或副词漏掉.He turned on the radio just now. The radio was turned on just now .They take good care of the babies. The babies are taken care of.They look after the babies. The babies are looked after .6).含有宾语从句的主动语态改为被动语态时,有两种改写方法：用it做被动语态的形式主语,宾语从句保持不变.将主动句中的宾语从句的主语改为被动语态的主语,从句的谓语部分变为不定式.这时的动词不定式所用的形式要与原来的宾语从句保持一致.They say that our teacher is busy these days. It is said that our teacher is busy these days.Our teacher is said to be busy these days.7).如果原句宾语有后置定语修饰,变为被动语态时,应把后置修饰语随同宾语一同提前.We clean the windows of our classroom every day. The windows of our classroom are cleaned every day.8).如果原句主语不是动作的执行者,而是所使用的物质材料,变被动语态时要用介词withSmoke filled the room. The room was filled with smoke .9).by短语的取舍：当主动句中的主语是people ,one ,we ,they 等泛指性动词时,变为被动语态后,by短语通常省略.Eg：we often speak English in our English class. English is often spoken (by us ) in our English class当主动句中是who ,what ,which等做主语,变被动语态后句首的疑问词在句 中的成分由原来的主语变为介词by的宾语,应注意介词by不能丢.Who wrote the book ? who was the book written by ?需要强调动作的执行时,by短语不能省略.uncle wang made the kite . The kite was made by uncle wang .六可与被动语态连用的介词在被动语态的句子中,常用介词by引出动作的发出者,实际上同被动语态连用的介词除by以外还有很多.1.表示谓语动词的动作是为谁或为何目的而发生的要用介词for.(be used for sth /doing sth 被用于被用于做)This new bike was bought for you . Stamps are used for sending letters .2.表示动作发出者所使用的工具或强调状态时应用介词withThe trees were cut down with a knife . The bottle is filled with orange .3.表示被作为(发生)应用介词as （be used as 被作为使用）English is used as a first language in Canada.4.在be well-known 后应用介词to,表示被所熟知The Great Wall is well-known to everyone in the world .5.在be made 后可用多个介词表示不同的意义be made in 表示在某地制造This Tv set is made in shanghai .be made of 和be made from 都可以表示由制成的,但be made of 强调从制成品上可以看出原材料, be made from则表示从制成品上看不出原材料.This table is made of wood . This kind of paper is made from wood.be made by 由（人）制造的The cake is made by my mother .be made into 表示被制成. make into 把制成（主动形式）Glass is often made into glasses .玻璃常被制成玻璃杯.be made after 表示仿照.制成This machine is made after theirs .这台机器是仿照他们的机器制成的.be made up of 表示由.组成Our class is made up of fifty students .七、不可用于被动语态的情况1.当谓语动词是表示静态的及物动词（短语）时（eg：have ,cost ,hold ,know ,fit ,belong to）不可用于被动语态.How long did the meeting last ?2.当谓语动词是look ,become ,get ,turn等连系动词,其后的成分多为形容词或名词词组作表语时. He looks fine .3.宾语是反身代词,相互代词或与主语对应的物主代词修饰的名词词组时.They taught themselves English . We should learn each other .4.宾语是动词不定式（短语）或动名词时.The students hope to visit the Great wall . He has finished reading the book .5.宾语和动词在意义上为不可分割的固定搭配时.He caught a bad cold last week.You shouldnt make faces in class .6.宾语是表示数量,长度,大小,处所或方位的词时.They reached shanghai early in the next morning .He left Beijing by bus yesterday .7.当宾语是同源宾语时.Today all of us live a happy life .8.宾语是行为者（人体）的某一部分或人体的器官时.He could hardly believe his eyes . Mr Hu shook his head and said nothing .9.当宾语是某一组织机构或机关团体名称时.The man joined the army in1957.八、主动形式被动含义在英语中,主动意义用主动语态表示,被动意义用被动语态表示.但在以下几种情况下,被动意义却用主动语态来表示：（一）少数动词,既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词.当它们作不及物动词且用来表示主语内在品质或性能时,可用一般时态的主动形式表示被动意义,其主语大多为事物.常见的有：sell(销售好)read(好读),write(好写),wash(耐洗),wear(耐穿),last,tear,lock ,count ,open ,teach ,drive ,take 等、1). The tickets cost too much and sold badly.这些票太贵了,销路不好.2). Can you lend Hie your pen?Your pen writes better你能把你的钢笔借给我吗?你的钢笔更好写.3).The pen writes well.这笔好写.4).The door wont open.门开不下来.5).The clothes wash easily. 这衣服很好洗.6). The door wont open. 这门打不开.注意：这类动词的主动形式表示被动意义有三个明显特征1).与not,hardly等否定意义的词连用.2).常与副词well,easily,badly ,poorly ,nicely ,fast ,smoothly ,等连用表示效果或程度.3）句中的主语是谓语动词的承受者.（二）某些表示感觉,状态,特征的系动词eg：feel, look, sound, smell, taste等系动词,用主动形式表达被动意义,主语是物. 1.The cloth feels soft. 这布料摸起来很软. 2.His cake tastes good. 他的蛋糕味道很好. 3.Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口（三）动词need, want, require等表示需要或应该的意义时, 后用动词ing的主动式或动词不定式被动形式表示变动意义.1).The floor needs sweeping.地板须拖一下.2).The old bike needs repairing (or: to be repaired). 那辆旧自行车需要修理. 3).Your hair needs cutting你的头发需要理了.4).The wall requires painting这墙壁需要粉刷了.（四）主语+be worth doing句式中ving形式表达被动含义 This book is well worth reading. The film is well worth seeing （五）不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况主要有以下两种：1).不定式作定语与被修饰的词形成动宾关系时,不定式用主动形式表被动意义.I have something important to tell you.我有重要事情要告诉你.Is there anything else to say? 还有别的什么事情要说吗？2).在主语 + 系动词+ adj. + to do结构中,不定式作为主语的补足语对主语作补充说明,与主语之间形成动宾关系时,其主动形式表示被动含义.（形容词通常为easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, nice, heavy等）The place is easy to find in the map.I find the problem difficult to solve.The book is difficult to understand.The water in the river is unfit to drink.这条河里的水不宜饮用. His speech isnt easy to understand.他的演说不易理解3).在tooto do sth 和enoughto do 句型中,如果主语是物而不是人,则不定式部分是用主动形式表达的被动含义.The table is too heavy (for me)to carry .The dress is good enough to wear at the party .（六）表示发生、进行的不及物动词和短语,如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义.How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？（七）介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词.1.under +名词结构,表示某事在进行中.常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）.The building is under construction( is being constructed).2.beyond+名词结构,出乎胜过、范围、限度.常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信), beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及）,beyond ones control（无法控制）,beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及.The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.above+名词结构, 表示(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于.His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4.for+名词结构,表示 适于、 为着.如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等.That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5. in+名词结构 ,表示在过程中或范围内常见的有：in print（在印刷中）,in sight(在视野范围内),等.The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6.on+名词结构, 表示在从事 中.常见的有：on sale(出售),on show（展出）, on trial（受审）.Eg:Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7.out of+名词结构 表示 超出 之外,常见的有：out of control (控制不了),out of sight （超出视线之外）,out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等.The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) .8.within+名词结构,在内、不超过.He took two days off within the teachers permission（八）非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 .1.在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义, 其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式.The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理.2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式.The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系.)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者.)4.在某些形容词不定式做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义.这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等.This problem is difficult to work out （可看作to work out省略了for me）.5.在too to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义.This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.在there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物.There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁 lost time不明确.）九、被动语态相关的一些词组:get dressed(穿衣) get hurt(受伤) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚)be covered with (被覆盖) be made of （由制成）（看得出原材料） be made by （由某人制造） be made from （由制成）（看不出原材料） be made in （由某地制造） be used for （被用于） be used as （被当作使用） be used to do （被用于做.）it is said that（据说） it is hoped that（希望）It is well known that.(总所周知.)