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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,第九章 被动语态翻译,Chapter Nine,Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,1/56,英语一个显著特点是广泛使用被动语态，在科技文章中尤为如此。,以下面一段英语文章为例，在,14,个谓语动词,中，,13,个使用是被动语态。,As oil,is found,deep in the ground,its presence,cannot be determined,by a study of the surface.,Consequently,a geological survey of the,underground rock structure must,be carried out,.If,it,is thought,that the rocks in a certain area contain,oil,a“drilling rig,（钻塔）,”,is assembled,（,装配,）,.The,most obvious part of a drilling rig,is called,“a derrick,（油井铁架塔）”,.It,is used,to lift sections of pipe,2/56,接上文,which,are lowered,into the hole made by the,drill.As the hole,is being drilled(,钻孔,）,a steel,pipe,is pushed,down to prevent the sides,from falling in.If oil,is struck,a cover,is firmly,fixed,to the top of the pipe and the oil,is,allowed,to escape through a series of valves.,3/56,Comparison between the English Version and the Chinese Version of the paragraph:,As oil,is found,deep in the ground,its presence,cannot be,determined,by a study of the surface.,因为石油深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定石油有没有。,Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rock,structure must,be carried out,.,所以，对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘探。,If it,is thought,that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a,“drilling rig,（钻塔）,”,is assembled,.,假如认为某地域岩层含石油，则在该处安装钻机。,The most obvious part of drilling rig,is called,“a derrick,（油井,铁架塔）”,.,钻机中最显眼部件叫井架。,4/56,It,is used,to lift sections of pipe,which,are lowered,into the hole made by the drill.,井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出,孔中。,As the hole,is being drilled,a steel pipe,is pushed,down to prevent the sides from falling in.,当孔钻成时，放入钢管预防孔壁坍塌。,If oil,is struck,a cover,is firmly fixed,to the top of,the pipe and the oil,is allowed,to escape through a,series of valves.,假如发觉石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，使石油,经过一系列阀门流出。,5/56,经过对比能够看出,：英文翻译成汉字,时，汉字中极少使用被动语态,;,英语中含有被,动语态句子在汉语翻译过程中要变成主动,句，这么才能符合汉语译文习惯。,英语被动语态通惯用于以下,5,种情况,：,主语不明或无须提及,Rice is chiefly grown in the south.,为特殊目标强调动作实施,The song was composed by a worker.,6/56,为文体需要防止结构转换造成衔接不妥,He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,用于礼貌与修辞被动态,It is generally,considered not advisable to act that way.,无须提及动作实施者,Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.,7/56,1.,英语被动句译成汉语主动句,将英语被动句译成汉语主动句主要有四,种方法：,1.1.,原文中主语在译文中仍作主语，但不表示被动意义。,Language is shaped by,and shapes,human thought.,语言,由人思想形成，并影响人思想。,Levis jeans were first introduced to(,引进到）,the East,apparently,during the dude-ranch craze,（农场度假热潮）,in the 1930s.,李维,牛仔裤,最初引进到东部显然是在,20,世纪,30,年代农场度假热潮中。,8/56,1.2.,译成汉语语主动句,汉语中“是,”结构能够表示被动态。,The computer program,was designed by,non-professional programmer.,这个程序,是,非专业程序设计员设计,。,The financial information provided by an accounting system,is needed by,managerial decision makers to help them plan and control the activities of the economic entity.,会计系统提供金融信息对于帮助管理层决议人员制订计划和控制该经济实体活动而言,是,不可或缺,。,9/56,1.3.,原文中主语在译文中作宾语,They were attended from morning to night by female helpers,wives and nurses and secretaries.,从早到晚，都有妻子，护士，秘书这么女帮手伺候,他们,。,I was truly dumbfounded,（,惊呆,）,by this deep fury that possessed her whenever she looked at me.,她一见我就这么气势汹汹，真把,我,惊呆了。,10/56,句型：,It,（形式主语）,+,谓语,+that,从句,在译文中常译为主动形式，有时不加主语，有时加上不定主语，如“有,人”,“,人们”，“大家，”“我们”等。,不加主语,It is hoped that,希望,It is supposed that,据推测,It is reported that,据报道,It may be said without fear of exaggeration that,能够毫不夸大地说,It has been identified that,已经确认,1.4.,惯用被动句型翻译,11/56,可加主语,It is asserted that,有些人主张,It is believed that,有些人相信,It is generally considered that,大家认为,it is well known that,众所周知,It is generally agreed that,人们普遍认为,It is widely misunderstood,人们普遍存在误解,It has become increasingly understood that,人们越来越清楚地认识到,12/56,2.英语被动句译成汉语被动句,将英语被动句译成汉语被动句，这一,类句子都是着重被动动作，他们大致分为,两类：一类是不带表示被动意义标识，另,一类带表示被动意义标识。,常见表示被动意义标识词有：,被，由，,给，把，让，受，为，遭，所，获，使，加,以，给予，蒙,等，翻译时可酌情选择。,13/56,2.1.,译成汉语带有表示被动意义标识词,2.1.1,译成汉语“被,.,，给,，受,，遭,”,比如：,The company was enjoined from(,禁止使用）,using false advertising.,这家企业,被,禁止使用虚假广告。,Pure oxygen must be given to patients in certain circumstances.,在特定情况下必须,给,病人输纯氧。,Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 100 years.,去年该地域,遭受,了,100,年来最严重旱灾。,Those who performed deeds of merit will be rewarded.,立功人将,受,到奖励。,14/56,2.1.2,译成汉语“把,，由,，为,让,”,The new theory has now been adopted by many scientists who are searching for life in outer space.,这一新理论已,为,许多寻找外层空间生命科学家所采纳。,Every country will be represented by its prime minister.,各国都,由,其总理代表。,Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?,为何总,把,这些麻烦事推给我呢？,The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.,那家有名旅馆几乎,让,一场大火毁灭。,15/56,2.1.3,汉语习惯表示,:“,为,所,加以,给予,蒙,”,等，属于书面语,含有文学色彩。,The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn wind.,茅屋,为,秋风,所,破。,She is intoxicated with sweet words.,她,为,花言巧语,所,陶醉。,The question will be discussed in the next chapter.,这个问题将在下一章,加以,讨论。,The problem must be dealt with at the appropriate time.,这个问题必须在适当时候,给予,处理。,16/56,2.1.4,译成“是,”,Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.,彩虹,是,在阳光透过天空中小水滴时形成,。,The first explosive in the world was made and used in china.,世界上最早炸药,是,在中国制造和使用,。,The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.,美国学分制,是,一八七二年在哈佛大学首先采取,。,17/56,3.,译成汉语主动句方法,英语被动语态译成汉语主动句时，要采取某种,特殊变通伎俩“消解”原文中被动语态。经过改,变原文措辞或表示方式，化被动句为主动句。,In the course of my travels in America,I have,been impressed,by a kind of fundamental malaise,(,心神不安，忧郁症,),which seems to me extremely common,and which poses difficult problems for the social,reformers.,我在美国旅行期间，,注意到了,一个根深蒂固忧,郁症。我以为这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社,会改革家出了难题。,18/56,Another example:,Each year,more than 250 million items,of Levis clothing,are sold,-including more,than 83 million pairs of riveted(,钉了铆钉）,blue jeans.,每年，李维服装,销售量,超出,2.5,亿件，,-,其中包含,8,，,300,万钉铆钉蓝色牛仔裤。,19/56,4.,英语中意义上被动句，形式上主动句,This kind of products,sell,like hot cakes.(=are sold),这种产品很热销。,The clock,winds up,at the back.(=can be wound up),这个表从后面上发条。,She,dresses,beautifully.(=is dressed),她穿衣服很漂亮。,The room,filled,rapidly.(=was filled),房间很快就满了。,This kind of cloth,washes,very well.(=can be washed),这种布料很好洗。,The book,is printing,.(=is being printed),这本书正在印刷。,The plan is,working out,.(=is being worked out),这个计划正在实施。,20/56,Assignment,Translate the two paragraphs into English:,传真机在我国使用已十分普及，并已成为主要当代,通讯终端设备。据预计，,年中国市场对传真机需求,量为,300,万台，国内产量仅能满足约,30%,需求，进口机将,占据市场主导地位。,当前国内市场上传真机,90%,以上是进口货，其中,80%,来自日本。面对这种情况，国内已经有,20,多家生产企业组装生,产传真机，并开始投放市场。上海理光传真机企业生产产,品已经开始返销日本，并已开发出一个含有没有纸接收功效,新奇传真机。,21/56,Chapter Ten,Translation of English Clauses,英语从句翻译,22/56,英语汉语都有复合句。,英语复合句,由主句和从句构,成，英语从句包含,定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句,，其,中一些从句翻译可按原文语序处理，但大部分从句,翻译要靠句子合并和语序调整。,汉语复合句,主要分为,联合复合句,和,偏正复合句,两类。,翻译汉语复合句时，关键在于抓住句子重心，将主要信,息译成英语主句，其余部分视情况可分别用,分词、动名,词、不定式、介词短语,等来翻译。与英语复合句相比，汉,语句子较为简短、零碎、语序较为固定，翻译时要视情况,把复杂冗长英语复合句转化为汉语流水句。,下面我们分别学习各种从句翻译方法。,23/56,1.,定语从句翻译,Translation of Attributive Clause,英语中定语从句分为,限定性,和,非限定性定语从句,两种。,二者之间区分在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者限制意义,很强，后者则很弱。从英汉定语结构对比能够看出，英语,定语从句绝大部分置于被修饰词语之后，而汉语中全部,定语成份都置于被修饰词语之前，不包括限制意义强弱。,所以，在英译汉时，英语定语从句长句不宜译成汉语中定,语，最有效方法是将其化整为零，分成一个个小短句分别,处理。而假如英语定语从句较短，则能够译成汉语定语。,英语定语从句翻译方法普通分为三种：,组正当，分译,法和顺承法。,24/56,1.1.,组正当（,Combination,）,英语中限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,都能够采取组正当进行翻译。这种翻译法能够避,免涣散句子结构和上下衔接。组正当就是把复,杂英语定语从句译成“,”结构。,This is the reservoir,that we built after the flood last year,.,这就是,去年洪水过后我们修建,水库。,25/56,“,”结构置于它所修饰名词之前，作名词定语。比如：,In addition to visible trade,which involves,the importing and exporting of tangible goods,there is also invisible trade,which involves,the exchange of services between nations,.,除了这种,进出口有形商品,有形贸易以,外，还有一个,国与国之间进行交换服务,无形,贸易。,26/56,1.2.,分译法（,Division,）,分译法就是把冗长复杂定语从句分而,译之。它可分为三种：,（,1,）主、从句分开翻译，重复先行词,Day light comes from,the sun,which is a mass of hot,glowing gas.,日光来自,太阳,，,太阳,是一团炽热发光气体。,27/56,Another Example:,But the important thing to remember is that,in the modern world we must give people,skills,which will prepare them for the changing,world of manufacturing and production which,is now upon us.,我们必须向人们传授,技术本事,，掌握这些,技术本,领,就能够使他们为应对我们眼下所面临不停改变,着生产制造领域做好准备。,28/56,（,2,）主、从句分开翻译，不重复先行词,She sent me an,English-Chinese dictionary,which I kept to this day.,她送给我一本,英汉词典,，我一直保留到今天。,The Multilateral Agreement on Investment(MAI)aims to achieve a,situation,where foreign investors are not discriminated against,but they are still subject to the same substantive laws and regulations that apply to domestic investors.,多边投资协定目标是要到达这么一个,境界,外国投资者不受歧视，但他们仍和国内投资者一样要受实体法规管制。,29/56,3),主、从句分开翻译,把“,which”,转换为人称代词或指示代词,Electronic computer,which makes it possible to free man from the labor of complex computation,has found wide application in engineering.,电子计算机已在工程行业广泛应用，,它,使人们能够摆脱复杂计算工作。,They turned a deaf ear to our demands,which enraged all of us.,他们对我们要求置若罔闻，,这,使我们很生气。,30/56,1.3.,顺承法,/,混正当,(Mixture),这种翻译方法是将英语主句和定语从句合为一,个汉字句子，按照汉字次序翻译出来。这类方法多,用于,“there be”,句型翻译。,We used a plane,of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.,我们驾驶飞机,几乎每一个部件都有国籍一些标志。,There are some metals,which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.,一些金属,既能导电，又能被磁化,31/56,1.4.,定语从句译成状语从句,一些定语从句在复合句中含有状语从句作,用，与主句有表示原因，结果，目标，时间，条,件，让步等逻辑关系。在翻译这类句子时，要考,虑译成对应状语从句。如,：,He would have to be careful not to offend the,foreman,who would give him the sack,（粗布袋，,辞退）,at any time.,他得小心慎重，不敢得罪工头，,因为工头随时都可,以炒他鱿鱼,。（原因）,32/56,There is no bad habit,that may not be cured by a strong willpower.,只要有坚强意志,，就没有克服不了坏习惯。（条件）,The scientist,who was dog-tired,（筋疲力尽）,went on with the experiment.,那位科学家,即使已筋疲力尽,，但仍继续进行试验。（让步）,Private schools in the United States have a wide range of programs,that are offered to meet the needs of certain students,.,美国私立学校课程种类繁多，,从而满足一些学生不一样要求,。（目标）,33/56,2.,英语名词从句翻译,英语名词从句可分为,主语从句、宾语从句、,表语从句、同位语从句,四大类。这些从句,翻译普通按照原文语序处理。不过，在翻,译以“,it”,为形式主语或形式宾语主语从句或,宾语从句时，语序往往应作调整。,我们重点选择同位语从句翻译讲解。,34/56,英语中同位语从句是一个名词性从句。,它有别于定语从句。,首先,，通常它多用,that,引导；,其次,，同位语从句前边名词往往是,一个表示某种概念概括性名词，如,view,hope,belief,idea,order,suggestion,question,conviction,message,等；,再者,，同,位语从句所阐述内容是对它前面那个概括,性名词详细化。,同位语从句翻译主要有三种方法：,35/56,2.1.,保持原来语序,She had no idea,why she thought of him,suddenly,.,她不明白自己,为何突然想起他。,It does not alter the fact,that he is the man responsible for the delay,.,拖延应由他负责,这个事实是改变不了。,The fact,that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth,explains many things.,地球引力把一切东西都吸引向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。,36/56,2.2.,先把同位语从句前面名词翻译成：“这,样,/,这种,/,这一观点,/,希望,/,信念,/,主意,/,命令等,然后在该短语后加,“：,”,接着翻译同位语本身。,The liberalization debate is a debate over ideas,and ideals,and it matters enormously that we,spread the message that market liberalization forms,part of the answer to the concern of citizens,rather,than being a cause of their misgivings.,自由化辩论是一场理念与理想辩论，我们要传,播,这么信息：,市场自由化是处理公民忧虑部分答,案而不是造成他们担忧原因。,37/56,Another example,：,Canada has long subscribed to,（,同意,）,the,view that,no state should use its territory or,allow it to be used in such a way as to injure,the environment of another state or of the,“international commons”.,长久以来，加拿大一直持,这么一个观点：,任,何国家都不应该利用自己领土或允许别国,利用其领土来破坏另一国家或“国际社会”环,境。,38/56,2.3.,在观点,/,希望,/,信念,/,主意,/,命令等之后使用逗号，接下去以“即”（也就是）翻译同位语从句。,Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this“waste”material could be turned into plastics.,很快前，科学家做出了激感人心重大,发觉，即,废物能够变成塑料。,I will share with President Carter my conclusion that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind.,我要把我,结论,告诉卡特总统,，即,为了我们两国人民利益，为了全人类利益，我们两国一定会共同发展。,39/56,3.,状语从句翻译,英语状语从句依据功效不一样可分为时间、地,点、原因、条件、让步、方式、目标等状语从句，,翻译关键在于要处理好主从句之间逻辑关系，,把它们放在适当位置。其方法以下：,3.1.,保持原从句位置不变,We will let you use the room,provided that you keep it clean and tidy,.(,条件状从）,我们能够让你使用这房间，,假如你能保持房屋清洁话。,40/56,Exercise is as good a way,as any to lose unwanted weight,.(,比较状从）,运动是跟其它减肥方法一样好方法。,Disabled as was Paul,he tried his best to serve the people.,（让步状从）,保罗即使残疾，他仍竭尽全力为人民服务。,Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and Han River meet.(,地点状从）,武汉位于长江和汉水交叉处。,3.2.,从句位于主句前,We can certainly overcome the difficulties,as long as we are closely united.,只要我们紧密团结，,就一定能克服困难。,(,条件状从）,41/56,3.3.,将一个状语从句转换成其它种类状语从句,Though not at substance yet in form,economic reforms are a nation-wide revolution.,假如不就内容而就形式而言，经济改革是一场全国范围革命。,(,让步,条件）,I invite your urgent and immediate cooperation in the work,before the conflict between two nations enters a more dangerous phase,.,我请求你们对工作给予刻不容缓合作，以免两国间冲突进入更危险阶段。,(,时间,目标）,42/56,Skill and patience will succeed where force fails.,在体力达不到时，技巧和耐心会帮人成功。,(,地点,时间）,If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue,it is putting themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.,孩子们之所以把母语学得很好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言海洋之中，而不单单是读几本教材而已。,(,条件,结果）,Why did you give up when you could make it?,既然你能成功，为何还要放弃呢？,(,时间,原因）,43/56,Assignments:,Do Exercise One of Page 99.,Pick out the appositive clauses from the paragraph in Exercise Two of Page 99 and copy their Chinese translation.,Pick out the adverbial clauses from the three paragraphs in Exercise Three of Page 99 and copy their Chinese translation.,44/56,第十一章 英语难句和长句翻译,Translation of Long and Difficult Sentences,翻译长句时，首先要搞清原文句法结构，找,出整个句子中心内容及其各层 意思，然后分析,几层意思之间相互逻辑关系（因果、时间顺,序），再按照汉语特点和表示方式，正确地译出原,文意思，不拘泥于原文形式。,长句译法主要有以下几个：,（一）次序法；,（二）逆序法；,（三）分译法；,（四）综正当。,45/56,1.,次序法（,Keep the Original Sequence,）,有些英语长句所叙述一连串动作上基本,上是按动作发生时间先后安排，也有些按,照英语长句内容逻辑关系安排，这与汉,语表示方法比较一致，所以翻译时普通可按,原文次序译出。,看下面例子：,46/56,even if she had long lost blue eyed,flower-like,charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-,blossom coloring which had so swiftly and oddly affected,Ashurst twenty six years ago,she was still at forty-three a,comely(,清秀，标致,）,and faithful companion,whose,cheeks were faintly,（,微弱地,）,mottled,（,斑驳，杂色,）,and whose grey-blue eyes has acquired a certain fullness.,译文：,假如说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛、花儿般魅力，也,失掉了她脸儿和身段那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿气质和那苹,果似颜色,二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样快速而奇妙,地影响过艾舍斯特,那么在四十三岁今天，她依旧是个,好看而忠实伴侣，不过两颊淡淡地有点儿班驳，而灰蓝,眼睛也已经有点儿饱满了。,47/56,2.,逆序法（,Reversing,）,有些英语长句表示次序与汉语表示习惯,不一样，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后,面译起，逆着原文次序翻译。,比如：,48/56,Time goes fast,for one who has a sense of,beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool,and a young Diana on the edge,to receive with,wonder anything you can catch!,按照汉语先发生事先叙述，以及条件在先结,果在后习惯，这个句子可逆着原文次序译出。,译文：,当你跟可爱孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻,狄安娜在池边好奇地接收你捉来任何东西时,候，,假如你知道什么叫美话,，,时间是过得很快,！,49/56,It was our view,that the United States could be,effective in both the tasks outlined by the president-,that is,of ending hostilities,as well as,of making a,contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East,if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in,permanent contact with all of these elements in the,equation,.,译文：,假如我们采取行动方便能够继续与中东问题各方,一直保持接触,，那么我们美国就能有效地担当起总,统所提出两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行,动以及对该地域永久和平作出贡献。,这就是我们,观点。,50/56,3.,分译法,/,拆译法,(Splitting),拆译是指原文句子过长，同时又含有多层意思，而主句,和从句或修饰部分之间关系又不很紧密，假如在译文中用,一个句子对原文进行翻译，反而会引发句意混乱，这时就需,要拆译。拆译目标是为了使翻译句子意思表示清楚明了。,In the first half of this century Shanghai served as the,industrial,trade,financial and commercial center of,the country,which attracted many foreign investors,as a mysterious oriental city,and,an adventurers paradise,.,译文：,本世纪上半叶上海曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业中心，,有着远东大都会浪漫传奇历史,，,吸引过不少外来投资者,，,因而一度成为“冒险家乐园”。,51/56,This land,which once barred,（阻挡）,the,way of weary
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