高考英语非谓语动词做状语.doc

非谓语动词包括---ing分词、过去分词及不定式，他们不受句子主语的人称和数的影响，不能在句子中作谓语；但具有动词的特征（有时态和语态的变化形式），又具有名词、形容词或副词的特性，所以可以在句子中担任其他语法功能，如在句子中做主语、定语、补语或状语等，下面就其作状语的用法进行分类归纳。
        非谓语动词作状语的用法可以用下面图表表示：
非谓语动词    表主动意义   Doing sth., 主语 + 谓语。
作状语                     Having done sth., 主语 + 谓语。
表被动意义   Done, 主语 + 谓语。
             Having been done, 主语 + 谓语。
表目的、结果 to do sth.
现在，再来详细讲解其用法。
一、表主动意义的Doing sth.与Having done sth
 1. Doing sth. 表示分词的动作与主句的动作同时或几乎同时发生（虽有先后关系，但两个动作非常紧凑），我们可以用“主动、进行”来记住—ing分词作状语的用法。.
eg: We were sitting by the window, talking about what happened yesterday.
   (sitting 与talking about两个动作同时进行，talking about …作伴随状语)
   A crowd of children ran out of the classroom, laughing and talking merrily.
   （同时进行的动作，作方式状语）
   Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.
   （Hearing与 rushed out两个动作虽有先后关系，但非常紧凑，hearing…作原因状语）
   doing 有时只表“主动”并无进行之意。
eg: Seeing on the top of the mountain, you’ll find our city beautiful.
   Being a student, I must study hard.
2. Having done sth.表示分词的动作比主句的动作先发生，强调“主动、完成”。
eg: Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knee, began to eat and drink.
   (spread 的动作比began to eat and drink的动作先发生，having spread…作时间状语)
二、表被动意义的Done与Having been done
1. Done 表分词的动作与主句的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，即主语是动作的承受者，也就是说，Done作状语一般表“被动”。
eg: Written carelessly, the composition is full of mistakes.
(write 与composition是逻辑上的动词与宾语的关系，即逻辑上讲是 write the            composition，所以 the composition是 write的动作承受者)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.（方式状语）
有些过去分词作状语并不表“被动”，这些分词已作形容词使用，而且结构也比较固定，常见的有： be dressed in, be lost in thought, be armed with, be faced with, be absorbed in, be exposed to，be caught in the rain, be seated in a chair ect.
eg: Dressed in white today, she looks more beautiful.
   Lost in thought, I almost hit the car.
2. Having been done表示分词的动作比主句的动作先发生，而且是被动意义，也就是强 调“被动、完成”。
eg: Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
   (分词作原因状语，相当于Because he had been criticized by the teacher, …)
       Having been told many times, he didn’t know what to do.
       (分词作让步状语，相当于Although he had been told many times, …)
三、不定式to do sth.
不定式to do sth.经常作目的状语，意思是“为了……”，相当于 in order to / so as to do sth.；还可以作结果状语和原因状语。
eg: I came here to see you . (目的状语)
   He hurried to school to find nobody there. （结果状语）
   I’m glad to hear the news. （原因状语）
四、非谓语动词的否定式
非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词之前加not。
eg: Not having completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
五、非谓语动词作状语的比较
1、不能用不定式的场合
表时间、条件、让步或伴随情况通常不用不定式，而用—ing 分词和—ed   分词。
eg: Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his    wallet at home.（时间状语）
Compared with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big at all.
（条件状语）
2、表目的时只用不定式
表示目的时只能用不定式，其动作通常发生在谓语动作之后，有时为了强调，可将不定式短语放到句首（但so as to do sth.短语不行）。
——Can the project be finished as planned?
——Sure, to get it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day.
3、不定式和分词短语作原因状语的区别
表示原因时，分词短语常放在句首，也可放在句末，多用逗号隔开；不定式短语却只能放在句末，但不用逗号隔开，且多用于表示情绪或情感的形容词（如：happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprise, frightened, delighted, disappointed etc.）之后。
eg: I’m surprised to see you here.
Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days on the farm.
4. 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的情况，不定式前常加only；另外，还用too…to，enough to, never to, so/such…as to等固定结构中。现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生），有时在前面加上thus，谓语动词与现在分词的动作是因果关系。
The old man returned home only to find that his daughter had got married.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
六、独立主格结构
学习非谓语动词作状语，还需了解另一结构——独立主格结构。
（一）独立主格结构的构成
1、with/ without + 宾语(n./ pron.) + 补语（分词/不定式）
Without any money left, he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend.
（独立主格结构without any money left在句子中作原因状语，其中分词left在此结构中作补语，表“被动”）
With him sitting next to her, she felt safe.
（独立主格结构作原因状语，其中分词短语sitting next to her在此结构中作补语，表“主动”）
With a lot of work to do, I couldn’t go out with you.
(独立主格结构作原因状语，其中不定式to do sth.在此结构中严格来讲作定语，表动作尚未发生)
2、n./ pron. （主格）+ 分词
eg: Homework finished, he went to bed.
The sun having risen, the fog soon disappeared.
（二）独立主格结构的句法功能
1、时间状语
The meeting (being) over, they left the hall.
2、原因状语
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
3、条件状语
Time permitting, I shall go to the cinema with you.
4、描述伴随行为或补充说明
Mary entered the room, with a big apple in hand.
He was doing his homework, his father sitting in hand.
分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语一致；独立主格结构有自己的主语。
七、标点符号和并列连词
比较下面两个句子：
(1) On Saturday afternoon, Mr. Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited his cousin.
(2) European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
  (1)中，逗号用以分隔三个并列的动作(后面的and连接三个并列动作)；（2）中，逗号把状语与主句隔开（句中只有两个动词，但没有and连接，而是用逗号隔开）。
再看下面两个句子：
（1） Having been told many times, he didn’t know what to do.
（2） He had been told many times, but he didn’t know what to do
（1）中，逗号把状语与主句分隔开；（2）中，也有逗号，但后面句子还有并列连词，说明前后是两个并列分句，也就是两个结构完整的句子
1. Though ____ of the danger， he still went skating on the thin ice.
　　 A. warning B. to warn C. warn D. warned
2. ____ from this point of view， the question will be of great importance.
A. Considering B. Considered C. Being considered D. Consider
　　 3. ____ and ____， they ran out of the room.
　　 A. Being excited； happily B. Exciting； happy
　　 C. Exciting； happily D. Excited； happy
　　 4. ____ deep down in the earth， the dead forests rotted away and became coal.
　　 A. Buried B. Burying
　　 C. To bury D. Being buried
　　 5. If ____ green， the door might look more beautiful.
A. paint B. painted C. painting D. to paint
　　 6. Eva， ____ in Canada， lived and practiced law in America.
　　 A. was born B. he was born C. although born D. being born
　　 7. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction， ____ completely to the outside world.
　　 A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost
　　 8. Everything ____， it wasn’t a bad holiday.
　　 A. considering B. considered C. to consider D. consider
　　 9. ____ with a difficult situation， Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
　　 A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
　　10. When first ____ to the market， these products enjoyed great success.
　　 A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. beingintroduced
　　11. ____， the old man is living a happy life.
　　 A. Taking good care B. Taken good care
　　 C. Having taken good care D. Taken good care of
　　12. He was sitting there， ____ in deep thought.
　　 A. lose B. lost C. loss D. losing
　　13. We are certain that everything will go well as ____.
　　 A. to be planned B. planned C. being planned D. having been planned
　　14. ——What’s wrong?
　　 ——I want to know why you didn’t do as ____.
　　 A. to be told B. telling C. told D. told to
　　15. When ____， the museum will be open to the public next year.
　　 A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
16..______ more attention,the trees could have grown better.
A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving
17.______ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing
18.______ the railway station,we had a break,only ______ the train had left.
A.Arriving at;to find B.Coming to;discovering that
C.On arriving at;finding out D.Hurrying to;to have found out
19.______ these pictures,I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Being and ______ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,Beijing looks more beautiful.
A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Seeing;seeing D.Seen;seen
20.______ his head high,the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting ______ then.
A.Holding;being held B.Held;holding C.Having held;held D.Held;to be held
21.Her husband died in 1980 and had nothing ______ to her,only ______ her five children.
A.left;to leave B.leaving;leaving C.leaving;left D.left;leaving
22.______ maps properly,you need a special pen.
A.Drawn B.Drawing C.To draw D.Be drawing
23.Greatly movedd by her words, ______ .
A.tears came to his eyes B .he could hardly hold back his tears
C. tears could hardly be held back D. his eyes were filled with tears.
24.When ______ why he walked in without permission,he just stared at us and said nothing.
A.been asked B.asked C.asking D.to be asked
25.______ his telephone number,she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill.
A.Not knowing B.Knowing not C.Not having known D.Having not know
26.Sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before ______ .
A.accepting fully B.being fully accepted C.fully accepting D.fully being accepted

1—5 DBDAB 6—10CDBCB 11—15DBBDA 16—20CBAAA 21—26ABBBAB

1.The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success.
A. to take place B. to be taken place C. to have taken place D. being taken place
2._______ by the Comrade Lei Feng, we try our best to do good deeds.
A. Inspired B. Being inspired C. To be inspired D. Inspiring
3.It's no good _______ here. Let's go home.
A. to wait　B. waited　　　　　　C. waiting　　　　　　D. being waited
4.I listened to the wind, ______ that he would not come tonight.
A. thinking　　B. to think　　C. thought　　　　　　D. being thinking
5.As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time.
A. and finished　　B. to finish　　　　C. and finishing　　D. to finished
6.I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time.
A. to have not　　B. to not have　C. not to have　　　　D. not having
7.Tom apologized to me ______ again.
A. to be late　　B. of being lateC. to have been late　D. for being late
8.I remained _______ long after I had been told the story.
A. puzzling　　B. puzzled　　C. being puzzled　　D. to be puzzled
9.Will you lend him a magazine _________?
A. to be read　　B. for reading　　C. to read　　　　D. he read
10.The article _________　　on this subject was written by Mr. Black.
A. referring　　B. referred　　　　C. referring to　　D. referred to
11.Living near the sea, ___________________.
A. we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight B. healthy air and beautiful sight is what we enjoy
C. it is healthy air and beautiful sight we enjoy D. so we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sight
12.__________ since the night before, I felt very hungry.
A. Having not eaten anything B. Not eating anything
C. I hadn't eaten anything D. Not having eaten anything
13.We then listened to the child ________ the article ______ on the blackboard.
A. read, writing B. reading, writing
C. to read, written D. read, written
14.________ it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A. When left　　　　B. Leaving　　　　C. If you leave　　　　D. Leave
15._________ such a chance, why don't you have a try?
A. To give　　B. Having　　　　C. Given　　　　D. Giving
16.We discussed the plan that we would like to see ________ the next week.
A. carry on　　B. carrying out　　C. carried out　　D. to carry out
17._________ made them much disappointed.
A. His not coming back B. Not his coming back
C. He not to come back D. Not he come back
18.Five people were reported ________ in the accident.
A. to be killed　　B. to kill　　C. killed　　　　D. to have been killed
19.I flew to Paris this morning, my assistant ________ me there this Friday.
A. joining　　　　B. to join　　C. will join　　　　D. wants to join
20.He tried to calm himself, _______ .
A. force　　　　B. to force　　　　C. forcing　　　　D. forced
21.____________ , I went to the park with my uncle.
A. As holiday B. Being no classes C. Since have no classes D. It being a holiday
22. "Do you mind _________?" "Go ahead."
A. opening the door　　 B. your opening the door　　
C. my opening the door　　 D. I opening the door
23. I have one or two things ____________.
A. to look　　　　B. to see　　　　C. to see to　　　　　　D. to look to
24._________ is bad for his health.
A. Mike smokingB. Mike's smoking　C. Mike's being smokinD. Mike smokes
25.I came into the classroom, ______ my seat and sat down to read.
A. finding　　　　B. to find　　　　C. found　　　　　　D. founded
26.I am tired and I don't feel like _____ any further.
A. to walk　　B. to be walking　　C. walking　　D. walk
27.She did nothing but ________walk in the street.
A. taking　　　　B. take　　　　C. to take　　　　D. took
28.It is a problem that doesn't need ________ right now.
A. to solve　　B. solving　　　　C. being solved　　D. to be solving
29.I ________ my handbag stolen last week.
A. had　　　　B. let　　　　C. lost　　　　D. left
30.________ by a crowd of people, I felt nervous, ______ what to say.
A. Watching, didn't know B. Having watched, and not knew
C. Having been watch, not known D. Being watched, not knowing

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1. 泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。a+单数名词 直接复数名词或不可数名词 the +形容词
  A bird has wings.有翅膀。 A teacher shouldn’t talk like that. 教师不应当这样讲话。
2. 笼统指某类中的某一个，相当于some，但又不具体说明是哪一个。
  The police caught a thief. 警察抓了一个小偷。
3. 表示数量“一”(但不与 two, three 等相对比)。
   It took me a year to save up for a new coat. 我用了一年时间才省出钱买一件新大衣。
4. 表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per)。
  We meet twice a week. 我们每星期碰两次头。
  They are sold at two dollars a dozen. 他们的售价是每打两美元。
5. 用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”。
  We'll have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。
  We have put forward a third plan. 他们已提出了第三个方案。
6. 在某些物质名词前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”。
  A coffee / tea / beer, please. 请来杯咖啡 / 茶 / 啤酒。
7. 用于具体化了的抽象名词前。表示"人或物的某种品德、性质"
  He was a success in business. 他事业成功。It’s a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。Doing this is a great help to us all.  He was a disappointment to us all.
8. 用在人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识，相当于a certain，也可以指与某人/某物有类似性质的人/物。
  A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
   He thought he was a Zhu Geliang. 他自以为是诸葛亮。
9. 用于 of  短语中表示“同一”(=the same)。
  Tom and Kate are of an age. 汤姆与凯特同年。                                      10. 一日三餐前有修饰语时。要加上冠词a,表示“一顿......的午饭、晚饭”  -----Mum, what shall we have for lunch?　　---Jiaozi.   ----Oh, what a wonderful lunch! I enjoy it very much. I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。                                    
 11. 在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。 　Unit Nine is a most difficult unit, but it isn't the most difficult unit in Book One.                                      12. 不定冠词还可用在某些抽象名词前，表示一阵、一场、一种、一例、一次等           There was a heavy snow yesterday.昨天下了一场大雪。 
 13.固定短语。　　all of a sudden; in a hurry; a good many+名词(复数); many a+名词(单数);quite a few+名词(复数); quite a little+名词(不可数); do sb. a favor and do sth.(但:do sb. the favor to do sth.) as a rule, a matter of course, all of a sudden, at a loss, have a chance, have a good time, have a try, keep an eye on, on a large scale, in a hurry, take a walk, take an interest in等. 
三、定冠词的主要用法
1. 表示特指。
  Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?    Pass me the magazine on the desk. 请把桌上的杂志递给我。
2. 表示独一无二的人或事物。   The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3. 表方向或方位。    The sun rises in the east. 红太阳从东方升起。
4. 用于单数名词前表示类别。在发明物的单数名词前,既表示特指又表示类指
　Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.     I hate the telepho