高中英语语法填空题、阅读理解、写作素材知识总结.docx

一、高中英语语法填空题技巧

（一）已给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题可以考查学生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种，一是词的形、数、式的变化，一是词的派生变化。在判断出词的变化之后还应该进一步审题，看是否需要使用复合的变化形式，这一点是很重要的。

技巧一：名词形式变化
名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例：There are many students living at school，the(child) houses are all far from schoo1．由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数，且作为houses的定语，所以应用其所有格形式，故答案为child的复合变化形式—— 复数的所有格children’s。

技巧二：动词形式变化
动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气)，有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。
例：A talk(give) tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is written是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。

技巧三：代词形式变化
代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no one／none、other／another等。
例：The king decided to see the painter by(he).由介词by可以看出，横线处应填反身代词himself。

技巧四：形容词、副词比较级变化
英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀一er和．est，或在词前Imore／less和most／least，且形容词的最高级还要冠以the。
例：I am— —(tall)than Liu Wen．He is the tallest students in my class．此题后句交代了LiuWen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。

技巧五：数词形式变化
数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀一teen、ty的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及one／two的特殊变化形式 once／twice
例：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses．My eldest son shall take a half，my second son shall take a (three).从上下文连续起来理解，这是一个分马的计划，大儿子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填入作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标。

技巧六：词的派生
词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。
例：Lious lost his wallet yesterday，SO he was very____(happiness)．在这道题中，学生很容易判断出该用形容词；钱包丢了，人应该是不开心的，所以要再加个前缀un，就成了unhappy。

（二）未给单词提示题型的技巧
技巧七：固定短语结构
根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。
例1：The children were playing on the ground，enjoying____，dirty but happy.从句中的happy可以 猜出孩子们是开心的，所以应用enj0y oneself短语，故其答案为themselves。
例2：His boss was____angry as to fire him．如果“跳过”横线后面的angry，就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语so...as to...，所以，so是正解。

技巧八：从句引导
从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。
例1：He did not done_____his father had asked him to do．审题可知，横线所在为宾语从句的引导词，此引导词在从旬中充当宾语，且指物，所以是what。
例2：Those_____want to go to the village must sign here．经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词，进一步观察可知先行词为those，且指人，所以只能填入who，在定语从句中做主语。

技巧九：短语动词结构
短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例1：The us consists____fifty states．根据常识可知，美国由50个州组成，故横线处与前一词组合，表示“由......组成”，所以答案是of。
例2：Mrs Baker was ill，so her daughter had to ask forleave to take_____of her．生病需要人照顾，所以答案是care，与前后词构成take care of。

技巧十：短语介词结构
短语介词即多个词的组合。起介词作用的短语，如：except for，due to等。
例1：Mr Smith took a plane to London____of taking a train.此题中说到两种交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思，故答案为instead，以构成介词短语instead of。
例2：Just then，he saw a blackboard in_____of him.细心观察，可以看出填人front即可构成in front of，此题得解。

技巧十一：连词、关联短语结构
常用的连词有and，or，but，so，for，while等，常用的关联短语有both…and...，either…or...，neither…nor...，not only…but also...等。
例1：Little Wang Jun could not go to school，_____his family was too poor．此处表示原因，引导的分句其实是一种解释说明，不是必然的因果关系，且前面有逗号隔开，所以填for。
例2：____Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre．横线处的词与后面可以构成both?and，故答案为Both。

技巧十二：冠词、介词和常用的副词
冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的量还是比较多，如：however，never，yet，much等。
例1：Jackie likes to drive at____ high speed．这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法，答案为a，构成at a high speed，“以高速”开车。
例2：Old Tom’s granddaughter used to visit him_____Saturday afternoon．Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介词in，而用on才是正解。
例3：Though Liu Qiang did the same work____Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay______Zhang Wen.第一条横线可由前面的the same断出用as，第二条横线则可由lower断出比较意义，故答案为than。
例4：It was only one day left，_____，his father had no idea to answer him．观察上下句，可以看出是转折关系，且横线与前后用逗号隔开，排除but，所以答案是however。

技巧十三：上下文中出现的相关词
这一招是最为灵活的，但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个已出现的词，或其反义词，或其同类的某个词。
答案的线索可能在本句，可能出现在上下相连的一句，还可能出现在比较远的地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句，则线索可能在上下段的首句；如果横线出现在某段的末句，则线索可能在上下段的末句，以此类推。
例：Tony____travelling abroad，but dislikes staying home watching TV．由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断，此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。

二、阅读理解

（一）阅读理解(2019·安徽合肥调研)
Invisible Dialogues and Invented Languages·July 13,2018
This discussion will examine selftaught artists who use coded or invented languages in their work.Artists include Melvin Edward Nelson, and Carlo Keshishian.Exploring the relationship between language and visual expressions, it seeks to find out how some unreadable words, letters, and symbols communicate meaning.·6：30 pm－8：00 pm·$10 members, students, seniors；$12  nonmembersArt and Storytelling·July 20,2018Artist Ernesto Caivano will discuss the connection of drawing and stories in his work, while examining how his explorations of storytelling relate to his previous works.Another activity includes conversations with artists and scholars, providing a good opportunity to engage with the central themes and histories found in the artwork.·6：30 pm－7：30 pm·$5members, students, seniors; $8 nonmembersSelf－Taught Genius·July 27,2018Sponsor Sarah Suzuki will discuss selected drawings and prints on view in the exhibition Highlights from SelfTaught Genius in a guided gallery tour.The program is held together with the exhibition Highlights from SelfTaught Genius at the newly opened SelfTaught Genius Gallery in Long Island City, Queens.·6：00 pm－7：00 pm·$5 members, students, seniors; $8 nonmembersGender，Politics，and Textiles(纺织品)·August 3,2018Art historian Julia BryanWilson will present an illustrated overview of her publication Fray: Art and Textile Politics.Julia will explore the relationship between textiles, gender, and war.A book signing will follow the discussion.·6：30 pm－8：00 pm·$8 members, students, seniors; $10 nonmembers

[语篇解读]本文为应用说明文。本文对四项活动作了详细的介绍，目的就是为这些活动做广告。
1．Who will talk about drawing and stories?A．Ernesto Caivano.　　　　B．Sarah Suzuki.C．Melvin Edward.D．Julia BryanWilson.A　[细节理解题。根据Art and Storytelling部分中的Artist Ernesto Caivano will discuss the connection of drawing and stories in his work，可知，Ernesto Caivano会在他的作品中讨论绘画和故事的关系。]
2．Which of the activities is available in August, 2018?A．SelfTaught Genius.B．Art and Storytelling.C．Gender, Politics, and Textiles.D．Invisible Dialogues and Invented Languages.C　[细节理解题。最后一部分Gender, Politics, and Textiles(纺织品)中的最后一句Art and Textile Politics.Julia will explore the relationship between textiles, gender, and war.A book signing will follow the discussion.朱莉娅将探索性别、纺织品和战争之间的关系。] 
3．What is the purpose of the text?A．To advertise some activities.B．To introduce some artists.C．To publicize some looks.D．To sponsor some events.A　[推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文对四项活动作了详细的介绍，目的就是为这些活动做广告。]

（二）阅读理解(2019·河南开封模拟)
Eighteen years ago, Terry Grahl, was pregnant with her fourth child.“Money was very tight.” Terry recalls.So when her mom called to ask if she’d like to go shopping at the local fabric( 布料)store for the coming Christmas, she couldn’t say no because she knew she badly needed some fabrics to make new clothes for her children.“I remember walking around, gazing at all this beautiful fabric, wondering whether there is anything cheap that I could afford.And I could still get some money left to buy Christmas gifts for my family.”Well, Terry’s mom must have known what Terry was thinking.Smiling kindly, she whispered to Terry, “You pick any fabrics you like.It’s your Christmas gift from me.”Terry’s eyes were filled with tears as the cart began to overflow with many fabrics, but not because Terry was planning on making herself a pretty dress or a pair of curtains for the kitchen.Rather, Terry’s mom’s kindness had inspired some holiday gift ideas in Terry, and it didn’t take long for Terry to figure out what she was going to do with all that fabric.“I was going to make my first quilt.” She explains.“Every night I would work on this queensize quilt.With every stitch(一针), I thought about all that my mom had done for me over the course of my childhood, during which we were always battling homelessness, but Mom somehow managed to fill our lives with love and make everything okay.”On Christmas day, five days after her baby girl was born, Terry handed her mom a gift box.Inside was the quilt she had sewn, from the fabric her mother had given her as a gift.

[语篇解读]这篇文章主要讲了十八年以前，Terry和她的家人在那时过着非常艰难的生活。当时，Terry正怀着她的第四个孩子，她需要给孩子买些布料，但是兜里的钱又不够，自己的母亲体贴地买下这些布料当作圣诞节礼物送给Terry。Terry回想着母亲无尽的爱，于是把这些布料缝成了一条被子，送给了母亲。
1．What do we know about Terry eighteen years ago?
A．Terry made a living by making clothes.B．Terry had a bad relationship with her mom.C．Terry and her family lived a hard life at that time.D．Terry often went shopping at the local fabric store.
C[细节理解题。由第一自然段Eighteen years ago, Terry Grahl, was pregnant with her fourth child.“Money was very tight，” Terry recalls.可知十八年以前，Terry和她的家人在那时过着非常艰难的生活。]
2．Which of the following words best describes her mom?
A．Strict.　B．Critical.　C．Faithful.　D．Considerate.
D[推理判断题。由第二自然段Well, Terry’s mom must have known what Terry was thinking.Smiling kindly, she whispered to Terry, “You pick any fabrics you like.It’s your Christmas gift from me.”可知Terry的母亲知道自己的女儿在想什么，并且买下布料当作圣诞节礼物送给女儿，由此推断出Terry的母亲非常的体贴。]
3．What made Terry change her idea about Christmas gift?
A．The value of the fabric.B．The responsibility for her family.C．The memory of her childhood.D．The endless love from her mother.
D　[推理判断题。由倒数第二自然段With every stitch(一针), I thought about all that my mom had done for me over the course of my childhood, during which we were always battling homelessness, but Mom somehow managed to fill our lives with love and make everything okay.可推断出母亲无尽的爱使得Terry改变了她关于圣诞节礼物的想法。]
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．A Christmas Day  B．The First Quilt  C．Colorful Fabrics  D．Hard Childhood B　[主旨大意题。这篇文章主要讲了十八年以前，Terry和她的家人在那时过着非常艰难的生活。当时，Terry正怀着她的第四个孩子，她需要给孩子买些布料，但是兜里的钱又不够，自己的母亲体贴地买下这些布料当作圣诞节礼物送给Terry。Terry回想着母亲无尽的爱，于是把这些布料缝成了一条被子，送给了母亲。]

（三）七选五(2019·四川成都诊断)
Last week the electricity in my flat went out.__1__ My typical evening is spent watching TV and scrolling (滚动) through social media.That night this wasn’t possible.My roommate and I weren’t prepared with candles and matches.We just rely on electricity.So for me it was an early night.__2__ That night, losing our electricity felt like losing a basic necessity, as basic as running water.But really, electricity is a luxury that we’ve grown to take for granted.I use electricity all the time，even when it’s not really necessary.__3__ And as I’m writing this, I have my lights on, even in the middle of the day when I don’t really need them.__4__ It contributes to global warming.It is harming our environment and we need to do what we can to stop it.Not only that, but if we continue to use the same large amount of energy, we will soon run ont of it.How would we survive in a world without electricity? Our daily lives go around it.We wouldn’t be able to function.__5__ So, shouldn’t we start preparing for it now? Cutting down on our use of electricity would save energy resources so that they could last for longer.And if everyone does it, we can make a big difference.
A．Yet we know one day we will run out of it.
B．Our overuse of electricity is a big problem.
C．This left me in complete darkness the whole night.
D．It is a real problem to cut down on the use of electricity.
E．I know for sure I could cut down on my use of electricity.
F．I couldn’t help but think, do we rely too much on electricity?
G．I turn on the TV in the background even when I’m not watching it.

[语篇解读]本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。上周的停电对“我”的生活造成了很大影响，让“我”意识到珍惜电力资源的重要意义。过度用电会导致全球变暖，从而对环境有害，所以我们应当节约用电。本文体现了学科核心素养中“提升环保意识和节约意识”的文化品格。
1．C　[根据空处所在的位置可知，该句承上启下；由空处前一句“Last week the electricity in my flat went out”，结合该段倒数第二句“My roommate and I weren’t prepared with candles and matches”可知，上个星期“我”的公寓停电了，室友和“我”都没有准备蜡烛和火柴；据此可知，这导致“我”一整个晚上都在黑暗中度过。]
2．F　[根据第一段最后一句“We just rely on electricity”可知，我们只能依靠电，结合空处后一句“That night，losing our electricity felt like losing a basic necessity，as basic as running water”可知，断电就如失去了水这一基本的生活必需品一样；据此可以判断，在遭遇断电后，“我”禁不住想到，我们是不是太依赖电了。]
3．G　[根据空处前一句“I use electricity all the time，even when it’s not really necessary”可知，“我”一直用电，即使在没有必要时；据此可以判断，空处具体陈述“我”浪费电的不良习惯。]
4．B　[根据上文提到的“我”浪费电的不良习惯，结合该段第二至三句“It contributes to global warming.It is harming our environment and we need to do what we can to stop it”可推知，过度用电导致了全球变暖，对我们的环境有害。据此可知，该段主要陈述过度用电这一问题。]
5．A　[根据空处两句“So，shouldn’t we start preparing for it now？Cutting down on our use of electricity would save energy resources so that they could last for longer”可知，减少用电将节约能源，这样电力资源就能供我们使用更长时间；据此可推知，空处说明我们必须节约用电的原因：然而终有一天我们将用完电力资源。]

三、高中英语素材

（一）话题常用句型
1. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

2 An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. 
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。

3.However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and drug.
然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和吸毒。

4. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

5. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

6. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

7. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查，每年有4 000 000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

8. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

9. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

10. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

11. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活得时间更长成为可能。

12. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

13. This is a matter of life and death—a matter no country can afford to ignore.
这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

14. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.
这一观点正受到越来越多的人的质疑。

15. Environmental experts point out that the increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.
环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

16. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.
尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，它仍然存在一些问题。

17. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle