初中英语动词辨析总结.doc

动词用法辨析(1)“Why not+动词原形+?”(干嘛不?)是简略句,完全形式是：Why dont you +动词原形+?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试？)(2) be afraid(害怕)的用法：记住几个结构： be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); be afraid to (do); be afraid that+从句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有点怕蛇)Dont be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)Im afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误)(3) make 与do的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事物用make. 如：I dont know what to do.(我不知道该干什么) Im not going to do any work.(我不准备做什么)My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good / harm / business / ones best / a favormake a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,. (4)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程； learn主要表示“学会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如：How many subjects do you study?(你学多少门课程？) Have you learned it yet?(这个你学过了吗？)How long have you studied/learned English?(你学英语多久了？) learn还可以表示“听说”如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)(5)join、join in、take part in的区别： join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动； join in指参加某项游戏或活动； take part in多指参加群众性的活动、运动、会议等。如：He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年参军)They joined me in congratulating you.(他们和我一起向你祝贺)Do join us in the game.(千万参加我们的比赛) He took an active part in the students movement in the 1940s.(在二十世纪40年代他积极参加学生运动)(6)think of与think about等短语的区别： think of表示“考虑、思念、认为、想起、建议”等； think about表示“看待、认为” think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度评价”； think over表示“仔细考虑”； think out表示“想出”。如：The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校长高度地评价了这个男孩) Were thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我们在考虑去法国度假的事情) Think it over and you will have a way. (仔细考虑就有办法) I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) What do you think about his composition?Very good! (他的作文你觉得怎么样？ 很好。) (9)put on、wear、haveon、be in、try on、dress的用法： put on强调“穿戴”这个动作过程, wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态 have+衣物+on主要表示状态, be in(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况, dress(+人)表示“给人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(请穿上你的新鞋)The twins are wearing the same clothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服)Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿着一件大衣) Do you know the woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗？)Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣)注意dress与wear或put on的区别：wear或put on常用衣物作宾语,而dress常用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表达。be dressed in与wear基本同义。dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗？)He is eight but cant dress himself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿着一件红上衣)Do I have to dress up to go to Jims party?(我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗？)（10）speak、talk、say、tell的用法： speak“讲话、发言、演说”,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称 talk谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词with、to等,涉及事情时后面跟介词about等； say 是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容； tell是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如：Do you speak English? (你讲英语吗？)Who spoke at the meeting? (谁在会上发了言？)Our teacher is talking to Lin Taos parent. (我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)Can you say it in English? (你能用英语说出它吗？)Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧)(11)be able to(do)、can的用法： can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、会”等意思,只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式； be able to表示能力上“会”,有多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。如：Can you speak English? (你会说英语吗？)He couldnt(wasnt able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二岁时不会游泳) (12)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三个词, borrow“借进”、 lend“出借”都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用； keep“保存”用来表示借一段时间。 如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书)How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？两个多月了！)(13)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法： bring指从远处“拿来”； take指从面前“拿走”； carry指一般的搬运,不涉及方向； send主要指“送、派遣、寄”； lift指把东西由低向高“提起、拎起”。(14)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. ；take的主语通常是事情,句型：sth./It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do 。(如果是动作则常用it作形式主语将动词不定式后移)； cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. ；pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. 如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说)This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间)How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？)I paid him twenty dollars for the book. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书)(15)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法： arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点时后面加介词at,到达一个大的地方(国家、城市)时后面加介词in,arrive后面可以直接跟地点副词here/there/home等； get表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等； reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上个星期天他抵达旧金山)How did you get there in the night? (你是怎样在夜间到达那里的？) We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我们一路狂奔在火车启动前5分钟到达车站)(16)be made of、be made from： be made of指从制成品中可以看得出原材料, be made from则指从制成品中看不出原材料。 如：This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (这种纸是由竹子生产的)The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是铁和木头打的)(17)beat,win与lose： beat (打败),后面跟“人” win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。如：Who won at last? (最后谁赢了？)Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以50打败了我们)I am sure to win the match. (我一定能赢得比赛)而lose则表示“输了”,常用句型：lose sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班)(18)carry on、carry out的区别： carry on表示“进行、继续”； carry out表示“进行、贯彻、实现”。如：I will carry on the work. (我会继续工作)I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (对于执行他的命令我有问题)(19)the number of / a number of: 前者“的数量”；前者作主语，谓语用单数 后者“许多的”:后者作主语，谓语用复数。都跟可数名词复数。The number of the trees is two thousand. （用单数谓语. 另注意trees前有限定词） A number of trees have been cut down. （用复数谓语. 另注意trees前无限定词） (20)asas用法：中间加形容词和副词原级。 和一样 His room is as big as mine. He runs as fast as I do / me / I. You should keep the room as clean as your brothers. asas possible / sb can “尽可能” We went there as soon as possible. Listen to the teacher as carefully as you can. He went there as quickly as he could.有些短语有几个意思：as soon as 和一样快；一就； as much as和一样多；多达； as long as和一样长；长达；只要； as well as和一样好；和一样； as far as远达；就来说 (asas在否定句中也可说soas.)也可表示倍数： This room is twice as big as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的两倍大(21).虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would / should + 动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.） If there were no air, people would die. (与现在事实相反) If I got rich, I would travel around the world. (可能性很小)(22)how long / how often / how soon / how far: how long 是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river? -Its 5,000 kilometers long. (对长度提问)How long have you lived there? -For five months. / Since 2002. (对时间段提问) how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day / year / month / week等。How often do you watch TV? -Every two days. / Twice a week. / Sometimes. how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问：How soon will you return to Beijing? -In a week./ In two days. how far是对以下三种表达法的提问：How far is it from your home to the school? 有以下三种回答：Its five minutes walk / an hours ride / thirteen minutes drive. Its about 20 kilometers (far) away. (注意回答时不再用far,而用away, 或far away)Its 15 minutes by bus / on foot / by train / by bike. (23).感叹句：What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！此情况下主、谓常可省略。 What lazy boys (they are)! What hard work (it is)! What good news (it is)! What a good idea! What bad weather (it is)! What clever girls (you are)! How +形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语！ How hard the work is! How fast he runs! How rude you are! How carefully they are listening! How bad the weather is!(24).too much, too many与much too: much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big / slowly等。 too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work / rain等。 too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books / people等。 （以上每个短语可依第二个词来决定其后要接什么词。）(25). alone / lonely: alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone. 杰克是单身。The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老妇一个人在屋里。 可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone. 她独居。 Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克独自在海滩漫步。（注意：不可说very alone. 但可说very much alone.） lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄 （而alone不可作定语）(26)by常见用法： “通过”I study English by memorizing grammar. He travels by bike. “截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow? The train had left by the time he got there. “被”This novel was written by Lu Xun. “经过”He passed by me without noticing me. “在旁边”Sit by me. They are playing by the river. (27).sometimes / some times / sometime / some time: sometimes: “有时”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. （sometimes在be后） I sometimes forgot my homework. （sometimes在实义动词前） Sometimes he becomes very angry. （sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾） some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times. sometime: “某一时刻” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某个时候买的它。Well meet again sometime next week. 我们下星期某个时候会再见面的。 some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.(28).主谓一致：One / Neither of you is right. （单数谓语）Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语)This pair of shoes looks beautiful. （主语是pair, 谓语用单数）The shoes look beautiful. （此句主语无pair, 谓语用复数）Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. （此结构中用单数谓语）The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic.(the 加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。 Both you and I are excited about the news. （both.and 做主语，谓语用复数）(29).at / by the end of, in the end 的区别： at the end of +时间点或地点，“在的尽头，在的末尾” They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (时间) He put some books at the end of the bed. (地点) by the end of +时间点，“截止到末” 若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时： We had built ten buildings by the end of 2002. They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month. in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village. (30).“擅长”与“不擅长”： “对有利”与“对有害”：“擅长”：be good at / do well in He is good at math. = He does well in math. “不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in“对有利”：be good for “对有害”：be bad for (31). 表数量的词与短语的部分用法：none / all / some / most / more / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) / 后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。 many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。 much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可数名词。(32).kind of 与kinds of: kind of 单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词： He is kind of thin.”他有点瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有点饿” Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly. 王叔叔说得有点快。 kind of前有a, this, that, what等，译为“种，种类” 后加名词。 That kind of question is difficult to answer. 那类问题难回答。 What kind of sport do you like best? 你最喜欢何种运动？熟记一些短语：all kinds of.“各种各样的.” many kinds of“很多种类的”different kinds of“不同种类的” 后都加名词。(33). ill与sick的区别：都可译为“生病的”。 ill只在系动词后作表语： Her mother was ill in bed. She feels ill today.sick既可作表语： Her mother was sick / ill in bed.（作表语常是美国英语用法） 也可作定语（即后接名词）：Jane is taking care of her sick mother. (此处是定语，不可用ill. 原因见下文ill用法) 若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人 sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的”。The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.(34).常见部分名词及其修饰词： price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。 sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售. The price of the shoes is high / low. number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰：The number of the students is big. quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。 population(人口)常用big / large和small修饰：China has a large population. (以上词都不用many, much修饰。)(35).thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work. 表示感谢 (此句表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。) Thanks to your suggestion, I didnt make such mistakes. 表示 多亏了 (此句表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)（36）.词序易错的短语： 1.形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge? Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer. I want to go somewhere warm. 2,else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room? Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? 3.enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。 This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work. He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog. She doesnt listen carefully enough. （37）.双宾结构：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + sth. Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens. 其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me. buy, build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me. 另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please show it to me. 而不说show me it.（38）.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一: . 动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。此处是后置定语，划线部分起修饰作用。Hes eating fried chicken. “他在吃炸鸡。”做chicken的前置定语。There is no time left. “没时间剩余了。”做time的后置定语。I have read a novel written by Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。做后置定语。 动词ing作形容词：表示正在进行或表示功能，常作定语。 the crying boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy crying in the corner (以上表示正在进行)a sitting room, the bathing suit, a cutting machine, writing paper (本行表示功能)（39）.later / after / ago / before: later“时间后”结构：时间段+later常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later. (later前无时间段，单独在句尾，常用于将来时：Ill see you later.) after“时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和相同。They went to Beijing after five days. The dog died after a week.(after也可加句子, 但主句不一定用一般过去时：Ill send you an e-mail after I get home. Return it to me after you finish it. 见2.) ago“时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago. I saw it ten minutes ago. (若有since+时间段+ago，常用现在完成时：Mr. Li has worked here since 5 years ago.) before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前” I have been to London before. He has seen the film before.(若是时间段+before,常用过去完成时，“前”： I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.) （40）.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季 月：January, 一月； February, 二月； March, 三月； April, 四月； May, 五月；June, 六月； July, 七月； August, 八月； September, 九月； October, 十月；November, 十一月； December, 十二月。 星期：Sunday, 周日；Monday, 周一；Tuesday, 周二；Wednesday, 周三；Thursday, 周四；Friday, 周五；Saturday, 周六。（41）(a) little / (a) few: few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。 few加