人教版英语选修六第三单元知识点.pdf

U3(选修六选修六)Words and expressions1.abuse n.滥用滥用,妄用；虐待，辱骂妄用；虐待，辱骂 弊病，陋习弊病，陋习1 12 2vt.滥用滥用,妄用妄用,虐待虐待e.g.He abused his power while in office.他在职时滥用权力。他在职时滥用权力。Those captives were physically abused.那些俘虏遭受了肉体那些俘虏遭受了肉体上的摧残上的摧残drug abuse 滥用毒品滥用毒品child abuse 虐待儿童虐待儿童abuse ones position/power 滥用职权滥用职权/权利权利abuse a privilege 滥用特权滥用特权2.stress 1）n.压力压力;重音重音,重读重读 1 1be under(the)stress(of)在压力下在压力下suffer from stress 遭受压力遭受压力the stresses and strains of modern life 现代生活的压力和紧现代生活的压力和紧张张强调强调,重要性重要性2 2e.g.Some school lay/put/place stress on foreign language education.2）vt.加压力于加压力于;重读重读;强调强调e.g.He stressed the importance of the task.3.ban 1）n.禁令禁令,禁止禁止 a ban on sth2）vt.禁止禁止,取缔取缔ban sb.from(doing)sth.颁布禁令颁布禁令impose a ban 解除禁令解除禁令lift a bane.g.Our government has put/imposed a ban on plastic bags.4.due to 归因于归因于,归功于归功于e.g.The accident is due to your careless driving.那意外事故那意外事故归因于你驾驶不小心。归因于你驾驶不小心。be due to do sth定于某时做某事定于某时做某事e.g.He is due to speak at the meeting tomorrow.可以被可以被 caused by 所代替所代替The train is due in five minutes.(预定的，预期的）预定的，预期的）My rent isnt due till Wednesday.（到期的，立即支付的）（到期的，立即支付的）In due course 在适当的时候在适当的时候after due consideration 经适当考虑之后经适当考虑之后because of“由于由于”,较口语化，只作状语较口语化，只作状语owing to 较正式，须用逗号与主句隔开较正式，须用逗号与主句隔开thanks to“多亏了多亏了”，多用于正面的意义，多用于正面的意义as a result of“因为因为”as a result 副短副短,“因此因此”therefore 副词副词,“因此因此”so 并列连词并列连词,“因此因此”because of,due to,owing to,on account of 和和 thanks to 的的用法比较用法比较 这一词都表示这一词都表示“由于由于”的意思，在使用时应该注意以下区别：的意思，在使用时应该注意以下区别：1because of 意为意为“由于，因为由于，因为”，强调因果关系，在句中，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。如：如：We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback 我们决不可因为这样一个小小的挫折而灰心丧气。我们决不可因为这样一个小小的挫折而灰心丧气。2owing to 与与 because of 一样，也强调因果关系，除作状一样，也强调因果关系，除作状语外，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或语外，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或句末，用逗号隔开。如：句末，用逗号隔开。如：They decided to cancel the flight，owing to the storm 由于这场暴风雨，他们决定取消这个航班。由于这场暴风雨，他们决定取消这个航班。His death was owing to an accident他死于一场事故。他死于一场事故。3due to 引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表语、状语和定引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与语。作表语和状语时与 owing to 同义，作状语时，一般不同义，作状语时，一般不与其他成分隔开。不用于句首。如：与其他成分隔开。不用于句首。如：This accident was due to（owing to）his careless driving这次车祸是由于他开车疏忽大意造成的。这次车祸是由于他开车疏忽大意造成的。He arrived late due to（owing to）the storm由于暴风雨由于暴风雨他来晚了。他来晚了。Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences 由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。4on account of 与与 because of，owing to 同义，但语气较同义，但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，不作定语。如：为正式。可作状语、表语，不作定语。如：He could not come on account of his illness他因病不能前他因病不能前来。来。That was on account of lack of exercise那是由于缺乏锻炼。那是由于缺乏锻炼。5thanks to 表示表示“幸亏，多亏幸亏，多亏”多用于表达正面意思，相当多用于表达正面意思，相当于感谢，在句中作状语和表语。于感谢，在句中作状语和表语。如：如：Thanks to your advice，much trouble was saved多多亏你的建议，减少了许多麻烦。亏你的建议，减少了许多麻烦。5.tough1）The wire is tougher than that.(坚韧的，不易磨损的）坚韧的，不易磨损的）2）You need to be tough enough to survive in the jungle.（坚忍不拔的，吃苦耐劳的）（坚忍不拔的，吃苦耐劳的）3）a tough criminal（粗暴的，凶暴的）（粗暴的，凶暴的）4）tough measures to deal with terrorism（强硬的，严厉的）（强硬的，严厉的）5）a tough assignment/problem/choice（棘手的，困难的）（棘手的，困难的）6）a tough steak（硬的，老的）（硬的，老的）6.fit1)V.1.The dress doesnt fit me.2.We cant fit any more chairs into the room.（容纳）（容纳）3.be fitted with handles（安装）（安装）4.His ideas did not quite fit in with our aims.他的想法和我他的想法和我们的目标不完全一致。们的目标不完全一致。(与与相一致，相协调）相一致，相协调）2)Adj.keep fitbe fit for/to doThe book is fit(suitable)for children.The fresh air is fit to breath.反义词：反义词：unfit be unfit for/to do区分区分 fit,suit,matchThese shoes dont fit me.Have you got a larger size?这鞋我这鞋我穿不合适。你们有大点的吗？穿不合适。你们有大点的吗？That haircut suits you.那种发型很适合你。那种发型很适合你。The carpets should match the curtains.地毯应该和窗帘相地毯应该和窗帘相配。配。You cant match him in his knowledge of wild plants.在野在野生植物知识方面，你无法与他相比。生植物知识方面，你无法与他相比。7.addicted adj.“对某某上瘾对某某上瘾”,“沉湎于某某沉湎于某某”e.g.My children have become hopelessly addicted to television.我的几个孩子都成了电视迷我的几个孩子都成了电视迷,简直不可救药了。简直不可救药了。构词法：构词法：addict n.吸毒成瘾的人吸毒成瘾的人addiction n.沉湎、成瘾沉湎、成瘾addictive adj.使人上瘾的使人上瘾的addict 常用于下列结构：常用于下列结构：addict oneself to sth.沉溺于某物沉溺于某物be addicted to sth.专心做某事专心做某事;上了上了.的瘾的瘾be addicted to doing sth.Eg.The parents felt helpless when they found their son had _ love stories for long.A.addicted B.addicted to C.addicted himself D.been addicted to8.accustom v.使人习惯于、养成习惯使人习惯于、养成习惯e.g.She found it necessary to accustom her child to getting up early.她觉得有必要让孩子养成早起的好习惯。她觉得有必要让孩子养成早起的好习惯。常用句式：常用句式：1)accustom+名词名词/oneself+to+名名eg.Children are quick to accustom themselves to new surroundings.孩子们很快就会适应新环境。孩子们很快就会适应新环境。2)be accustomed to+名词名词e.g.I am accustomed to walking long distances.我习惯与长我习惯与长距离步行。距离步行。3)get/become/be accustomed to+名词名词e.g.You will soon get accustomed to the job.你将会习惯于你将会习惯于这个工作。这个工作。同义词组：同义词组：be/get/become used to注意注意:在英语中在英语中,to 有时为动词不定式符号有时为动词不定式符号,后跟动词原形后跟动词原形;有时有时用作介词用作介词,后跟名词、代词、或动名词。下面的这些短语中后跟名词、代词、或动名词。下面的这些短语中的的 to 均为介词。均为介词。stick to 坚持坚持 lead to 导致导致,通向通向 pay a visit to 参观参观 sentence sb.to 宣判某人宣判某人 come to 谈到谈到,涉及涉及 see to 处理，负责处理，负责 be up to 总计总计 devoteto 致力于致力于 get down to 开始开始/着手着手be opposed to/object to 反对反对 be devoted to 致力于，献身于致力于，献身于be attached to adjust(adapt)to be exposed to look forward to pay attention to attend to contribute to turn to admit to when it comes to 9.withdraw-withdrawalThe general refused to withdraw his troops.（收回，撤回）（收回，撤回）She withdrew all her savings and left the country.（取钱，（取钱，提款）提款）withdrawal symptoms 戒毒过程中出现的症状戒毒过程中出现的症状10.quit 动词动词,过去式和过去分词均为过去式和过去分词均为 quit,现在分词为现在分词为quitting,接动词接动词-ing 形式形式,“停止做停止做”e.g.She quit smoking when she got pregnant.她一怀孕就她一怀孕就戒了烟。戒了烟。归类记忆归类记忆:下列动词只能用下列动词只能用-ing 形式作宾语形式作宾语admit,advise,allow,appreciate,avoid,consider,deny,forbid(禁止禁止),fancy(想象想象),finish,keep,mention,mind,miss,pardon,permit,prevent,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,imagine,postpone(推迟推迟),practice,quit,resist(抵制抵制),risk,suggest,tolerate,understandLine 18:I did finally manage.Line 30:I do hope so because I want you to livedo/does/did+动词原形，用于肯定句和祈使句中，表示强调。动词原形，用于肯定句和祈使句中，表示强调。注意：只用于强调谓语动词。注意：只用于强调谓语动词。强调谓语以外的成分可使用：强调谓语以外的成分可使用：It is/was thatIt was when I was doing my homework that I saw him sleeping.It was I that/who saw him sleeping in class.Do be careful when crossing the street.He does speak English well.Line 19:I didnt know,for example,that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant.点拨点拨 该句是一个包含两个宾语从句的主从复合句。该句是一个包含两个宾语从句的主从复合句。第二个宾语从句第二个宾语从句 that 不能省略。不能省略。主句为主句为 I didnt know。or 连接这两个宾语从句连接这两个宾语从句,意为意为“也不也不（知道）（知道）”。I dont know.or.这个句型译为这个句型译为“我不知我不知道道,也不知道也不知道”。如：。如：I dont know where to go or what to do.我不知道去哪里也不我不知道去哪里也不知道干什么。知道干什么。We believe(that)you are honest and that youve told us the truth.我们相信你很老实，也相信你已告诉了我们实情。我们相信你很老实，也相信你已告诉了我们实情。Line 22:Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the heath of non-smokers.Line 1:it is not easy to stop smoking,but millions have managed to quit and so can you.neither/nor+be/助动词助动词/情态动词情态动词,表示否定的情况表示否定的情况so+be/助动词助动词/情态动词，表示肯定的情况。情态动词，表示肯定的情况。She doesnt like English,neither do I.I have mastered the use of it,so have she.注意：注意：so+主语主语+助动词助动词I have finished all my homework,so have she.-She finished all the homework yesterday.-So she did.我已经完成了作业，她也是。我已经完成了作业，她也是。-她昨天把所有的作业完成了。她昨天把所有的作业完成了。-她确实都完成了。她确实都完成了。Line 27:I knew it was time to quit smoking.It is/was time(for sb)to do sth.It is(high/about)time that sb.did/should do sth.It is/was)the first(second)time that sb.have/has done sth./had done sth.Its time for us to study hard.该是我们认真学习的时候了该是我们认真学习的时候了Its high time that we studied/should study hard.Its the first time that my classmates and I have got together.昨天晚上是我们第一次同学聚会。昨天晚上是我们第一次同学聚会。11.strengthenPracticing Kongfu strengthens our bodies.We must strengthen our socialist construction.We should strengthen the legal system.He lifted the stone with all his strength.The ability to keep calm is one of his many strengths.Bill was doing a lot of physical exercises to build up his strength.To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their strengths andweaknesses.12.decide decision1.decide+名词名词/代词代词The question will be decided by themselves.问题将由他们自问题将由他们自己决定。己决定。2.decide to doLast week,a group of Class 3 students decided to go to the museum.3.decide+从句从句Lets first decide where we should go.(=Lets first decide where to go.)It is not decided whether we will go there.It is decided that.：It is decided that we should start tomorrow.（注：这种从（注：这种从句要用虚拟语气。句要用虚拟语气。）4.跟介词短语跟介词短语(跟跟 on 或或 upon，表示，表示“就某事做出决定就某事做出决定”)：Dont decide on important matters too quickly.重要的事情重要的事情不要匆忙做出决定。不要匆忙做出决定。make a decisiondetermine to do/be determined to domake up ones mind(s)to do13.feel like 想要想要,只表示一次的想法只表示一次的想法,后接动词后接动词-ing 形式形式e.g.Its so hot today.I feel like going swimming.今天好热今天好热啊啊,我想去游泳。我想去游泳。摸起来像摸起来像,像是像是e.g.The material feels like silkIt feels like rain.would like to doe.g.Id like to have dinner with you.Line 6:Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette,remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.every time 在此句中引导时间状语，表示在此句中引导时间状语，表示“每次每次的时候的时候”Every time I go to see her,she is always busy working.每次每次我去看她，她总是忙于工作。我去看她，她总是忙于工作。下列用法均可做连词：下列用法均可做连词：the first time 第一次第一次的时候的时候the moment/minute/instant/immediately/instantly/directly 一一.就就.every time=each time 每次每次的时候的时候last time 上次上次next time 下次下次by the time 到到为止为止I fell in love with him the first time I saw him.第一次见到第一次见到他的时候，我就喜欢他了。他的时候，我就喜欢他了。The last time I saw her,she was working.最后一次见到她最后一次见到她的时候，她正在工作。的时候，她正在工作。I always go too see my best friend immediately we have a holiday.一放假，我总是去看我最好的朋友。一放假，我总是去看我最好的朋友。14.remindremind sb of sthremind sb to toremind sb thate.g.The story reminded me of an experience I once lived.You must remind him to take his medicine,in case he forgets.Please remind me that I must return the book before noon.15.ashamed adj.feel sorry or embarrassede.g.She is ashamed to ask such a simple question.相关短语：相关短语：be ashamed of sb./sth be ashamed that be ashamed to do What a shame!Its a shame(pity)that.真是遗憾真是遗憾16.in spite of 尽管尽管,虽然，不顾。后接名词（虽然，不顾。后接名词（despite)eg.She cant see very well in spite of her glasses.(despite)尽管戴着眼镜她还是不能看得很清楚。尽管戴着眼镜她还是不能看得很清楚。Despite(In spite of)the fact that we tried our best,we didnt win.regardless of 不管，不顾，不理会不管，不顾，不理会He says what he thinks and does what he wants to do,regardless of other peoples feelings.The law says everyone is equal,regardless of age,sex,or religion.Though/Although/Even if Even though its hard work,I enjoy it.Young as/though I am,I already know what career I want to follow.17.get into 陷于陷于,染上什么习惯染上什么习惯 get into the habit of 养成什么习惯。养成什么习惯。相当于相当于 fall into the habit of 或者或者 form the habit ofe.g.The girl has got into the habit of playing with her hair while reading.那个女孩养成了阅读时玩弄头发的习惯。那个女孩养成了阅读时玩弄头发的习惯。短语联想：短语联想：get into trouble 惹上麻烦惹上麻烦get into debt 负债累累负债累累get along/on withget away withget down get inget off get over get throughget together18.at risk=in dangertake risks/a riskat the risk of 冒冒的危险的危险/风险风险at your own risk 自担风险自担风险run the risk of 冒险冒险(做某事做某事)risk doing19.survival-survive-survivorOf the four people in the car accident,only one survived.Many customs have survived from earlier times.许多风俗习许多风俗习惯源源流长惯源源流长The old lady has survived her husband.那老妇人的丈夫先她那老妇人的丈夫先她而去世了而去世了He felt lucky to have survived the war.经历那场战争后能幸经历那场战争后能幸存下来他感到很幸运存下来他感到很幸运20.possible,probable,likely 的用法的用法Its possible(for sb)to doIts possible thatIts probable thatsth is probableIts likely that.主语主语+be likely to do21.prejudicepride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见傲慢与偏见She has a prejudice against modern music.她对现代音乐怀她对现代音乐怀有偏见。有偏见。They accused him of having a prejudice against his women employees.他们指责他歧视女雇员。他们指责他歧视女雇员。A new law has been brought in to discourage racial prejudice.一项反对种族歧视的新法律已被提出。一项反对种族歧视的新法律已被提出。judgement-judge in ones judgement 依依判断判断judge.from/by 依依判断判断judging by/from在句中作状语在句中作状语In my judgement,he is guilty.We cant judge a book by its cover.Judging from his skin,he comes from Africa.练习：练习：Complete the sentences with words from the text.1.Rice production has increased greatly in China over the last few years,largely _ super hybrid rice.2.Having lived in Hawaii all his life,he was not _ to the cold of Northern Europe.due toaccustomed 3.He was _ of his body so he decided to go on a diet and do more exercise.4.In spite of her wounded leg,she _to get up the stairs.5.He told me the same story _ until I felt like screaming.ashamedmanagedautomatically6.With exams only a week away,I am under a lot of _.7.When I _ playing sport I become very fat and unhealthy.8._ health is as important as physical health.stressquit/quittedMental9.Now that I am _ I eat a good diet because I want my baby to be born healthy.10._ often take more risks than adults.pregnantAdolescentsComplete the text with words from below.adolescents 青少年青少年 cigarettes 香烟香烟 quit 停止停止,戒戒 drugs 毒品毒品 due to 归因于归因于 stress 压力压力 eventually 终于终于 alcohol 酒酒 addicted 上瘾的上瘾的 manage 管理管理,努力做努力做Smoking _,drinking _ or taking other _ produce many harmful effects and have no real benefits.So why do _do it?Some because they believe it makes them look cool.Others think it will help with _ in their life possibly _ pressure from their parents or teachers.alcoholdrugsadolescents stressdue tocigarettesSome just want to see what it is like.What they dont realize is that they will get into the habit and _ become _.It will then be difficult to _ the habit.A few people _ to quit easily but for many it is a very painful process.Of course,the best way to deal with these drugs is not to start in the first place.eventuallyaddictedquitmanage