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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。不能作为科学依据。,大学英语四级-语法篇,王 颖,1/96,时态复习,2/96,时 态,3/96,4/96,时间状语从句当中时态：,普通过去时 全部过去,用普通现在时 表示 现在和未来,现在完成时 现在完成和未来完成,5/96,非谓语动词,6/96,非谓语动词-不定式,1)形式,主动形式 被动形式普通式 to do to be done完成式 to have done,to have been done进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing,7/96,a)完成式:不定式普通形式所表示动作,通常与主要谓语表示动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示动作,在谓语所表示动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.,8/96,b)进行式:假如主要谓语表示动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示动作正在进行,这时要用不定式进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.,9/96,c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行动作,就要用不定式完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.,10/96,d)被动式:当不定式逻辑上主语是不定式所表示动作承受者时,不定式普通要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.,11/96,2)功用:不定式能够作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.,12/96,3)不带to 不定式:,a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,假如动词是表示感觉意义see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义 have,make,let等,其后不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.,这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面不带to 不定式普通还原为带to 不定式.She was made to tell him everything.,13/96,b)在 had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but 等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.,14/96,c)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.（一顿咒骂）,Ive heard tell of him.,（听说、听到）,15/96,d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to不定式,也可用带to不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?,e)在介词except,but 之后,假如其前有动词do某种形式,不定式普通不带to,反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.,16/96,f)连词 rather than,sooner than 置于句首时,其后不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.,出现在句中其它位置时,其后不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.,17/96,g)用作补语动词不定式,假如主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等组成，并带有do某种形式，这时，作为主语补语不定式能够省to，也能够不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.,18/96,4)不定式其它使用方法,a)tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.,enoughto结构则表示必定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.,not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式普通不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.,soas(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.,19/96,b)假如要说明不定是表示动作是谁做,能够在不定式前加一个for引发短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.,在以一些形容词(如 kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引发短语,来说明不定式指是谁情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.,20/96,动名词,含有动作性特征名词,1)是名词 seeing is believing,2)含有动词性特征能够带宾语,21/96,一)动名词形式:,普通形式：I dont like you,smoking,.,完成形式：I regret not,having taken,your advice.,被动形式：This question is far from,being settled,.,22/96,二)动名词常考点,1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数,2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词宾语是动名词,3)动名词否定直接在其前加否定词,经过代词宾格或全部格形式给出逻辑主语.,I would appreciate_ back this afternoon,Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对）,I regret not,having taken,your advice.,23/96,4)有些词后只能接动名词,admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;cant help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand.,24/96,另外还有一些接-ing形式惯用说法,its no good;its no/little/hardly any/use;its not/hardly/scarcely use;its worthwhile;spend money/time;theres no;theres no point in;theres nothing worse than;whats the use/point.,25/96,5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可,remember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。,I,remembered to post,the letters.(指未来/过去未来动作),I,remembered posting/having posting,the letters(我记得这个动作),forgot与remember使用方法类似。,I,regret to inform,you that 我很遗憾地通知你,I,regretted having left,the firm after twenty years.为了二十年前离开而遗,憾。,26/96,try to 努力 You really must,try to,overcome your shyness.,try ing 试验,Try practicing,five hours a day.,I,mean to,go,but my father would not allow me to.打算、想,我想去，但我父亲不让我去。,To raise wage,means increasing,purchasing power.意味着,赠加工资意味着增加购置力。,27/96,prefer,使用方法：,我宁愿在这里等。,I,prefer,to wait here.,（所以啊，你不介意话，我就等下去。）,I,prefer,waiting here.,（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）,I,prefer,swimming to cycling.,（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）,28/96,分 词,3.分词,1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有来自及物动词,有来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine,29/96,来自不及物动词过去分词极少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这么用仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escaped prisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors,用作后置修饰语过去分词普通都带有修饰语或其它成份,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.,30/96,2)句法作用,a)作定语:distinguished guest 贵宾,unknown heroes 无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,canned food罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamed bread馒头,stricken area灾区,分词还可组成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单房间,clear-cut answer明确回复,highly-developed industry高度发展工业,heartfelt thanks衷心感激,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星,31/96,b)作补足语:能够带过去分词作宾语补足语动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.,make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.,like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义动词:I dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He wont like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.,32/96,c)过去分词短语惯用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.,过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.,有时也可说明动作发生时间,相当于一个表示时间状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.,间或也可表示一个假设情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.,偶然也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year,it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.,33/96,虚拟语气,条件句,34/96,10/5/,三种基本形式,If I had a bike,I would lend it to you.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式),If he had been here,he would have helped you.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时),If I should/were to do the experiment,I would do it some other way.(从句用should/were to,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式),35/96,if省略,1.Were you in my position,you would do the same.,2.Had he come earlier,he would have seen her.,3.Should they attack us,we would wipe them out completely.,36/96,If only,If only you would listen to reason.,If only I were ten years younger.,IF only he didnt drive so fast.,If only he had asked someones advice.,If I could only go to the concert.,If I could only/but/just explain.,37/96,I wish,I wish I knew the answer.,I wish I had known the address.,I wish I were young.,I wish you would stop asking silly questions.,I wished I knew his address.(发生在过去=I was sorry I didnt know his address.),I wished I were young.(=I was sorry I was not young.),38/96,Would rather,I would rather you told her the truth.,Id rather you came tomorrow.,Id rather(that)he painted it blue.,I,would(just)as soon,that John had not spoken rudely to me.,39/96,It is(high)time that.,It is time we_(leave).,It is time we _(go)to bed.,Its high time that you were in bed.,Its about time we left.,40/96,Its important that.,It is important that we _(speak)politely.,It is imperative that we_(practice)criticism and self-criticism,strange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriate compulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing,41/96,I insist that,I insist that we _(go)there by bus.,He suggested that we _(leave)early.,The judge ordered that the prisoner _(be)sentenced to 30 days in jail.,42/96,这些动词和名词后从句为should+V,advise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,require prefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desire,(stipulation),allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command,43/96,My suggestion.,My suggestion is that we,should,tell,him.,Our only request is that this,should be,settled as soon as possible.,request command necessity importance motion proposal resolution recommendation understanding,44/96,but for,otherwise,without,The storm delayed us.But for the storm we would have been in time.,I used my calculator;otherwise Id have taken much longer.,Supposing I accepted this offer,what would you say?,Without you timely help,my daughter would have drowned.,45/96,情态动词,情态动词（model verb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝说、意愿等概念或态度。主要情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，ought to，need，dare等。情态动词没有些人称和数改变，其后常跟不带to不定式。,46/96,1.,情态动词普通使用方法：,(1),表示能力:can,could,be able to,He is over 80 but still can read without glasses.,She couldnt come yesterday.,He cant come tomorrow.,47/96,can/could 与be able to 使用方法比较,1）be able to 除有普通现在时、普通过去时、普通未来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing 形式等。,This is the information Ive been able to get so far.,To be able to ride a bike,she practiced a lot.,Just being able to drive a horse,a cart isnt much help to us.,2)could表示过去总、经常性能力；was/were able to 表示过去详细情况下含有能力，而且做了某动作。,He could speak French,so he was able to show the French lady the way.,3)表示未来能力惯用will be able to.,When will you be able to take us to town?,48/96,(2),表示许可：can/could,may/might;cant,may not,mustnt,must not,1)咨询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could 或may/might 表示。May 用于正式场所，can 用于非正式场所，could 用于客气问询，might 极少用。,You can go at four oclock.,Could I borrow your pen?,Students may take 3 books each.,Might I ask whether you are using the typewriter?,2)表示“不允许”用 cant,may not,mustnt；must not 语气重。,You cant leave the table unless you finish your meal.,Put that cigarette out.You must not smoke near a petrol pump!,3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其它表示方式。,We had been/were given permission to speak to the patient.,但在间接引语中表示过去“许可”，可用could，might。,The nurse said that we could/might speak to the patient for just a few minutes.,49/96,(3),表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;cant,1）may,might 用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示可能性大些。,Why isnt John in class?He may/might be sick.,maybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybe he is sick.,2)在日常口语中惯用can/could 表示“可能”。,You can/could walk for miles in the country without meeting anyone.,Can the news be true?No,it cant be true.,3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用cant表示“必定不”、“必定不会”。,You must be hungry after a long walk.,The phone is ringing,but there is no answer.She cant be at home.,50/96,（4）表示必须和需要：must,have to,need,1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用neednt“无须”。,You must be here at nine oclock.,Must you go soon?No,I neednt go yet.,2)have to 表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。,I have to be back at school by eight.I have a lot of work to do tonight.,We dont have to wear uniforms in school.,l,口语中惯用have got to 表示“必须”。,I have got to leave now.I have a meeting in ten minutes.,51/96,3)need 表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；必定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。,Need he go now?Yes,he must.No he neednt.,l,need 惯用作实义动词。,You need to learn the value of time.,You didnt need to tell him the news.,Does she need to go?,52/96,（5）表示责任和劝说:should,ought to,must,had better,1),用should和ought to 表示责任和劝说，后者语气重些,You should/ought to do as you are told.,Such things shouldnt/ought not to be allowed.,2),有时也用must 表示责任和劝说。,You must see the movie.Its wonderful.,3),口语中也惯用had better 表示劝说，意为“最好做/不做某事”。,You had better take care of yourself.,Youd better not make a mistake next time.,Hadnt you better see who is at the door?,53/96,（6）表示提议：shall，may/might as well,may/might just as well,1),“shall I/we”表示征求对方对提议看法。,Shall we carry the boxes into the house?,Lets go,shall we?,2),may/might as well,may/might just as well 表示推荐更佳方案，提议另一个做法，意为“倒不如”，“不也一样吗？”。,We may as well stay here tonight.,You might just as well tell the truth,.,54/96,(7),表示许诺：shall,shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人许诺。,You shall have your money back next week.,If he passes the exam,he shall have a holiday.,55/96,(8),表示意愿：shall,will/would,1),you/he/they shall 表示说话人强烈意愿，甚至威胁。,You shall pay for this.,They shall do what I tell them to do.,l,在法律条文、规章制度中，shall 表示“必须”。,Each competitor shall wear a number.,56/96,2,),will/would 表示动作者愿意。,I will lend you the book if you need it.,I wont do it again.,I have been trying to open the door,but the key wont turn.,l,“will you/would you”在以下句中表示客气提议、问询。,Will you please have a drink?,Would you please pass me the salt?,Would you like a cup of tea?,Would you mind if I opened the window?,Would you mind opening the window?Would you mind my opening the window?,l,would 还表示过去习惯。等于used to,On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.,57/96,(9)表示勇敢：dare,dare 表示“勇于”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。,He dare not try.,How dare you open the letter?,If you dare say a word,Ill strike you down.,l,dare 还惯用作实义动词。,He dare to surf in heavy waters.,l,daresay 或 dare say，表示probably,I suppose.,I dare say he will come home late.,58/96,2.,情态动词特殊使用方法,（1）,情态动词+不定式完成时,1）,can/could,may/might,must+have+动词过去分词,用于必定句：表示对过去事件主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“可能”、“一定”已发生。,Tom could have taken the dictionary.I saw him using it last Sunday.,I cant find my sunglasses.I may/might have left them at the restaurant yesterday.,You screamed in your sleep last night.You must have had a terrible dream.,用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“可能”、“一定”没有发生。,She couldnt have finished her work so soon.,She may not have seen you.,Dad mustnt have washed the dishes last night.,59/96,2)should/ought to+have+动词过去分词。,用于必定句：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做动作，意为“本应该”。,I didnt ask her.Its a pity.You should have asked her.You ought to have asked everyone.,用于否定句：评论过去“
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