初三语法英语复习资料语法笔记.doc

一． 五种简单句结构
星沙英语 专稿
1. They arrived S + V. (主 谓)
主 谓(vi) (不及物动词 vi)
eg : I am eating
2. I like English. S + V + O (主+谓+宾)
主 谓(vt.) 宾 (及物动词 vt)
eg : He plays football
主 谓 宾
3. I am happy S + V + P (主+系+表)
主 系 表
eg.They look young
系动词: be : am is are was were
变化: become get turn
感觉: look smell taste feel sound keep
4 . He give me a book S + V + IO + DO
主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语
give sb sth / sth to sb
teach /write/show/pass/ call
buy sb sth/sth for sb
eg: My mother buys me a book
主 谓 间宾 直宾
5. My teacher makes us laugh S + V + O + OC
主 谓 宾 宾补
make sb /do+adj/keep / let
I hear birds singing
主 谓 宾 宾补
hear sb do /doing see /find
eg : I tell them to woke hard
主 谓 宾 宾补
tell sb to do /not to do want/wish/help/ask/order
6. stop to do / doing 停下来去做某事/停止做某事
Forget to do / doing sth. 忘记去做某事/忘记做某事
Remember to do /doing sth. 记得去做某事/记得做了某事
Like to do/ doing 偶然喜欢/习惯性的喜欢
7. 只能接doing 的句子
mind / enjoy / practice/ finish/ keep / avoid doing
星沙英语
二．名词
普通名词可数（单数/复数）/不可数 如： rice / milk / water / air / tea (放在容器中)
1.名词的复数：
① a bag two bags 一般的加s
② 末尾有 s , x , ch , sh 的加es
③ family…变y 为 i 加 es
④ wife…末尾是 fe 变 fe 为 ves
⑤ man—men woman—women foot—feet child—childen tooth—teath
⑥单复数同形：Chinese Japanese sheep deer （鹿）
⑦集合名词：people police class 等
2.不可数名词的表达：
a cup of tea
a glass of milk
a piece of bread
a bag of rice
3.名词所有格
名词所有格： 单数名词后加’s 如 lily’s pen Jane’s name
以s结尾的复数名词直接加’s 如 girls’ books students’ school
特殊： A’s and B’s (分开的) A and B’s（共有的）
三．代词
一．人称代词
主格
I
we
you
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
you
him
her
it
them
形容词性物主代词
my
our
your
your
his
her
its
their
名词性物主代词
mine
ours
yours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs
反身代词 myself ourselves Yourself himself herself Itself themselves
二．不定代词
① Some用于肯定句，既可以修饰可数也可以修饰不可数；
any用于一般疑问句或否定句。
Any在肯定句中表示任何，any of us任何一个
② Both表示两者都 neither(两者中没有任何一个) either两者中其中一个
③ None表示三者以上的不，对它提问用（how many） nobody对它提问who
④ Many/ much=a lot of ,plenty of
⑤ A little little (不可数) a few few (可数)
A little ,a few 表示“有 ” little few 表“没有”
⑥ Each / every(每一个) each=either
Each(两者或两者以上的每一个 强调个体)
Every (三者或三者以上的每一个 强调整体)
Each of us has a book.= We each have a book.
四．介词
1. 介词有：On, in, at ,with ,without ,to, for, under ,of ,before, by ,through, after ,from ,about ,belind (后面) beside(旁边)=next to, since, Besides(除了还)
如：On the desk ,on the left(左) on the right(右)
介词 主要用于固定搭配
① at 具体时刻 at 3o’clock
. in 季节，月份，年，.in spring/ in March, in 1998
On 具体某一天 on May 1st./ on a cold morning/ on the afternoon of July 2nd.
② in two days, after two days 都表示两天之后
In用于将来时，对其提问用how soon
而after 则用于过去时，对其提问用when
③ on/ over/ above 表示在……上方，below/ under 表示在……下方
on 表示相互接触的上方，Over表示垂直上方 above表上方但不垂直
below 表斜下方 ,under垂直下方
④ arrive in/ at 表示到达，in表大地方 arrive in Chongqing; at表小地方 arrive at school
5.over/ through/ across 表示穿过
through 内部穿越
across 平面穿过
over 表示翻山越龄的穿
结婚 marry sb / be married to sb
3:10 three ten 半小时前用 past ten past three
3:40 three forty 半小时后 to twenty to four
五．形容词、副词
形容词如： nice， beautiful， new ，big
A nice bag 做定语
A is young 做表语 A is younger than B A is the youngest of all
副词如： slowly，quickly， healthily
A works slowly
B walks more slowly than A
C walks most slowly of all
不规则形容词，副词比较级最高级
early—earlier—earliest
many much—more—most
good—better—best
bad/badly—worse—worst far—farther—farthest
old—older—oldest old— elder —eldest
little—less—least
形容词，副词的考点
1. 最高级转换成比较级
She is the tallest of all
She is taller than any other student / the other students
2. 修饰比较级可用 much, a little, even，a lot 等
A is much / a little /even / a lot fatter than B
3. 同样的事物在不同的地方用……that（单数）……those（复数）……
The weather in Chongqing is hotter than that in Beijing.
4. as… as / not as /so …. as与…….一样 /与…… 不一样
A is as tall as B. A isn’t as (so) tall as B.
A is one fifth as tall as B.
5. the + 比较级 of two, 表示两者中较……一个
He is the taller of two. 他是两者中较高的一个。
6．比较级+ 比较级 越来越
older and older /younger and younger (适用于单音节的形容词)
越来越：more and more beautiful / more and more interesting (适用于多音节的形容词)
7. The +比较级， the +比较级 表示越……, 越……
The more you eat , the fatter you are .
The harder you work, the better you are. 星沙英语
六．反意疑问句
-- He is a student, isn’t he?= He isn’t a student, is he ? (前面肯定，后面否定)
-- Yes, he is. No. he isn’t.（根据事实本身进行回答）
① I am….开头的句子，后面用 aren’t I 。如：
I am a student, aren’t I .
② 句中出现否定意义的词如：no、nothing、little few、seldom、never、 nobody、nothing.看作否定句。
He has nothing to do, does he.
③ 句中出现否定前缀 : un~、dis~、im~，看作是肯定句。如：
eg : she is unhappy/disappear / impossible, isn’t she ?
④ 不定义代词作主语，指物的时候用作……., isn’t it ? 指人的时候用作……, isn’t he ? ……, aren’t they/
指人: everyone/someone is here, isn’t he/aren’t they
指物: something/anything/nothing goes well, doesn’t it / does it ?
⑤ 祈使句一般后用，……, will you ；Let’s 开头用……, shall we ?
eg : open the door, will you.
Let us … the door, will you ?
Let’s go the door, shall we ?
⑥ I don’t think /believe that…… 进行否定转移时，主语为第一人称时，以从句为准。主语为非第一人称时，以主句为准。
I think he is a teacher , isn’t he ?
I don’t think he is a teacher , is he ?
He thinks he will pass it, doesn’t he?
⑦ You’d better….., hadn’t you? I ‘d like ……, wouldn’t you?
You’d better do it hadn’t you? You’d = you had
I’d like to eat icecream , wouldn’t you I’d like = I would like
七．宾语从句
I think he is a teacher . 用一个句子代替宾语叫宾语从句。
① 连接词 that(陈述句) if / whether(一般疑问句) /what, where, who, how (特殊疑问词)
② 陈述语序
③ 时态 主句一般现在时，从句为任何时态
主句一般过去时，从句为相应过去时
Could you tell me ……
I don’t know …….
I want to know ……
八．状语从句
1. 时间状语从句通常由时间副词While(引导进行时态的句子), before, after, as soon as, until 等所引导，如：
When the sun raises , I will get up.
The door bell rings while I was cooking.
2. 条件状语从句通常由if, unless (如果…不)引导If not = unless 如：
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow . we will play outsides
注：通常状语从句中主句与从句以以下规律
引导词 一般时(从句) 将来时(主句)
引导词 过去时(从句) 过去时(从句)
3. 注意宾语从句与状语从句的区别
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow . If he comes . I will call him.
九．主要句型
1. 花费 spend, take, cost, pay, buy
sb spend some money on sth
some time (in) sth.
it takes sb some time to do sth.
sth cost sb some time / money
sb pay some money for sth
sb buy sth for some money
2. 表建议的句型
Would you like to do sth.
Would you please do sth.
Would you mind doing sth.
How / What about doing sth.
Why don’t you do sth. / not do sth.
Shall we do
let’s do
fell . like doing
3. so…that 如此……以致于，too… to… 太……而不能，enough…to 足够……以致
He is so young that he can’t go to school alone.
= He is too young to go to school alone.
= He isn’t old enough young to go to school alone.
so that = in order that = so as that 以便于 to = in order to = so as to
He gets up early so that /in order that / so as that/ he can catch the first bus.
= He gets up early to/in order to / so as to/ catch the first bus.
4. instead 表而是，接句子； instead of +n. / doing sth.而不是接短语
I didn’t watch Tv, I went to school instead.
= I went to school instead of watching Tv.
十．祈使句
1.命令，请求这样句子称为祈使句。如：
Stand up,please.
Don’t open the door
Let’s ……
2. 祈使句的运用
Work hard, and you will pass it.= If you work hard, you will pass it.
Hurry up, or you will be late. = If you don’t hurry, you will be late.
十一．感叹句
1. How + adj + 主 + 谓 /What + n + 主 + 谓
如： How young she is ! What a young girl she is!
十二．时态
1. 一般现在时 (表经常或习惯性发生的事）
(非三单) I get up at 6 o’clock every day
(三单) she gets up at 6 o’clock every day
标志词：always, usually , often , sometimes , seldom , never , twice a week, every day….
2. 现在进行时 (表此时此刻正在发生的事)
We are having an English class now .
标志词：look ,listen, now, at the moment .
3.一般过去时 (表示过去已发生过的事)
I played basketball yesterday .
标志词：yesterday , the day before yesterday , last weak , just now
4． 一般将来时
①表示计划或将要发生的事，其结构为be going to + do(动词原形)或will + do(动词原形)如：
I am going to watch Tv tomorrow.
I will watch Tv tomorrow.
② 迁移性动词go, come, fly, leave, arrive, begin等，用进行时态表将来。
I am going home soon.
She is fly to Beijing tomorrow.
③ 某处将会有某物
There is going to be / will be a football match.
标志词：tomorrow ，the day after tomorrow, next week, soon ,in ten minutes.
5.现在完成时
1. 现在完成时态 I 表示过去发生的事对现在造成的影响。其结构为 have / has + p.p 如：
I have . already bought a book
标志词: already , yet , ever , never , just , before , in the past 30 years , recently .
2． 现在完成时态II 表示过发生的事一直延续到现在，有可能还要持续。其结构为：
have / has + p . p（延） for+时间点
since+时间段,
或过去时的句子
如：
I have learnt English for two years.
since two years ago.
I came here
3. 与完成时态II 的转换。
I came here two years ago
= I have been here for two years / since two years ago.
相应的延续性动词
join / go / come / arrive — be in / here die — be dead
finish — be over begin — be on
open — be open close — be closed
leave — be away from buy — have / keep
4. have/ has been to , have/ has gone to ,及have/has been in 的区别
have/ has been to 表示过去已回来
have/ has gone to 表示去了还没有回来
have/has been in 在某处呆了好久

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