初中英语“句型转换”题归类与指导(一).doc

初中英语“句型转换”题归类与指导
  每年的中考试卷中，“句型转换”题所占分值较大，是为了全面考查学生在初中阶段所学的词汇（同义或反义）、短语、句型和语法等方面的知识及其它的之间的灵活运用能力。
Ⅰ.题型介绍
所谓“句型转换”就是先给一个完整的句子A，再根据括号内的要求（有时没有明确，须自己观察），在第二个句子B的空白处填上适当的词来完成的句型转换。
Ⅱ.题型分类
从形式上看，有如下几种形式：
①     某一词或词组的转换； ②词组与句子的转换；   ③同义句型的转换； ④为纠正常犯语言错误而设计的题目。
从内容上看，此题型涉及的面较广，主要有：
①     句子功能方面的转换。包括陈述句（肯定与否定）、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种题的转换；
②     句子结构方面的转换。即简单句、复合句、并列句之间的转换；
③     ③语态的转换。即主动语态与被动语态之间的转换；④常用句型与词汇手段的转换。
Ⅲ.具体分类如下
一、陈述句与疑问句、祈使句、感叹句间的转换
 1、陈述句中肯定句变为否定句，大部分是用not来改变谓语结构，但也有借用否定意义的词，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
Tom does well in maths.---------Tom doesn’t do in maths.
He has much to do. ---------------He has nothing to do.
All of my classmates like art.----None of my classmates likes art.
 2、改为疑问句。根据上下句的结构和词的减少，来判断变为哪一种形式的疑问句。例如：
My brother often has breakfast at school.-------Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
Tom’s already weak in English.----------------Tom’s already weak in English, isn’t he ?
The red light changes every two minutes.-------How often does the red light change?
 3、改为感叹句。根据所给的句子结构和单词的词性，来确定使用哪一种感叹句的形式，例如：
This is an interesting book.---What an interesting book this is! 或 How interesting this book is!
 二、同义句转换
根据上句，写出一个意思相同（或相近）的下句，此类形式繁多，内容复杂，涉及面广，归类如下：

1、同义词或词组之间的转换。（通常上下句时态保持一致）。
常见的同义词或词组有：
(1)四个“花费”（spend—take—cost—take）；
(2)三个“到达”（get to—reach—arrive in/at）；
(3)四个“收到…来信”（hear from—get a letter from—receive a letter from—have a letter from）；
(4)两个“擅长于…”（be good at —do well in）；
(5)两个“有空”（be free—have time）；
(6)三个“入睡”（go to sleep—get to sleep—fall asleep）；
(7)两个“玩得开心”（enjoy oneself—have a good time）；
(8)“给…打电话”（call sb—telephone sb—ring sb. a call—make a telephone to sb.）
(9)“飞往…”（fly to…—go to…by air/plane）
(10)“自学”（teach oneself—learn…by oneself）
(11)在…方面帮助help…with…—help… (to)do…
(12)在…差be weak in…—do badly in…
(13)能/会…can—be able to
(14)更喜欢…like…better than…—prefer…to…
(15)充满了…be full of…—be filled with…
(16)放弃干…give up doing…—stop doing…
(17)不再… no longer—not …any longer
(18)照顾/保管 take care of…—look after
(19)展览 on show—on display
(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing—keep/prevent…from doing…
(21)由于 thanks to—because of…
(22)举手hands up—put up one’s hands
(23)最后，终于at last—in the end
(24)与…不同 be different from…—be not the same as…
(25)从…借入… borrow…from…—lend…to…
(26)乘公汽/火车/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi—take a bus /train/taxi to…
(27)乘自行车去… go to…by bike—ride a bike to…
(28)为…感到自豪 be proud of…—be the pride of…
(29)步行去… walk to…—go to…on foot
(30)独自地by oneself —alone等。
(31)多于，超过over = more than
例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
3、反义词之间的转换
常见的反义词或反义词组有：
（1）catch up with/fall behind
（2）the same as/different from
例如：
Tom borrowed a story book from the boy just now.
The boy _____a story book _____Tom just now. （Borrow…from…与lend…. To…之间的转换）

4、运用派生词或多义词改写：
如：
The snow was heavy last night.（改写同义句）=It snowed heavily last night.
The rain was heavy yesterday evening. =It ______ _______ yesterday evening.

5、同义句型之间的转化
常见的同义句型有：
①It seems that 从句→Somebody seems（to be）+adj/n
②It’s kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do…
③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What’s the meaning of…?
④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with…
⑤not…until…与when/after/before引导的时间状语从句的转换
⑥What’s wrong with…?→What’s the matter with…?
⑦How is…?→What’s…like…?
⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?
⑧It’s time that…→It’s time for sb. to do…
⑨It’s said that…→People say that…
⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?

例如：
I went to bed after I finished my homework.-----I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.

6、if引导的条件状语从句的转化

例如：
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.-----Unless it rains tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.
If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.------Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
Fish can’t live if there is no water.------Fish can’t live without water.

7、现在完成时态中的一句多译。在现在完成时态中，结束性动词不能与时间段连用，必须改成相应的延续性动词。常见的动词转换有：
buy—have, borrow—keep, die—be dead, open—be open,
join—be in+组织/be a +成员, begin—be on, leave—be away from, close—be closed,
arrive in/ get to/ come/go to—be in/at, finish—be over, go to sleep—be asleep， get up—be up.
例如：
The old man died five months ago.-----The old man has been dead since five months ago.
-----The old man has been dead for five months.
-----It’s five months since the old man died.
-----Five months has passed since the old man died.

8、简单句与复合句之间的转换

①     含宾语从句的复合句与简单句的转换
例如：
I saw they were playing football on the playground. ------I saw them playing football on the playground.
The teacher found that she was very clever.--------The teacher found her very clever.
He found that it was hard to learn English well.----------He found it hard to learn English well.
We are sure that we will win to first match.---------We are sure to win to first match.

由疑问代词/副词引导的宾语从句可转化为“疑问句+不定式”结构
例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don’t know what we should do next.
B：We don’t know what to do next.

② 由when/after/before/while/since/until引导的时间状语从句可转化为when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.

When sb. +be+数词+years old→at the age of+岁数
例如
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

③ 由so…that…引导的结果状语从句可转化为too…to do或…enough to do……
例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry. 或：The box isn’t light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.

④由so that 引导的目的状语从句可转化为in order to do
例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.

⑤ 由because 引导的原因状语从句可转化为because of…
例如：
We didn’t go to the park because it rained.-------We didn’t go to the park because of the rain.

⑥ 定语从句可以转化为介词短语或分词短语
例如：
The man who is on the bike is Jim.-------The man on the bike is Jim.
The man who is driving the red car is my boss.-----------The man driving the red car is my boss.
The girl who is called Mary is my sister.-----------The girl called Mary is my sister.

9、用并列连词neither…nor；either…or…；both…and…；not only…but also…连句
例如：
A：I haven’t seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn’t either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
A:.He hasn’t been to France.. I haven’t been to France, either.(合成一句，意思不变)
B:____ he _____I ______ been to France. (答案为：Neither, nor, have. )
注意：neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词依靠近它的主语而定，即“就近原则”，但是both…and用来连接两个主语时，谓语复数。

10、形容词、副词二级之间的转化
not．．．so/as．．．= less+原级+than;
比较级+than any other+单数名词
例如：
He isn’t as/so tall as I . = He is less tall than I . = He isn’t taller than I .
Chinese is the most important subject of all.---------Chinese is more important than any other subject.
This exercise is easier than the other two.--------------This exercise is the easiest of the three.
John is the tallest student in his class. -------John is ______than ____ _____ _____in his class.
11、it 做形式主语的转换

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