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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,基础英语语法4,从句（二）,1/106,今日学习内容,1,）同位语从句,2,）定语从句,3,）状语从句,2/106,今日学习目标,1,）能够表示出长而复杂英语句子,2,）能够表示出多样化句群,3/106,同位语从句,Appositive Clause,4/106,利用价值,在英语表示时候，当首次提到某主要概念，能够以同位语形式解释一下，让表述愈加明晰，便于读者了解。,5/106,（,1,）在复合句中用作同位语从句叫同位语从句。,它普通跟在,一些名词,后面，用以说明该名词表示详细内容。如：,I heard the,news,that our team had won,我听到了我们队获胜消息。,I had no,idea,that you were here,我不知道你在这里。,6/106,（,2,）能够跟同位语从句名词通常有,news,，,idea,，,fact,，,promise,，,question,，,doubt,，,thought,，,hope,，,message,，,suggestion,，,words,（消息），,possibility,等。如：,Ive come from Mr.Wang with a,message,that he wont be able to see you this afternoon,我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。,7/106,（,3,）英语中引导同位语从句词通常有连词,that,，,whether,，连接副词,how,when,where,等。,（注：,if,which,不能引导同位语从句。）如：,I have no,idea,when he will be back,我不知道他什么时候回来。,He must answer the,question,whether he agrees to it or not.,他必须回答他是否同意这么一个问题。,8/106,（,4,）有时同位语从句能够不紧跟在说明名词后面，,而被别词隔开。如：,Several years later,，,word,came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them,几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。,The,thought,came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city,他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。,9/106,（,5,）同位语从句与定语从句,区分,。,同位语从句与前面名词是,同位,关系，即说明它前面名词内容；定语从句与前面名词是,修饰与被修饰,关系，即限定它前面名词范围，或补充一些情况。,The news that l have passed the exam is true,我经过了考试这一消息是真。,（同位语从句，即从句所表示意思就是前面名词内容。）,The news that he told me just now is true,他刚才告诉我消息是真。,（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我”那个消息，而不是别消息。）,10/106,（,5,）同位语从句与定语从句区分。,关系词在句中是否做成份。,The idea that computers can recognize human voices,surprises many people.,计算机能够识他人声音想法使许多人感到惊奇。,（,that,在从句中不充当任何成份。）,The idea that he gave surprises many people,他提出观点令许多人感到吃惊。,（,that,在从句中作,gave,宾语。）,11/106,（,5,）同位语从句与定语从句区分。,从句是否有疑问意义。若表示疑问，为同位语从句。,Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you?,(when,引导从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句）,I have asked the question why it was true just now.,(why,引导从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句）,12/106,互动练习,在句子中使用同位语表示以下概念。,Generation gap,Family harmony,Social prosperity,13/106,定语从句,Attributive Clause,14/106,（,1,）限制性和非限制性定语从句,定语从句就其与先行词语义关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。,限定性定语从句与其先行词所指意义有着不可分割联络，缺乏了它，作为先行词名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。全部关系代词和关系副词都能引导限定性定语从句。,非限制性定语从句是先行词附加说明，去掉了也不会影响,主句意思，它与主句之间通惯用逗号分开。,关系代词和关系副词除了,that,、,why,、,but,之外都可引导非限定性定语从句。如：,15/106,This is the house which we bought last month.,这是我们上个月买那幢房子。（限制性）,The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.,这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买。（非限制性）,16/106,（,1,）限制性和非限制性定语从句,说明：当先行词是,专有名词或物主代词和指示代词,所修饰时，,其后定语从句通常是非限制性。如：,Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.,查理,史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我老师。,My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.,我去年买那幢房子带着个漂亮花园。,非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。如：,He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.,他似乎没领会我意思，这使我心烦。,Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.,液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,17/106,（,2,）关系代词引导定语从句,关系代词所代替先行词是人或物名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成份。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词人称和数要和先行词保持一致。,who,whom,that,这些词代替先行词是人名词或代词，,在从句中所起作用以下：,Is he the man who/that wants to see you?,他就是你想见人吗？（,who/that,在从句中作主语）,He is the man,（,whom/that,）,I saw yesterday.,他就是我昨天见那个人。（,whom/that,在从句中作宾语，可省略）,18/106,（,2,）关系代词引导定语从句,Whose,用来指人或物，只用作定语。若指物，它还,能够同,of which,交换。如：,They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.,那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。,Please pass me the book whose/of which cover is green.,请递给我那本绿皮书。,19/106,（,2,）关系代词引导定语从句,which,that,所代替先行词是事物名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如：,A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.,农村出现了前所未有繁荣。（,which/that,在句中作宾语）,The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.,你拿包快散了。,(which/that,在句中作宾语，可省略）,20/106,（,3,）关系副词引导定语从句,when,指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语,I still remember the day when I first came to the school.,我依然记得我第一次去学校那一天。,where,指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语,Shanghai is the city where I was born.,上海是我出生地。,21/106,（,3,）关系副词引导定语从句,why,指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语,I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.,我不知道他今天看起来不高兴原因。,说明：,A,关系副词,when,where,why,含义相当于,介词,+which“,结构，所以经常和“介词,+which”,结构交替使用，如：,There are occasions when/on which one must yield.,任何人都有不得不屈服时候。,The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.,他拒绝邀请原因并不清楚。,22/106,（,3,）关系副词引导定语从句,B,that,代替关系副词,that,能够用于表示,时间、地点、方式、理由,名词后取代,when,where,why,和“介词,+which”,引导定语从句，在口语中,that,常被省略。如：,His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.,他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。,He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.,他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过地方。,23/106,（,4,）判断关系代词与关系副词,从句中谓语动词是及物动词时，关系词用关系代词；,从句中谓语动词是不及物动词时，就必须要求用,关系副词或者是介词加关系代词。如：,This is the place which I visited last year.(visit Vt.),这是我去年去过地方。,It was raining on the day when they arrived.(arrive Vi.),他们是在一个雨天抵达。,24/106,（,5,）介词,+,关系词,介词后面关系词不能省略。,that,前不能有介词。,一些在从句中充当初间，地点或原因状语,“,介词,+,关系词”,结构能够同关系副词,when,where,和,why,交换。如：,This is the house in which I lived two years ago.,This is the house where I lived two years ago.,这是我两年前住过房子。,This is the reason why he came late.,This is the reason for which he came late.,这是他迟到原因。,25/106,（,6,）关系代词,that,使用方法,A,限制性定语从句,只能用,that,几个情况,当先行词是,anything,everything,nothing,few,all,none,little,some,等代词时，或者是由,every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,，,each,等修饰时；如,All that can be done has been done.,所以能做已经做了。,Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.,任何一个想成功男孩都必须努力学习。,当先行词被序数词修饰时；如：,This is the first place that I want to visit.,这是我第一个想去地方。,26/106,（,6,）关系代词,that,使用方法,A,限制性定语从句只能用,that,几个情况,当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时；如：,This is the best film that I have seen.,这是我看过最好一部影片。,当形容词被,the very,the only,the same,the last,修饰时；如：,This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.,这是我想买一本很好字典。,27/106,当先行词为既指人又指物并列名词词组时；如：,He talked of the man and the books that interested him.,他谈到了他感兴趣那个人和那些书。,当先行词前面有,who,which,what,等疑问代词时。如：,Who is the man that has white hair.,那个白头发人是谁？,28/106,6,）关系代词,that,使用方法,B,不用,that,情况,在引导非限定性定语从句时，不用,that,引导；,介词后不能用,that,引导。,29/106,（,7,）,as,which,引导非限定性定语从句,由,as,which,引导非限定性定语从句，,as,和,which,可代整个主句，,相当于,and this,或,and that,。在定语从句中它们都能够作主语和宾语。但,as,引导定语从句可置于句首，而,which,不可。如：,As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.,我们知道吸烟对健康有害。,He is an Englishman,as I know from his accent.,他是个英国人，我能够从他口音上了解到这一点。,He has to work on Sundays,which he doesnt like.,他周日得工作，这一点他是不喜欢。,30/106,（,7,）,as,which,引导非限定性定语从句,说明：,关系代词,as,既能够引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句。当,as,引导限定性定语从句时，惯用在“,suchas”“the sameas”,结构中。如；,Lets discuss only such questions as concern us.,（,as,作主语）,让我们只讨论与我们相关问题吧。,I never heard such stories as he told.(as,作宾语,),我从未听过他讲这类故事。,Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.,(as,作表语,),她对他态度同她惯常态度完全一样。,31/106,（,8,）先行词和关系词二合一,Whoever spits in public will be punished here.,(Whoever,能够用,anyone who,代替,),不论是谁在公众场所吐痰在这儿将会受到处罚。,The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.,(what,能够用,all that,代替,),那对父母为了送他们儿子上技术学校会倾尽他们全部。,32/106,（,9,）同位语从句与定语从句区分。,同位语从句与前面名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词内容；定语从句与前面名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面名词范围，或补充一些情况。,The news that l have passed the exam is true,我经过了考试这一消息是真。,（同位语从句，即从句所表示意思就是前面名词,内容。）,The news that he told me just now is true,他刚才告诉我消息是真。,（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，,即“他告诉我”那个消息，而不是别消息。）,33/106,（,9,）同位语从句与定语从句区分。,关系词在句中是否做成份。,The idea that computers can recognize human voices,surprises many people.,计算机能够识他人声音想法使许多人感到惊奇。,（,that,在从句中不充当任何成份。）,The idea that he gave surprises many people,他提出观点令许多人感到吃惊。,（,that,在从句中作,gave,宾语。）,34/106,（,9,）同位语从句与定语从句区分。,从句是否有疑问意义。,.Do you remember the day when I told you that I loved you?,(when,引导从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句。）,I have asked the question why it was true just now.,(why,引导从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句。）,35/106,1.,我们去年在医院一直照料,take care of,老太太死了,.,2.,你想娶,marry,姑娘昨天偷了我钱包。,3.,孙老师写书是世界上最好书。,The old lady whom we had taken care of in the hospital last year died.,The girl whom you want to marry stole my wallet yesterday.,The book that Mt.Sun wrote is the best book in the world.,36/106,4.,你喜欢女孩就是我喜欢女孩。,5.,昨天被我家狗咬人,bite,今天又被你家狗咬了。,6.,你知道他打算娶,reason,你原因吗？,The girl who you like is the girl who I like.,The man who was bit by my dog yesterday was bit by your dog today again.,Do you know the reason for which he is going to marry you?,37/106,7.,我讨厌,hate,我住过那个旅馆,hotel,。,8.,我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习那个秋天,autumn,。,9.,他爱了,20,年那个女孩昨天嫁,marry,人了。,I hate the hotel where I lived.,I will never forget the autumn when I studied and lived with you.,I will never forget the autumn in which I studied and lived with you.,The girl whom he had been in love with for 20 years married someone yesterday.,38/106,状语从句,状语从句是由从句来充当状语句子，其在句子中可修饰谓语动词,(,或其它动词,),、形容词、副词或整个句子。它能够用来表示时间、地点、原因、目标、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。,39/106,状语从句,引导词,例句,时间,状语,从句,while(谓语动词必须,是延续性动词),when,(谓语动词能够是终止,性，也能够延续性,),as(当时,候，强调“一边,一边”),Please keep quiet while/when others are studying.,当他人正在学习时，请保持平静。,When I went into the lab,the teacher was doing an,experiment.(此处 when 不能换成 while)当我走,进试验室时，老师正在做试验。,As/When/While I was walking down the street,I,noticed a police car.当我沿着大街散步时，我注,意到一辆警车。,till/until(,直到,),not.until/till(,直,到,才,),They played volleyball until/till it got dark.(,延续,性动词,),他们打排球直到天黑才结束。,He didnt go to bed until/till his father came back.,(,非延续性动词,),直到他父亲回来他才睡觉。,一、状语从句引导词,40/106,状语从句,引导词,例句,地点状语,从句,where,wherever,Make a mark where you have a question.在你有,问题地方标个记号。,Sit wherever you like.坐在你喜欢地方。,条件状语,从句,(,真实,/,非真实,),if(,不能用,whether,替,换,),unless,so/as,long as,on condition,that,so/as far as,if,only(,if),If he is not in the office,he must be out for lunch.,假如他不在办公室，那一定是出去吃午饭了。,You may borrow the book so long as you keep it,clean.你能够借这本书，只要你让它保持洁净。,原因状语,从句,because,since,as,He had to stay at home yesterday because he,was ill.,昨天他必须待在家里，因为他病了。,Since everyone is here,now lets begin.,大家都,到齐了，现在开始。,结果状语,从句,so that,so.that,such.that,He was so excited that he jumped from the sofa.,他如此激动以至于他从沙发上跳了下来。,续表,41/106,状语从句,引导词,例句,目标状语,从句,so,so that,in order,that,in case(,以防，,以免,),Speak clearly,so that they may understand you.,说清楚些方便他们都能听懂。,He left early in case he should miss the train.他,早早地离开，以防误了火车。,让步状语,从句,although,though,as,even if/though,however,whatever,whether.or,no matter,who/when/what.,Child as he is,he knows a lot.尽管他还是个孩,子，他却知道很多。,Whatever(No matter what)you say,Ill never,change my mind.不论你说什么，我都不会改,变主意。,比较状语,从句,than,so/as.as,the,more.the more.,I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.,我犯错误比你犯多得多。,The busier he is,the happier he feels.越忙他觉,得越高兴。,方式状语,从句,as,as if/though,the,way,rather than.,You must do the exercise as I show you.你必须,按照我教你去做练习。,He acted as if nothing had happened.从他举,止行为看，似乎什么也没发生过。,续表,42/106,状语从句讲解,一、时间状语从句,1,when,，,while,，,as,特殊点,(1),表示带有规律性“,每当,”或从句和主句动作存在,先后,关系时，普通用,when,。,(2)when,可用作并列连词，意为“在那时，突然”，惯用于以下句式：,be about to do-when;be doing-when;be on the point of doing-when;sb.had just done sth.when-,(3),表示“,伴随,”或“,一边,一边,”,含义时，普通用,as,。,(4)as,作“当,时候”解，从句谓语普通,不可,是状态动词。,(5)while,从句谓语动词,不可,是短暂性。,43/106,【,例,1】_ the days went on,，,the weather got worse.,A,With B,Since C,While D,As,答案,D,【,例,2】_ you are at home alone,，,please dont leave the door open.,A,Until B,While C,Before D,As,答案,B,44/106,2,表示“一,就,”,时间状语从句,(1)as soon as,惯用,普通现在,时表未来。,(2)hardly/scarcely.,when,.,或,no sooner.,than,.,结构中，主句谓语用,过去完成,时，从句谓语用,普通过去,时。把,no sooner,和,hardly/scarcely,提到句首时，应用倒装语序,(3),表示时间概念,副,词充当,连,词，如：,immediately,，,directly,，,instantly,等。,(4)“,the,瞬间名词”，如：,the moment,，,the minute,，,the second,等。,45/106,【,例,3】Just use this room for the time being,，,and well offer you a larger one _ it becomes available.(,安徽,),A,as soon as B,unless,C,as far as D,until,答案,A,【,例,4】She had _ sat down _ the telephone rang.,A,hardly,；,than B,hardly,；,when,C,no sooner,；,when D,no sooner,；,as,答案,B,46/106,【,例,5】I went to see him _ I heard from him.,A,when B,while,C,as D,immediately,答案,D,47/106,3,以,time,结尾短语引导时间状语从句,every/each time,，,(the)next time,，,(the)last time,，,the first time,，,any time,，,by the time,等短语也可用作,连,词，引导时间状语从句。,【,例,6】I thought her nice and honest _ I met her.,A,first time B,for the first time,C,the first time D,by the first time,答案,C,48/106,【,例,7】I seem to remember that _ we met I did most of the talking.,A,the last time B,every time,C,at the time D,A and B,答案,D,49/106,4,since,引导时间状语从句使用方法,(1),主句惯用,现在完成,时，从句惯用,普通过去,时。,(2),若从句谓语动词是,延续,性，表示动作,终止,；若从句谓语动词是,短暂,性，则表示动作,开始,。,(3),固定句型：,It is/has been,段,时间,since,普通过去,时。,【,例,8】Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time?,Yes,，,since she _ the Chinese Society.,A,has joined B,joins,C,had joined D,joined,答案,D,50/106,【,例,9】What was the party like?,Wonderful.Its years _ I enjoyed myself so much.,A,after B,when C,before D,since,答案,D,【,例,10】Do you smoke?,_.Its three years since I smoked.,A,Yes,，,I do B,Yes,，,I dont,C,No,，,I dont D,No,，,I do,答案,C,51/106,5,until/till,引导时间状语从句使用方法,(1),用于,肯,定句中，主句谓语动词是,延续,性，表示对应动作,结束,时间。如：,He worked until five oclock.,他,一直,工作,到,五点钟。,(2),用于,否,定句中，主句谓语动词普通是,短暂,性，表示对应动作,开始,时间，意为“,直到,才,”如：,He didnt begin to work until five oclock.,直到,五点钟他,才,开始工作。,【,例,11】A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story.,A,until B,unless C,when D,after,答案,A,52/106,注：,not.until,可用于强调句或倒装句中。,如：,I didnt know it until he came back.,It,was not until he came back,that I knew it,.,强调句,Not until he came back did I know it,.,倒装句,53/106,6,once,引导时间状语从句使用方法,once,引导时间状语从句时含有条件意味，译为“,一旦,”。,【,例,12】_ they decide which college to go to,，,students should research the admission procedures.(,北京,),A,As B,While C,Until D,Once,答案,D,54/106,7,before,引导时间状语从句使用方法,表示“在,之前”。惯用句型：,It will be some time before.,意为“,要过,一段时间,才,”,。,It was long before-,很久才,It wasnt long before-,很快就,-,【,例,13】John thinks it wont be long _ he is ready for his new job.(,陕西,),A,when B,after C,before D,since,答案,C,55/106,【,例,14】Why didnt you tell him about the meeting?,He rushed out of the room _ I could say a word.,A,when B,until C,before D,after,答案,C,注：,before,反义词是,after,，二者,能够,转换。如：,We had stayed here four days before we went home.After,we had stayed here four days,，,we,went home,.,56/106,8,whenever,使用方法,whenever,表示“,不论,何时”，相当于,every time/each time,。,【,例,15】_ I come to Beijing,，,I call at my teachers home.,A,By the time B,While,C,Whenever D,When,答案,C/D,57/106,二、条件状语从句,1,引导条件状语从句连词主要有,if“,假如”，,unless“,除非”,(=if-not),，,as/so long as“,只要,”，,on condition that“,只要,”，,supposing“,假设”，,providing/provided“,倘若,”等。,【,例,16】Our holiday cost a lot of money.,Did it?Well,，,that doesnt matter _ you enjoyed yourselves.(,江西,),A,as long as B,unless,C,as soon as D,though,答案,A,58/106,【,例,17】The little boy wont go to sleep _ his mother tells him a story.(,全国,),A,or B,unless C,but D,whether,答案,B,【,例,18】The bell is rung _ there is a fire.,A,even B,that C,if D,although,答案,C,59/106,2,in case,也可引导条件状语从句，意为“,假如,，,万一,”。,【,例,19】_ I forget,，,please remind me about it.,A,In case B,As B,Unless D,Though,答案,A,3.“,祈使句,+and/or/or else/otherwise+,简单句”句型，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。,Hurry up,or else youll be late.,One step further,and the car will hit you.,60/106,三、原因状语从句,1,because,引导原因状语从句使用方法,(1),含有很强因果关系，回答,why,提问，普通,只,用,because,。,(2),在强调句型中，如强调原因状语从句，,只,用,because,引导这个从句。,【,例,20】Why didnt he come yesterday?,_ he had something important to do.,A,Because B,As C,Since D,For,答案,A,61/106,【,例,21】It was _ I was ill that I didnt go to school.,A,because B,since C,as D,for,答案,A,62/106,2,since,，,as,引导原因状语从句使用方法,表示,已知,或,显著,原因，通常放于主句之,前,。,since,比,as,更,正
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