2010-2018年考研英语二历年真题及答案解析-共137页.pdf

20102018 年考研英语二真题及答案12010 考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11,2009.It is the first worldwide epidemic_1_ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _2_an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising_3_in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is _4_ in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organizations director general,_5_ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the _6_ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_7_in late April 2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_8_healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to _9_in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade_10_warmer weather arrived.But in late September 2009,officials reported there was _11_flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_12_tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has_13_more than one million people,and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_14_Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_15_orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is _16_ ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009,though most of those _17_doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not_18_for pregnant women,people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other _19_.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people _20_infants and healthy young people.1 A criticized B appointed CcommentedD designated2 A proceededB activated C followedD prompted 3 A digits B numbers C amountsD sums4 A moderateB normalC unusual D extreme5 A with B in C from D by20102018 年考研英语二真题及答案26 A progressB absence C presence D favor7 A reality B phenomenon C concept D notice8.AoverB for C among D to 9 A stay upB crop up C fill up D cover up10 A asB if C unless D until11 A excessive B enormous C significant Dmagnificent 12 Acategories B examples C patternsD samples13 A imparted B immerse C injectedD infected14 A released B relayed C relievedD remained15 A placing B delivering C takingD giving16 A feasibleB availableC reliableD applicable17 A prevalentB principalC innovativeD initial18 A presented B restricted C recommendedD introduced19 A problems B issues C agoniesD sufferings20 A involved in B caring forC concerned withD warding off Section Reading comprehensionPart AText1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,“Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sothebys in London on September 15th 2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than 70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some$65 billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firmdouble the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50 billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirsts sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable,especially in New York,where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sectorfor Chinese contemporary artthey were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008.Within weeks the worlds two biggest auction houses,Sothebys and Christies,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.20102018 年考研英语二真题及答案3The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989,a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War.This time experts reckon that prices are about 40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christies chief executive,says:“Im pretty confident were at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market,whereas in the early 1990s,when interest rates were high,there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell.Christies revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Dsdeath,debt and divorcestill deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirsts sale was referred to as“a last victory”because _.A.the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_.A.collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB.people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD.works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are _A.auction houses favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be _A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in Decline20102018 年考研英语二真题及答案4D.Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living rooma womens group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands dont talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,Shes the talker in our family.The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt.Its true,he explained.When I come home from work,I have nothing to say.If she didnt keep the conversation going,wed spend the whole evening in silence.This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewedbut only a few of the mengave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking,social arrangements and errands.Instead they focused on communication:He doesnt listen to me.He doesnt talk to me.I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D.Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means _.A.generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageD.creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_A.men tend to talk more in public than women20102018 年考研英语二真题及答案5B.nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couplesD.a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B.Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on _A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D.a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors habits among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks,apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,”Dr.Curtis said.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,youll find that many of the products we use every day chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitamins are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of canny advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didnt drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76 billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our 20102018 年考研英语二真题及答案6consumers lives,and its essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap_.A should be further cultivatedB should be changed graduallyC are deeply rooted in historyD are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to_A reveal their impact on peoples habitsB show the urgent need of daily necessitiesC indicate their effect on peoples buying powerD manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create peoples habits?ATide B CrestC Colgate D Unilever34.From the text we know that some of consumers habits are developed due to _Aperfected art of products Bautomatic behavior creationCcommercial promotions Dscientific experiments35.The authors attitude toward the influence of advertisement on peoples habits is_A indifferent B negativeC positive D biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states,for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character.Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intent