外研八年级下册知识点、语法总结.doc

外研八年级下册知识点、语法总结Module 1 Feelings and impressionsUnit 1 It smells delicious.Language points 1. Well, my chocolate cookies are done now. 嗯，我的巧克力饼干做好了。句中的be done表示“做好了，完成了”。例如：I am nearly done.我差不多做完了。Are you done with that pen? 那支笔你用完了吗？The beds are done.床铺都整理好了。2. Shall I get the sugar? 我来拿糖吧？当说话人主动提出要做某事，尤其是主动提出帮助时，我们常用Shall I ?例如：Shall I get some water for you? 我去给你弄点儿水喝吧？我们还可以用Shall we?来提出建议。例如：Shall we buy Betty a cake? 我们给贝蒂买个蛋糕吧？3.are you sure thats sugar? 你确信那是糖吗？be sure后面接句子，表示“确信，相信”。例如：Im sure tomorrow is Bettys birthday. 我确定明天是贝蒂的生日。Im sure we will find each other.我相信我们能找到那地方。Unit 2 I feel nervous when I speak Chinese.Important and difficult points1.My brother is in the school tennis teamIm very proud of him! 我哥哥(或弟弟)是校网球队队员我为他感到非常骄傲！be proud of表示“以为骄傲”。例如：We are so proud of her for telling the truth.我们为她说了真话而感到骄傲。2. But I cant tell you how excited I am about going to China!但是我没法表达对去中国的兴奋之情！be excited about表示“对兴奋”。例如：I am so excited about the trip!对于这次旅行，我真是兴奋极了！3. looklike/like的用法与区别 “look like”和“be like”的区别：前者着重问人物长相，look是看上去，即看上去是个什么样。而后者着重人的内在性格、人品，是个什么样的人。其中，like在此是介词。e.g. Whatdoeshelooklike?他长什么样？Whatishelike?他是个什么样的人？Unit 3 Language in useGrammar感官系动词：英语动词中，有的后面要接名词或代词等作宾语，有的单独作谓语，而有的后面要接形容词或名词等做主语的补充成分。我们把后面接主语补充成分的动词称为系动词。最常用的系动词是be，另外还有很多感官动词，如：look，taste，feel，smell，sound等。例如：The film is interesting. The cookies smell delicious. The soup tastes too salty. The bed feels hard. The idea sounds quite good. All the children look happy. 上面用到的系动词smell，taste，feel，sound，look相当于汉语中的闻起来，尝起来，摸上去，听上去，看起来的概念。要注意这类系动词和系动词be不同，其否定形式和疑问形式的构成要借助动词do。例如：The dishes do not smell very nice.Dose he look worried?The cake dose not taste very good.Module 2 ExperiencesUnit 1 Ive also entered lots of speaking competitions.Language points 1. I am entering a competition. 我正参加一个比赛。 enter表示“参加，报名”。还表示“进入”。e.g. Several of the worlds finest runners have entered the race. 几名世界最优秀的运动员已报名参加比赛。 The thieves entered the building by the back door. 小偷从后门进入大楼。2. The first prize is “My dream holiday”. 一等奖是“我的梦想假期”。 dream n. 梦；梦想（只用于名词前）梦寐以求的v. dreamed, dreamed/dreamt, dreamt 做梦，梦到，梦想e.g. I had a strange dream last night. 我昨晚做了个奇怪的梦。 I dreamt I was flying to the moon at this time of yesterday. 昨晚的这个时候我梦见我正飞往月球。3. Have you ever won any prizes before? 你以前曾经得过奖吗？ ever表示“曾经”。是现在完成时的标志。通常用于一般疑问句中。 “have/has sb. ever + 过去分词”，用于询问某人过去的经历。e.g. Have you ever been to Paris? No, never. / Yes, I have. 你去过巴黎吗？没有/ 去过。4. But I cant afford it. 但是我付不起。 afford v. （有财力）付得起，买得起 常与can, could, able to 连用。e.g. I just cant afford the time. 我花不起这个时间。5. Ive stopped trying now. 我已经不再尝试了。stop doing sth. 表示“停止正在做的事情”stop to do sth. 表示“停下正在做的事去做另件事”e.g. The two girls stopped talking when they saw me. 那两个女孩一见到我就停止了讲话。 The two girls stopped to talk to me when they saw me. 那两个女孩一见到我就停下来和我讲话。6. You can make it up. 你可以编（一个故事）。 make up 表示“编造；组成”。e.g. The whole story is made up. 整个故事是虚构出来的。7. I will invite you to come with me. 我将邀请你和我一起来。 invite sb. to do sth. 表示“邀请某人去做某事”。e.g. Jane invited me to go fishing last week. 简上周邀请我去钓鱼了。 Unit 2 They have seen the Pyramids.Language points1. , and it has sent Peter to work in Germany, France and China before. send sb. to do sth. 表示“派遣某人去做某事”。e.g. China send many people to work in Africa every year. send sb. sth. 或send sth. to sb.，意思是“送给某人某物”。e.g. Jim sent me a book on my twelfth birthday.send后接“信件、电报”等时，意为“寄/发送”。e.g. Mary usually sends letters in the morning.before，表示“以前”。是现在完成时的标志。2. They have been to many interesting places. have been to +地点，表示“已经去过某地” 现在已经回来 。 e.g. Laura has never been to China before. have gone to +地点，表示“已经去了某地”现在还没有回来，此时可能在途中或已经到了目的地。 e.g. Hello. Can I speak to John, please? Sorry, hes not in. He has gone to the park.3. This language is different from English in many ways. 这种语言在很多方面都和英语不同。 be different from, 表示“与不同”。 in many ways, 表示“在许多方面”。e.g. We can consider the problem in many ways. 我们可以从多方面来考虑这些问题。 Life in future will be different from life today. 在未来的生活将会从今天生活的不同。 4. They find it hard to spell and pronounce the words. find it hard to do sth. “发现做某事是难的”e.g. I find it hard to go up that high mountain.5. So far they have learnt to speak German, French, Chinese and Arabic. so far “到目前为止”，是现在完成时的标志。e.g. Mike has read five famous books so far.6. They have friends all over the world, but they also miss their friends in the US. 他们在世界各地都有朋友，但是他们也想念他们在美国的朋友。miss v. “思念”。e.g. Dave misses his grandparents very much. 大卫非常想念他的爷爷奶奶。miss v. “错过；没做到”，其后接动词时，应用动词-ing形式。e.g. Mona was sad because she missed her train.7. They are counting down the days.count down, 表示“倒数，倒计时”。e.g. They are counting down, “ten, nine, eight, seven”.count表示“计数，计算”。e.g. Can you count from one to ten in French? He put all the money in his bag without counting it.Unit 3 Language in useGrammar 现在完成时(1)现在完成时定义：强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例如：Betty went to the park yesterday. (强调去公园的动作发生在昨天）Betty has been to the park before. (强调不仅去过公园，而且了解公园的状况）现在完成时的谓语结构：have/has + 动词的过去分词例如： Ive always wanted to go on a dream holiday.句中的谓语结构为：have wantedLingling has visited the US.句中的谓语结构为：has visited一、句式结构1. 肯定句式: 主语+have / has+动词过去分词+其他。 2. 否定句式: 主语+have / has+not+动词过去分词+ 其他。have not 和has not 分别缩写为havent和hasnt。 3. 一般疑问句式: Have / Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他? 肯定答语为Yes, 主语+have / has.; 否定答语为No, 主语+havent / hasnt.二、过去分词的构成 规则动词过去分词的构成规则与规则动词过去式的构成规则相同。1. 动词一般在词尾加“-ed”。如：workworkedworked2. 以“e”结尾的动词，词尾加“-d”。 如：livelivedlived3. 以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词，将“y”变为 “i”，再加“-ed”。如：crycriedcried4. 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“-ed”。如： stopstoppedstopped 三、根据汉语意思及所给提示写一个完整的句子。1. 马克曾经乘火车去旅行。(travel by train)2. 这个男孩曾经为他的家人做过饭。 (cook dinner)3. 你曾经尝过那种食物吗？ (try)4. 我以前没有去过另一座城市。(another city)5. 这个女孩从来没怎么笑过。(a lot)Keys: Mark has ever travelled by train.The boy has ever cooked dinner for his family.Have you ever tried that food?I havent been to another city before.The girl has never laughed a lot.Module 3 Journey to spaceUnit 1 Has it arrived yet?Language points.1. What are you up to? 你在做什么呢？ up to 表示“正在干，从事着”。常用在非正式常合中。e.g. Whats he up to with all those books on the floor?What were you up to yesterday? You didnt answer my phone.2. Ive just made this model of the space station.这是我刚做的宇宙空间站的模型。just 常用在现在完成时的肯定句中，常放在助动词 have/has 的后面。e.g. Weve just seen/watched the film.3. I havent started it yet. 我还没有开始做呢。yet 表示“还（末）”，常用在现在完成时的否定句中，通常放在句末。e.g. We havent finished our homework yet.4. Have you heard the latest news? 你听说过这个最新消息吗？latest adj. 最近的；最新的e.g. The news is all about the latest meeting. 这条消息是关于最近的会议的。5. Thats why its on the news. 这就是它为什么出现在新闻报导的原因。Thats why 这就是为什么e.g. Thats why they didnt like the music.这就是为什么他们不喜欢这个音乐。on prep. 在(播放)中；关于e.g. Whats on the TV? 电视正在播放什么节目？6. So have they discovered life on Mars? 所以他们在火星上发现生命了吗？ discover v. 发现；找到e.g. The fact is that he did not discover it. 事实是他没有发现它。7. Astronauts have already been to the moon. 宇航员已经去过月球了。already 表示“已经”，常放在 have/ has 之后，通常用于肯定句中。e.g. Jack has already finished his homework.have/ has been to 表示曾经去过某地，但现在已经回到他的生活所在地。e.g. Theyve already been to Suzhou twice. 他们已经去过苏州两次了。语法小结：just 用来表示“刚刚”，already 用来表示“已经”，一般置于have/has之后，两者都用于肯定句；yet 用在否定句和疑问句，表示“还未”。have been to 表示“去过某地”，但现在已经回来了； have gone to 表示“去了某地”，现在不在这里（说话人所在地）Unit 2 We have not found life on any other planets yet.Language points1. Scientists think that there has been life on Earth for hundreds of millions of years. 科学家认为地球上的生命已经有亿万年了。millions of数百万，hundreds of 数百，thousands of 成千上万，billions of 数十亿e.g. There are billions of stars in the Galaxy, and our sun is only one of them.银河系中有数十亿颗恒星，我们的太阳只是其中的一个。2. However, we have not found life on any other planets yet.然而，我们还没有在任何其他行星上发现生命。yet用于否定句和疑问句，意思是“还，尚”。notyet的意思是“还没，尚未”，表示某事物在某一时间尚未发生，但未来也许会发生。例如：I havent learnt any farther information yet. 我还没有得到进一步的信息。Have you received her letter yet? 你收到她的来信了吗？3. The Earth is a planet and it goes around the Sun. Seven other planets also go around the sun. 地球是颗行星，它围绕着太阳转。还有其他七颗行星也围绕着太阳转。太阳系的其他七颗行星：水星(Mercury)、金星(Venus)、火星(Mars)、木星(Jupiter)、土星(Saturn)、天王星(Uranus)、海王星(Neptune)。4. None of them has an environment like that of the earth, so scientists do not think they will find life on them.他们中没有一个有像地球这样的环境，因此科学家认为在他们上面找不到生命。none of 表示（三个以上）一个也没有。做主语时，谓语动词可用单数或复数。如：None of us has / have been to the Mars. 我们中没一个去过火星。5. our solar system is a small part of a much larger group of stars and planets, called the Galaxy or the Milky Way.我们的太阳系只是一个由恒星和行星组成的星系的一小部分，这个星系比太阳系大得多，称作银河系或银河。这里的the Galaxy专指“银河系”，也可以称作 the Milky Way。而galaxy则泛指“星系”。例如：Scientists have discovered a distant galaxy. 科学家们发现了一个遥远的星系。6. So how large is the universe? Its impossible to imagine.所以宇宙有多大？我们无从想象。句型: It is +形容词 + to +动词原形，意思是“做某事很”It is difficult to read these words. 读这些单词很难。7. With so many stars in the universe, are we alone, or is there life out there in space? 宇宙中有这么多恒星，我们是孤独的吗？抑或太空中还有其他生命存在呢？with + 名词 + 介词短语，表示伴随情况，意思是“带着”。 例如：Mr. Zhang is coming with a book in his hands.张老师手里带着一书进来了。alone 在句中作形容词，不作定语只做表语，也可作副词。意思是“独自地”。例如：She was alone in that dark room. 她独自一人呆在那黑屋子里。Unit 3 Language in useGrammar: 现在完成时(2)当表示动作已经完成，并对现在有一定影响时，我们一般用现在完成时。同时，可分用just, already或yet加以强调或说明。例如：I have just heard the news.我刚听到消息。Astronauts have already been to the moon.宇航员已经去过月球了。He has just started to explore other planets.我们才刚刚开始探索其他行星。可以看出，just 用来表示“刚刚”， already 用来表示“已经”，两者都用于肯定句中，一般是置于have / has 之后。在否定句中则可用yet, 表示“还未”， 有“以后可以会”的含义。例如：The scientists have not heard from it yet. 科学家还没有收到它发出的信息。Man has not discovered any life in space yet. 人类尚未在太空中发现生命。另外，在使用现在完成时的时候，要注意与一般过去时的区别。现在完成时在表达经历时只表示该事件是在现在之前的某一个时间里发生的，重点在于已完成动作对现在的影响。而一般过去时则表示在过去某一具体时间发生的事情。例如：I have just been to London. I went there last month.我刚去过伦敦，上个月去的。I have already finished my homework. I finished it an hour ago. 我已经完成家庭作业了，一小时前完成的。在没有明确的过去时间状语时，如何判断该用现在完成时还是该用过去时呢？判断的标准是看该行为是否对现在有影响，也就是说该句强调的是什么。试看以下对话：A: Where have you put my book? I cant find it.你把我的书放哪儿去了？我找不到。B: I put it on your desk yesterday. 我昨天放你桌子上了。该对话中，当A 问对方把自己的书放在何处时，A 感兴趣的是现在的状态，因此用现在完成时。但是B 回答时只是说明当时放的位置，所以用一般过去时。再看下面的对话：A: Would you like to go and see the film with me tonight ? 你今晚想和我去看电影吗？B: Sorry, I have seen it already. 不好意思，我已经看过那部电影了。对话中的现在完成时表示对结果的强调：“电影看过了，所以不想再看了。 Module 4 Seeing the doctorUnit 1 I havent done much exercise since I got my computer.Language points1. I feel ill. 我感觉我生病了。 ill adj. 不健康的；有病的拓展 ill和sick都可做形容词，表“生病的，不舒服的”，两者都可作表语。如：Heisill/sick. 他生病了。 两者作定语时，表达的意义不一样： 如：Heisasickman. 他是个多病的人。 Heisanillman. 他是个坏人。 2. Ive got a stomachache and my head hurts. 我胃疼，头也疼。 注意疾病的表达方式。常见的表达方式还有：I have got a headache. =My head hurts/aches. =I have a pain in my head. 3. How long have you been like this? 像这样的情况多久了？ Since Friday. 自周五以来。1) since 作介词时，与完成时连用，意思是“自以来；自从”。例如： He has lived here since 1992. 他1992年以来一直住在这里。 2) since 作连词时，有以下用法。 （ 1 ）与完成时连用，意思是“自以后”，其后面引导含一般过去时态的从句。例如： I have written home but once since I came here. 我到这里以后只写过一次家信。 （ 2 ）用于“ Its + 时间段 + since + 一般过去时态的句子”句型。例如： How long is it since you were in London? 你在伦敦多久了？ It is just at a week since we arrived here. 我们到达此地刚好一个星期。 （ 3 ）意思是 “既然，因为”。例如： Since we have no money, we cant buy it. 因为我们没钱，我们买不起（它）。 Since you insist, I must go. 因为你坚持，我就必须去了。 注意 当 since 与完成时态连用时，主句中的谓语动词需用延续性动词。所以一些终止性动词必须及时转化为延续性动词。4. Let me take your temperature. 让我来给你量下体温。 take sbs temperature, 表示“量某人的体温”。例如：I took my temperature last night. 我昨晚量了下我的体温。5. Do you do any exercise？你锻炼吗？ exercise表示“锻炼”，是不可数名词，没有复数。例如：You should take more exercise. 你应该多锻炼。6. Take it three times a day. 一天吃三次。take 表示“吃，喝”。也有“拿走”的意思。例如：I often forget to take my umbrella. 我常常忘记带我的雨伞。Unit 2 We have played football for a year now.Language points1. I was not feeling very well. well表示“健康的”，是形容词。 e.g. The girl feels well after taking medicine. 吃了药女孩感觉好了。 well表示“好地”，是副词。 e.g. Do you eat well at school? 你在学校吃得好吗? 2. Now I get exercise by taking him for a walk every day. by doing sth.表示“通过某种方式做某事“。 e.g. He learns English by taking notes. 他通过记笔记学习英语。3. And she also takes part in the training with us. take part in表示“参加”，侧重于参加活动。 e.g. Would you like to take part in the party tonight? 你愿意参加今晚的聚会吗？join也表示“参加”，侧重于参加组织、党派、团体或某人之中。e.g. He is too young to join the army. 他太年轻了, 还不能参军。 John joined a football club a few days ago. 约翰几天前加入了一个足球俱乐部。 4. She is in excellent condition too. in excellent condition或in condition表示“健康状况良好”。 out of condition表示“健康状况不佳”。e.g. Do exercise every day and you will be back in excellent condition soon. 每天做运动，你不久就能恢复健康。 Do more exercises or you will be out of condition. 多做锻炼否则你会身体不好的。 5. Since then, it has become part of my life. since then表示“自从那时”。 e.g. I havent seen him since then. 从那时候起我就再没见过他。 6. I feel awful. feel awful,表示“感到不舒服”。7. My legs hurt and I am hot all over. all over表示“浑身，到处”。 e.g. The boy is black all over because he fell into the mud. 男孩浑身都是黑，因为他摔到泥里了。 Unit 3 Language in useGrammar 现在完成时（3）1. 现在完成时定义：也可以表示某一动作从过去一直延续到现在。e.g. Jane has kept the book for three days. 简已经借这本书三天了。 The boy has had the bike since last Sunday. 自从上周五，这个男孩就买了这辆自行车。2. 现在完成时的时间短语： for和since时间短语是现在完成时的常用时间短语，是现在完成时的标志。 for后面加时间段，表示一段时间。例如：for two weeks for one month since后面加时间点，表示自以来。例如：since last week since 2008注意：对for和since时间短语提问用How long 现在完成时1. 动词分为延续性动词（表示延续性的动作或状态）和瞬间动词（表示动作在瞬间完成）。e.g. 延续性动词：run sit sleep play 瞬间动词：see die decide buy2. 延续性动词常和表示时间段的短语连用。例如for短语和since短语。瞬间动词不能和for短语和since短语连用。e.g. His father has died for two years.() His father has been dead for two years. () Module 5 Cartoons Unit 1 Its time to watch a cartoon.Language points1. Do cartoons always end in a happy way? 卡通片常以快乐的方式结束吗？ in a way 表示“以一种的方式”。 e.g. He talked about it in a similar way. 他对此事有相似的说法。2. Its time to watch a cartoon. 是时候看卡通片了。 Its time to do sth. 表示“该做某事的时候了”。 Its time for sth./doing sth.表示“该做某事的时候了”。 e.g. Its time to have breakfast. =Its time for breakfast. 该吃早饭了。3. He can fly through the sky and fight bad people. 他能在空中飞并且打败坏人。 fight v. (fought, fought) 与战斗 n. 战斗；斗争 fight sb. “和某人打仗” fight for sth. “为打仗”