高中英语句子成分和句子种类(1).doc

句子成分和句子种类详解句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。I 句子成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语等。 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分； 表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。1. 主语：主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、 数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。 Subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. 1）名词：The students are learning grammar. Our teacher speaks very fast. 2）代词：She is writing. He likes playing tennis. 3）数词：Five is an odd number. Six is my favourite number. 4）不定式：To learn English well is important. It is not easy to remember all rules. 5）动名词：Swimming is interesting. Learning grammar well is difficult. 6）主语从句：What I said is true. What we cant get seems better than what we have. 2. 谓语：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、 数和时态的变化。 Predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader. 1）简单谓语 动词：He bought a dictionary yesterday. 动词短语：He is looking for his pen. 2）复合谓语 系动词+表语：We are students. 情态动词+不定式：I may be wrong. 动词+不定式：We have to do something for them. 3. 表语：表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身 份等。充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。 Predicative expresses the status, characteristics or the quality of the subject. 1）名词：He is a doctor. Mr. Scott is a farmer. 2）代词：It is me. Thats something we have always to keep in mind. 3）数词：My lucky number is nine. She was the first to learn about it. 4）形容词：The classroom is big. His hair has gone white. 5）副词：I am here. 6）介词：We are in the classroom. 7）动名词：My job is teaching them grammar. = Teaching them grammar is my job. 8）分词：The film is exciting. Time is pressing. Lets hurry up. 9）不定式短语：My job is to teach them grammar. All I can do is to send her a telegram. 10）表语从句：He looks as if he were going to cry. The suggestion is that we should recite more words. 注意：名词：身份、性质、内容。 形容词：特点、特征。4. 宾语：宾语为动作的承受者。 Object represents the person or the thing that something is done to or the person who is concerned in the result of an action. 1）名词：He is drinking water. Ive bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 2）代词：The teacher is talking to her. They didnt promise him anything. 3）数词：I like six. I want the first. 4）动名词：He likes watching TV. I enjoyed working with you. 5）不定式：I want to buy a book. My father likes to swim in winter. 6）宾语从句：He asked if he might go there. Did you write down what she said? 注意：英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。 1）单宾语：I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? Please stop making noise. Do you understand what I mean? 2）双宾语：双宾语指动词后面接指人和指物的两个宾语。 （指人的宾语叫间接宾语；指物的宾语叫直接宾语） 其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb. + sth. Please tell me how the accident came about. （me为间接宾语，how从句为直接宾语） The teacher asked me a question. （me为间接宾语，a question为直接宾语） 当直接宾语与间接宾语位置调换时，须在间接宾语前加介词 to/ for等。 Would you like to do me a favor? = Would you like to do a favor for me? 3）复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间具有 逻辑上的主谓关系。 We all find him a nice boy. （him为宾语，a nice boy为宾语补足语） I saw a stranger waving to me. （a stranger为宾语，waving to me为宾语补足语） 4）同源宾语：同源宾语指由名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾 语，前面常有修饰语。 laugh a good laugh大笑 smile a gentle smile 微微一笑 live a happy life 过着幸福生活 die a glorious death 死得光荣 dream a beautiful dream 作美梦 sing a sweet song 唱了一首甜 美的歌 blow a heavy blow 沉重地一击5. 同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的 句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。 Appositive is the further information after a noun or a pronoun referring to who or what. 1）名词：Zhang Sir, our grammar teacher is humorous. This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital. 2）代词：He himself did it. 3）数词：The year, 1988 is important. We two will go shopping this afternoon. 4）动名词：My task, looking after these children is important. 5）不定式：My job, to teach them grammar is hard. 6）同位语从句：I had no idea that you were here. The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful. 6. 定语：定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。 Attributive is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. 前置定语：1）名词：I want an English-Chinese dictionary. He has bought a grammar book. 2）代词：This is my bag. No difficulty whatever can stop our advance. 3）数词：There are two policeman in the street. Please read the first paragraph. 4）冠词：This is a desk. 5）形容词：I like red apples. He gave me a vivid description of the battle. 6）动名词：This is a sleeping car. The swimming pool is wonderful. 后置定语：7）副词：The students here are good. The buildings around are of modern construction. 8）介词：The students in the classroom are good. The book on the desk is mine. 9）不定式：I have an apple to eat. I have a lot of homework to do. 注意：当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时，不定式用主 动形式表被动。 10）定语从句：The students who are in the classroom are good. The boy who went to the library is our monitor. 注意：是作前置定语还是后置定语取决于自身的长度。 11）分词：现在分词：This is a sleeping boy. The sleeping boy is my brother. There are some boys playing outside. 过去分词：This is a broken glass. She is taking care of the newly-born child. We must solve the problems left by history. 注意：动名词作定语，表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。 This is a sleeping car. = This is a car used for sleeping. 分词作定语，表示所修饰名词的动作或状态。 I like the children playing on the ground. This is a glass broken by that kid. 7. 状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、 方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。 Adverbial is usually used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb or a sentence. 英语中有十大状语：1）时间状语： He is to fly to London tomorrow. 2）地点状语： The meeting was held in Harbin. 3）方式状语： The workers there are paid by the week, not by the month. 4）比较状语： He worked as fast as a skilled worker. 5）程度状语： He loves his son very much. 6）原因状语： Because of the warm and sunny weather, oranges grow very well here. 7）目的状语： We do it in this way so as to save time. 8）结果状语： He returned home to find his father dead. 9）条件状语： Without plants, animals could not live in the world. 10）让步状语： In spite of all his efforts, he failed. 注意：十大状语，九大状语从句。程度状语没有状语从句，由程 度副词或现在分词来担任。 1）名词：He will go to Japan tomorrow. 2）副词：Liu Xiang runs fast. 3）形容词：He got home, cold and hungry. Unable to answer the question, he said nothing. 4）状语从句：Since he was unable to answer the question, he said nothing. He got up early so that he might catch the morning train. 注意：当状语从句位于主句前面时，必须有“，” 后面时，“，”可有可无 5）介词：We are learning grammar in the classroom. 6）不定式：They went to Beijing to visit a famous writer. They study hard to pass the examination. 7）分词：Seeing the notice, he ran away. Seem from the hill, the village is beautiful. 注意：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。 Settled, we began our work. The question settled, we began our work. 8）独立主格：名词/代词 + 名词：He talked about friends, all stars. 形容词：He stood there, his face red. 副词：Class over, the students went out of the classroom. 介词：The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 不定式短语：Much work to do, I dont think Ill have time to come and see you. 分词：Some boys making so much noise, I couldnt study. The question settled, we began our work. 8. 补语：补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。 Complement is used to form complete semantic meaning of a sentence. 补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动句时， 宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。 注意：补足语力求句意的完整，根据语意，不能随意拿掉。 1）名词：We call her Zhang Sir. She is called Zhang Sir by us. 形式主语，逻辑上的宾语 主动语态的主语变到介词后 注：被动语态主宾一体。 2）形容词：The letter made him sad. He was made sad by the letter. 3）介词：We consider her as our friend. She is considered as our friend. 注意：As our friend, she is kind. 状语可以随意拿掉 4）不定式短语：（受到动词的制约） Ill made him come in. 主语补足语 （bare infinitive） He will be made to come in by me. 主语补足语 The teacher made us recite the words. We were made to recite the words. 5）副词：Ill mad him in. He will be made in. Ill let him out. He will be let out. 注意：虚词不能独立在句子中作成分。 6）分词：I saw her crossing the street. He was seen crossing the street. 9. 独立成分：与句子没有关系或关系很松，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。 1）感叹词：感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。 Well, lets end the discussion! There, there! Never mind. Its nothing serious at all. 2）称呼语：称呼语作独立成分可置于句首、句中或句尾。 Direct address is used to address somebody in the conversation. 名词：Hurry up, children! 代词：You, stand up! Somebody, fetch a basin of water. 人名：Tom, come here. 3）插入语：Parenthesis is one or more words introduced as an added explanation or thought, and in writing usually enclosed at both ends by a bracket or a comma. 不定式：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you. 分词：Judging from your accent, you must be from Scotland. 介词短语：This, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issues. 形容词：Sure enough, enough planes came again the next day. 副词：Honestly, I dont need it at the moment. 从句：Whats more, 40 percent of the families would get an income of over 10000 yuan. 句子：The cross-talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive. III 句子结构 英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1. 简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独 立句子。 1）主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）。 Poems dont translate easily. 诗歌不好翻译。 My recent book sells very well. 我最近出的书销路很好。 2）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）。 I look forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望尽快收到你的来信。 You can put the dishes in the kitchen. 你可以把碟子放到厨房里。 3）主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。 This is my English book. 这是我的英语书。 The weather continued windy and rainy. 天气仍持续刮风下雨。 4）主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：The driver saved us a lot of trouble. 司机为我们省去了很多麻烦。 They have offered us 60,000 for the house. 他们已向我们出价六万美元买这所房子。 5）主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：We all think him an honest boy. 我们都认为他是个诚实的孩子。 I saw Little Tom being punished by his