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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,英语A级单项选择&填空,第1页,1.虚拟语气,4.时态,14.词形转换,2.定语从句,3.状语从句,11.倒装句,12.强调句,8.比较级和最高级,6.分词作状语,7.分词作定语,10.同位语,9.先行词 it,15.词组,5.被动语态,13.动词+-ing/-to do,第2页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,虚拟语气,概念：,虚拟语气用来表示说话人主观愿望或假想，所说是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。,考点：,1.由if引导虚拟条件句,If,从句,主句,表示对现在情况假设,过去式did(,*,be动词用were),should/would do,*表示对过去情况假设,had,done,should/would/might/,could have,done,第3页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,注意,：假如连接词if省略，从句中助动词（had）要移到主语之前，形成部分倒装。,练习题：,1.If he had taken,the lawyers advice,he(save)_ himself a great deal of trouble.,2.He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he(take)_ part in that activity with the team.,第4页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3._ last Friday,he would have got to Paris.,A.Would he leave B.Had he left,C.If he is to leave D.If he was leaving,4.If I(be)_ you,I would not miss the job interview tomorrow morning.,第5页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,考点：,2.在表示命令、决定、提议等词语之后that-分句中,分句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原型。,（1）用在demand,insist（坚持）,order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest等动词之后that-分句中。,Be-型虚拟语气,第6页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,（2）用在advisable（可取、明智）,desirable（称心合意）,essential（必要、必不可少）,important,impossible,necessary,proper等形容词后that-分句中。,（3）用在decision,demand,order,requirement（需要）等名词后that-分句中。,第7页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,练习题：,1.The representative of the company demanded that part of the agreement _ revised.,A.will be B.is C.to be D.be,2.It is suggested that the president of the Union(make)_ a speech on behalf of all the workers.,3.It is important that he(be)_ called back immediately.,第8页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,考点：,3.“情态动词+完成时态”不一样使用方法,（1）,*,should have done,表示“应该做某事（不过没有做）”,shouldnt have done sth,表示“本不应该做某事（而做了）”,（2）must have done,对过去时间里可能发生事情推测，表示,“,一定做了某事”。,否定形式是“couldn,t have done,”,（3)neednt have done sth,表示“本没必要做某事（却做了）”,（4)would like to have done sth,表示“本打算做某事（却没做）”,第9页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.This ATM has been out of service for a few days.It should _ last week.,A.fix B.be fixed,C.have fixed D.have been fixed,2.Jack must _(go)away-we can not find him anywhere in the factory.,练习题：,第10页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3Tom _ the party as no one saw him there yesterday morning.,A.can not attend,B.mustnt attend,C.wont have attended,D.couldnt have attended,表示,“禁止”,第11页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,考点：,4、其它特殊句式,（1）Its high time that,That从句惯用到虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式，表示“到了该做时候了！”,练习题：,I think it is high time we _(take)strict measures to stop pollution.,第12页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,（2）wish,would rather(sooner)后宾语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气。,动词形式,使用方法,a.过去式(did),表示当初未实现愿望,b.过去完成时(had done),表示过去未实现愿望,c.过去未来时(would do),表示未来不大可能实现愿望,第13页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,一、形容词性从句概要,定义：,形容词性从句普通称为定语从句，在句子中起,定语作用,，修饰一个,名词,或,代词,，有时可修饰一个,句子,。,结构：,被定语从句修饰词叫,先行词,。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，由关系词引导。,先行词+关系词+定语从句,形容词性从句定语从句,第14页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Here is a boy,and he damaged the vase.,Here is the boy(who damaged the vase).,先行词,关系代词（作主语）,2.My cousin is an engineer,and he went to Europe last week.,My cousin,who is an engineer,went,to Europe last week.,先行词,关系代词（作主语）,第15页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,二、定语从句分类,限制性关系分句,非限制性关系分句,1,限制性关系分句和它先行项所指意义有着不可分割联络，缺乏了它，作为先行项名词（词组）便不能明确表示其所指对象。,非限制性关系分句和它先行项之间只有比较涣散联络，所以，假如省略一个非限制性关系分句，并不影响先行项所指意义。,2,在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常,不用逗号,。,在口语中有停顿，在书写中惯用逗号隔开。,3,Here is the boy who damaged the vase.,My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.,第16页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,限制性关系分句,非限制性关系分句,指 人,指 物,指人,指物,作,主,语,who,that,which,that,who/whom/whose,which,作,宾,语,whom/who,/that/zero,which/that/zero,作介词补足成份,whom,which,定语从句中,关系,代词,选择,成份,关系,代词,第17页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句中,关系,副词,选择,1.when 表示时间,2.where表示地点,3.why表示原因,它们在定语从句中都充当,状语成份,。,第18页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The advertising company recently hired a designer _D_ had once won a prize in a national contest.,A.whose B.which C.whom D.who,2.It is important to provide an environment _C_ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company.,A.from which B.on which,C.in which D.for which,练习题：,第19页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3.Once more I have to leave Beijing,_B_ I have been living for eight years.,A.that B.where C.which D.as,4.There is no evidence _B_ oil price will come down in the near future.,（同位语）,A.which B.that C.where D.as,第20页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5.It was not such a good job _C_ she had read about in the advertisement.,A.like,B.which,C.as,D.what,such that引导是“结果状语从句”,第21页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,状语从句,1.时间状语从句,当时候,when,while,as,在之前,before,在之后,after,一就,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,直到,直到,才,until/till,not,until/till,词例,含义,第22页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday.,A.until B.because C.if D.since,2.They,had talked,only for a few minutes _ they,found,they were of different opinions.,A.unless B.while C.before D.once,3.I,will ask,Mr.Smith to ring you up _ he,comes,back to the office.,A.when B.where C.because D.although,主将从现,只出现在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,第23页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,4.They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa.,A.will come,B.is coming,C.came,D.comes,第24页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,类别,词例,2,条件状语从句,if 假如,unless 除非，若不,3,原因状语从句,because 因为,since 既然,4,让步状语从句,though/although 即使,even if/though 即使,5,结果状语从句,so+a./ad.+that 如此,以至于,6,目标状语从句,so that,in order that,in case以免、以防万一,lest省得,目标是,第25页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5.He was attending a meeting,_ he would have come to your party yesterday.,A.unless B.when C.but D.or,6.She did not go to the party last night,_ she had to finish her term paper.,A.if B.though C.till D.because,7.Young _ he is,he has proved to be an able salesman.A.that B.who C.as D.which,as组成让步状语从句：,名词词组/形容词+as+主语+谓语,尽管他是个孩子，他对软件编程却直到很多。,Child as he is,he knows much about software programming.,第26页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,普通时态,进行时态,完成时态,完成进行时态,现在,write,writes,am,is,are,has,have,has,have,过去,wrote,was,were,had written,had been writing,未来,shall,will,shall,will,shall,will,shall,will,过去未来,should,would,should,would,should,would,should,would,writing,written,been writing,writing,write,be,writing,have,written,have been writing,write,be,writing,have,written,have been writing,第27页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成时,has/have done,使用方法,已完成,未完成,动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出过去时间，现在已完成并和现在情况联络。,是指动作或状态从过去某时开始继续到现在，可能继续下去.,例句,e.g.Hes turned off the light.,e.g.Hes lived here since 1960.,注释,灯在一个过去时间被关掉，说话时依然关着。,他从1960年来到这里居住，至今还住在这里。,第28页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,过去完成时把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联络-表示过去过去。,e.g.She told me her name after I,had asked,(ask)her twice.(p67-4-6),过去完成时,had done,现在,她告诉我她名字,我问她名字,do,did,had done,第29页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成（进行）时经常与since-词组或since-分句连用，表示“自某时以来”一直进行或者未进行某项活动。,主句（现在完成时/现在完成进行时），since-从句（普通过去时）,e.g.I,have lived,in the dormitory,since I,arrived,here.,现在完成时,普通过去时,自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。,Since-结构,第30页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,by the end of,by the time,By the end of,By the time,到,时候为止,表示未来时间,词组或分句,，,主句时态（will have done),1.By the end of next month,we(find)_ a good solution to the technical problem.,2.By the time you come to see me next month,I _ my term paper.,A.have completed B.complete,C.am completing D.will have completed,第31页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,It,is/will be,+the first time that,分句,（现在完成时）,e.g.Is this the first time youve come to China?,It,was,the first time that,分句,（过去完成体）,e.g.It was the second time I,had been,(be)abroad.,“It is the first time+that 分句”中使用,Back,这是你第一次来中国吗？,这是我第二次出国,第32页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,Over,Thank you,第33页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,不定式作状语,*,（）表示目标,e.g.We will go to the clinic tomorrow,to be examined by the doctor.,（）表示结果,e.g.He hurried home only,to find that his grandfather was dead,.,（）表示原因,e.g.He was lucky,to have found the lost child,.,分词作状语,第34页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ing分词作状语,（）作时间状语,e.g.（When we were)Climbing to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.,（）,*,作原因状语,e.g.Having worked hard all day,I was ready for bed all day.,（）,*,作伴随状语,e.g.He ran up to her,breathing heavily.,表示主动,第35页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ed分词作状语,(1),*,作时间状语,e.g.(When it is)Heated,the metal expands.,(2),*,作原因状语,e.g.(Because he was)Deeply moved,he thanked her again and again.,表示被动,第36页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers.,A.attract B.attracted,C.to attract D.attracts,2._ by the failure of the project,the manager could hardly say a word.,A.To be shocked B.Shocked,C.Be shocked D.Shocking,练习题：,第37页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3._that I was not going to get much chance for promotion,I soon became bored with my work.,A.To realize,B.Realizing,C.Being realized D.Realized,4._ up at the clock on the wall,the secretary found it was already midnight.,A.Looking B.Look,C.To look D.Looked,第38页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5._ to find the proper job,he decided to give up job-hunting in this city.,A.Failed B.Being failed,C.To fail,D.Having failed,6.The research group has submitted a report,(suggest)_ reforms to be made.,7.When(ask)_ about the advertising campaign of the new product,the manager said it was a great success.,第39页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,分词作定语,-ing（现在）分词和-ed（过去）分词作定语主要差异在于：,1.现在分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰是发出该动作名词，即与名词有主谓关系)和进行”。,e.g.There are a lot of fans,hoping,for a glimpse of the movie stars.,第40页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,2.过去分词表示“被动(过去分词修饰是承受该动作名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。,e.g.Computers,imported from abroad,are usually more expensive.,e.g.A,lost,opportunity never returns.,注：单个分词通常放在被修饰名词之前，分词短语普通置于所修饰中心词后面.,第41页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,不定式作定语,第42页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.,A.Writing,B.written,C.to write D.to be written,2.The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success.,A.holding B.being held,C.to hold,D.to be held,练习题：,第43页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3.With the help of the police,the woman finally found her(lose)_ child after a sleepless.,4.It was in his childhood that he read most of the books(write)_ by Mark Twain.,5.The tall building(complete)_ last month is our new classroom building.,6.Finally the woman found her(lose)_ child with the help of the police.,第44页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,形容词、副词比较级和最高级规则改变,kind,kinder,kindest,clear,clearer,clearest,complicated,more complicated,most complicated,clever,cleverer,more clever,cleverest,most clever,happy,happier,happiest,narrow,narrower,narrowest,fast,faster,fastest,clearly,more clearly,most clearly,wisely,more wisely,most wisely,第45页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,bad/badly,worse,worst,good/well,better,best,old,older/elder,oldest/eldest,far,farther/further,farthest/furthest,much/many,more,most,little,less,lest,形容词、副词比较级和最高级不规则改变,第46页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Successful companies concentrate(much)_ on selling their products to their existing customers than to their new ones.,2.The guest paid(little)_ money than he should for the room.,3.The price of petrol is much(high)_ now than it was this time last year.,填空题：,第47页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,先行词 it,it充当,形式主语,或,形式宾语,，后面真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词或名词性分句。,形式主语,1._ is reported in the newspapers that the talks between the two companies have not made any progress.,A.That B.What C.It D.As,第48页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,练习题：,3.They regard _ as their duty to provide the best service for their customers.,A.this B.what C.it D.that,形式宾语,2.It is my great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony.,A.to invite B.inviting,C.having invited D.to be invited,第49页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,4.I do not think it necessary(discuss)_ the matter with him before the problem is settled.,Keys:,1.C,2.D,3.C,4.to discuss,第50页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,同位语从句,同位语从句通惯用that引导，且that在从句中不充当任何成份，是对名词内容进行解释说明.,可用同位语从句修饰名词有：,news,fact,idea,promise,question,doubt,hope,evidence,suggestion,thought,message等。,第51页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The message _ Mr.Black was elected chairman of the committee arrived just in time.,A.which B.what C.that D.how,2.News came from the sales manager _ the new product had been selling well in the local market for three months.,A.whose B.what C.which D.that,练习题：,第52页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,倒装（Inversion）,概念,例句,部分倒装,操作词（即助动词,e.g.have/has/had,did/do/does,等）置于主语之前。,我认为这几乎是不可能。,I Hardly thought it possible.,Hardly did I think it possible.,全部,倒装,是指主语和谓语位置完全颠倒，即整个谓语置于主语之前。,Under the tree were sitting a group of children.,第53页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,I.部分倒装(Partial Inversion),(1)当句首为,否定词,或,带有否定意义词语,时，普通引发部分倒装,e.g.few,little,never,hardly,rarely,scarcely,seldom,no soonerthan,Hardlywhen,not onlybut also,*,not until,by no means 等.,应用：,第54页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Little they realized that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.,2.Rarely we have seen a person with such bad temper.,Little,did they realize,that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.,Rarely,have we seen,a person with such bad temper.,改错题：,第55页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,(2)句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”。“only+状语分句”组成，也引发部分倒装。,只有当你亲自去做时候，才能明白这项工作室多么艰辛。,Only,when you do it yourself can you understand how hard the work is.,翻译题：,第56页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,（3).“So+副词,that,（部分倒装）”,“So+形容词,that,（全部倒装）”,选择题：,So_ after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night.,A.excited the mother was,B.was the mother excited,C.the mother was excited,D.excited was the mother,第57页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,The workmen finished their work so quick that they were giving a bonus.,So quick,did the workmen finish their,work that they were giving a bonus.,句型转换：,第58页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,句型结构：It is(was)+强调成份(除谓语成份）+that(who)+句子（原句中剩下部分）.,当被强调部分指“人”时，that可换作who。,句子开头用it is还是it was，通常取决于其后从句谓语动词是现在时还是过去时。,强调句:,第59页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,（P124-6-1）,她提议我们去图书馆。,是她提议我去图书馆。,She suggested we go to the library.,It was,she,that/who suggested we go to the library.,1.强调主语,第60页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,我们英语老师送给我一本字典。,我们英语老师送给我是这本字典。,Our English gave me a dictionary.,It was this dictionary that our English gave me.,2.强调宾语,第61页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,我上周接到通知。,我是在上周接到通知。,I got the notice last week.,It was last week that I got the notice.,3.强调状语,第62页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,It was,not until,the accident happened _ .,(年6月A级),A.when I realized my carelessness,B.that I realized my carelessness,C.as I realized my carelessness,D.when my carelessness has been realized,选择题：,第63页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,You worked very hard yesterday.,那怎样强调谓语呢？,You,did,work very hard yesterday.,第64页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,动词+-ing/-to do,1.,*,只能带-ing分词动词,这类动词常见有：avoid,admit,cant help,consider,dislike,dont mind,imagine,include,(enjoy,finish,give up).,2.只能带不定式动词,这类动词常见有：agree,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,prepare,promise,refuse.,第65页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3.既能直接带-ing又能带-to do动词,（1）意义无甚区分,这类动词常见有：attempt,begin,continue,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,require,start.,第66页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,(2)意义有区分,表一：,remember to do sth,记得去做某事,remember doing sth,记得曾经做过事,forget to do sth,忘记去做某事,forget doing sth,忘记曾经做过事,regret to do sth,对即将要做事情感到遗憾,regret doing sth,后悔曾经做过事情,第67页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,stop to do sth,停下来做另外一件事情,stop doing sth,停顿做某事,go on to do sth,继续做另外一件事情,go on doing sth,继续做某事,表二：,第68页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,mean to do sth,表示“打算”,mean doing sth,表示“意味着”,try to do sth,表示“努力、设法”,try doing sth,表示“试着”,表三：,第69页,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Mr.Smith considered(sell)_ his car and his house before moving to Beijing.（A级）,2.I wondered why the boy often avoided(talk)_ with his
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