八年级上册英语外研版(新)各模块知识点归纳总结(全)-文档.pdf

1英语初二上册重点知识点讲解英语初二上册重点知识点讲解Module 1 How to learn English1.advice（1）意思是“意见，建议”，为不可数名词，可用 some，much，a piece of，pieces of 等修饰，不能说 an advice 或 many/a few advices。（2）表示“有关的建议”时，用介词 on，接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式。e.g.Lets ask for his advice on what to do next.常见搭配：take/follow ones advice 接受某人的建议 ask for advice 征求意见 拓展：advise vt建议 常见搭配：advise sb.to do sth.e.g.My teacher advises me to leave now.老师建议我现在就离开。2Each time you will learn something new.I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends.每次你将会学习一些新东西。我也建议你和朋友们谈论电影或歌曲。time 的用法：（1）time 指“时间”用作不可数名词，前面可 much,little,a lot of,plenty of 等修饰。（2）当作“次数；倍数”讲时，time 是可数名词。e.g.I have been to Beijing three times.（3）time 构成的短语：at a time一次，每一次 at one time曾经，一度 at times/from time to time有时，偶尔 all the time总是，一直 in time及时，迟早 on time准时（4）time 构成的句型：Its time for sb.to do sth./Its(high)time sb.did sth.该是某人干的时间了。e.g.Its time for children to go to bed.是小孩睡觉的时候了。Its high time that we started.我们该出发了。each time（每次），next time（下次），the first/last time（第一次/最后一次的时候）等。e.g.The last time I went to China,I visited Shanghai.我上次到中国时，游览了上海。3I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.我建议你一天把四个或者五个单词写在纸上并且放在你的房间里。suggest，做动词，表示“建议，提议”的意思，对应的名词是 suggestion。suggest 的用法：I suggested his/him giving up the idea.我建议他放弃那念头。She suggested that the class meeting(should)not be held on Saturday.2Module 2 My home town and my country1It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000.它（剑桥）位于康河河畔，人口约为 12 万。population n.意思是“人口，居民”，它是一个集体名词,常用单数形式。population 常与定冠词 the 连用，作主语用时，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。e.g.The worlds population is increasing faster and faster.当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时，谓语动词用复数形式。e.g.About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民。有时 population 可用作可数名词，其前可用不定冠词。e.g.China has a population of about 1.3 billion.中国大约有十三亿人口。表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“little”,而要用“large”或“small”。e.g.India has a large population.印度人口众多。询问某国、某地有多少人口时，不用“How much.？”，而用“How large.？”。在问具体人口时用“What.？”。e.g.What is the population of Canada？The population of Canada is about 29 million.加拿大的人口大约有二千九百万。2It has a population of about seven and a half million,so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge.它大约有 750 万人口，所以比剑桥更大更繁忙。（1）million 是数词，意思是“百万”。它的用法如下：当与具体数字连用时，习惯上用单数，而且也不后接介词 of。e.g.three million people 三百万人 当不与具体数字连用，而是表示不确定的泛指数时，则不仅要用复数，而且要后接介词of，然后才能接名词。e.g.A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds.一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失。拓展：与 million 有相同用法的数词还有：hundred（百）,thousand（千）,billion（十亿）。学习形容词的比较级的规则变化及用法。（1）规则变化：类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 一般直接加-er longtalllongertaller不发音的 e 结尾时加-rlatelargelaterlarger辅音字母加 y 结尾时把 y变 i，再加-ereasyhappyeasierhappier 单音节词和少数双音节词 重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-erbighot biggerhotter 3（2）形容词比较级用法 表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级，最明显的提示词是 than，其结构为“A+比较级+than+B”。e.g.Li Leis room is bigger than mine.李雷的房间比我的大。This mooncake is nicer than that one.这块月饼比那块好吃。有表示程度的副词 a little，a bit，a few，a lot，much，even，still，far，rather，any 等修饰时，用形容词比较级。e.g.I feel even worse now.我现在觉得更难受了。It is much colder today than before.今天比以前冷得多。比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”，“小多少”，“长多少”，“短多少”等。e.g.I am two years older than he.我比他大两岁。This building is 20 meters higher than that one.这栋楼房比那栋高 20 米。表示“两者之间最一个(of the two)”时，常用“the+比较级”结构。e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins.Mary 是双胞胎中的高个子。表示“越来越”，用比较级重叠结构，即“比较级+and+比较级”，多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”。e.g.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天气变得越来越暖和。Module 3 Sports进一步学习形容词和副词的比较级的规则变化和不规则变化（1）规则变化：类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 在原级前加 morecarefulbeautifulmore carefulmore beautiful多音节词和部分双音节词 在原级前加 lessimportantusefulless importantless useful（2）不规则变化：原级 比较级 good/well（身体好的）bettermany/muchmorebad/illworselittlelessfar farther(较远)further(进一步)old olderelder(较年长的)（3）形容词和副词比较级用法 表示“越就越”时，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构。e.g.The busier he is,the happier he feels.他越忙越高兴。4Module 4 Planes,ships and trains学习形容词和副词的最高级的规则变化和不规则变化及其用法学习形容词和副词的最高级的规则变化和不规则变化及其用法（1）规则变化：类别 构成方法 原级 最高级 一般直接加-est longtalllongesttallest不发音的 e 结尾时加-stlatelargelatestlargest辅音字母加 y 结尾时把 y变 i，再加-esteasyhappyeasiesthappiest单音节词和少数双音节词 重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-estbighot biggesthottest在原级前加 mostcarefulbeautifulmost carefulmost beautiful多音节词和部分双音节词 在原级前加 leastimportantusefulleast importantleast useful（2）不规则变化：原级 最高级 good/well（身体好的）bestmany/muchmostbad/illworstlittleleastfar farthest(更远的)furthest(最大程度)oldoldest/eldest(较年长的)（3）形容词最高比较级用法 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the，句末常跟一个 in/of 短语来表示范围。e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.在三个男孩子中，他是最强壮的。Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时，用“Which/Who is+the+最高级，A，B or C？”结构。e.g.Which city is the most beautiful,Beijing,Shanghai or Fuzhou？哪个城市最漂亮，北京，上海还是福州？表示“最的之一”时，用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构，该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。5 形容词最高级前面可以加序数词，表示“第几最”。e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China.长江是中国第一大长河。形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词，指示代词，名词所有格等修饰，但此时不能再用定冠词 the。e.g.This is our last lesson today.这是我们今天的最后一节课。形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.李雷是班上最高的学生。=Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.李雷比班上其他任何一个学生都高。=Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。Module 5 Lao She Teahouse重点知识讲解 1offer 做动词，意思是“提供；提议；提出”。常用的搭配：offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.把某物给予某人 e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus.=The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus.那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那位老人。offer to do sth.主动提出做某事 e.g.She offered to lend me her bike.她提出将自行车借给我。2.Show show 做及物动词，意为“展示；显示；给看”，show 后可接双宾语。show sb.sth.或 show sth.to sb.给某人看或者展示某物e.g.Show me your pen,please.=Show your pen to me,please.请让我看一下你的钢笔。Show your tickets,please.请出示车票。此外，show 还可用作名词，意为“展览；陈列；演出”，常构成短语 on show，意为“陈列，展览”。e.g.His pictures are on show now.他的画现在正在展览。难点知识讲解：动词不定式（难点知识讲解：动词不定式（I）（1）动词不定式的构成 肯定形式：to+动词原形 否定形式：not to do（2）动词不定式作宾语的用法 动词不定式置于谓语动词之后，作动词的宾语，表明意图、希望或决定的内容。常见的后面接“to 十动词原形”作宾语的动词有：plan,decide,hope,want,would like，agree,offer,try,like,love 等。注意：某些及物动词可用-ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语，但意义不同的有：67Module 6 Animals in danger1.形容词变成副词的规律。形容词变成副词的规律。一般在形容词的词尾加-ly 可以变成副词。例如：quickquickly,slowslowly,loudloudly,suddensuddenly 等。特殊情况：构成方法 例子 一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词，要把 y 改为 i 再加-ly。happyhappily,angryangrily有些以-ble 或-le 结尾的形容词，去掉 e 加-y。possiblepossiblyterribleterribly以-l 结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly。carefulcarefully温馨提示：副词修饰行为动词。如：He is very careful.He does everything carefully第一句中 is 是连系动词，用形容词 careful；第二句中修饰行为动词 does 用副词 carefully。常考的形容词和副词辨析有：hard 努力hardly 几乎不；late 迟的，晚的lately 近来；deep 深deeply 深深地；near 靠近nearly 差不多；wide 宽widely 广泛地；free 免费的freely 自由地。典例剖析：Tom studies _ but his sister _ studies.Ahard，hardBhardly，hardly Chard，hardlyDhardly，hard答案：C解题技巧：此题第一个陷阱是 hard 和 hardly 的区别，通常我们会认为 hard 的副词是 hardly，事实上hard 既是形容词.又是副词，而 hardly 是另外一个副词.，中文是“几乎不”。4-ing 形容词和形容词和-ed 形容词的区别。形容词的区别。-ing 形容词-ed 形容词 例句 interesting 有趣的 interested 感兴趣的 I have an interesting book.He is interested in science.exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 感到兴奋的 Have you heard of the exciting news？We are excited about the traveling.表示主动意义，多指事物对人的影响，一般修饰事物。表示被动意义，多指人对事物的感受，主语一般是人，常用于“sb.+-ed 形容词+介词”结构。We are all interested in the interesting story.5复习动词不定式。作宾语补足语：动词不定式作宾补时，它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机。8注意：动词不定式在使役动词 make,let 和感官动词 see,watch,hear,feel 等词后作宾补时，常省去不定式符号 to。help 后的不定式可带 to，也可不带 to。Lets see the dolphins.我们去看海豚吧。I hear her sing every day.我听见她每天都唱歌。M7 A famous story1.a girl called Alice.此处 called 为过去分词，修饰 girl，放在名词之后。相当于 named.2.fall down 跌倒，掉下 fall behind 跟不上，落在后面 fall into 落入中 fall off 从上掉下来 fall asleep 入睡 Eg：She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday.Leaves fall off the trees in fall.They felt tired and fell asleep quickly.3.It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.in a tree (外来物或人)在树上on a tree (树上本身有的东西：apple 等)在树上 Eg：There is a bird in the tree.There are a lot of apples on the tree.smile at sb 对某人微笑Eg：Lucy is very kind and always smiles at others.4.“到达”的表达：arrive in+大地点 get to+地点 reach+地点 at+小地点 (get hometherehere)5.have a tea party 举办茶会6.have nothing to do 没什么事可做 nothingsomething to eatdrink nothing 作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数7.once or twice=from time to time 偶尔 Eg：Once or twice he goes to school on foot.once 一次 twice 两次 三次及以上：数词+times three times six times8.whatfor?=why?为什么?；有什么用?9.nothing strange 没什么奇怪的事形容词 strange 作后置定语，修饰不定代词 nothing。在英语中，当形容修饰不定代词somethinganythingnothingeverything 等时，形容词必须放在不定代词后面，作后置定语。Eg：I have something important to do.10.hear sb.do sth.听到某人做某事 hear sb.doing sth.听到某人正在做某事Eg：I heard her play the piano in the next room just now.I hear someone singing in the room.11.take sth out of 把某物从掏出12.across 表示动作是在物体的表面进行，如过河，过桥，过马路。through 表示动作是在物体的内部空间进行，如穿过森林、门、隧道，光线射入等913.tooto 太而不能 Eg：He is too young to carry the heavy bag.M8 Accidents1.on the phone 通过电话通话(on 表示“通过”)2.look pale 看起来很苍白 此处 look 作为半系动词，后跟 adj.常见的半系动词有 tastesmellsoundfeel.Eg：The music sounds good.The food tastes delicious.3.be glad to do sth 很高兴去做 sth Eg：I am glad to see you again.4.in time 及时 on time 准时，按时 Eg：I hope you can come back in time.Please hand in your homework on time.5.fall off=fall down from 从摔下来你 fall in love with sb 爱上某人 6.the risk of 的风险 7.pay attention to 注意(to 是一个介词，后接名词或 doing)Eg：We should pay more attention to developing economy.8.sometimes 有时 some times 几次；几倍 sometime (将来或过去)某个时候 some time 一段时间 9.pick up 捡起，拾起(代词只能放中间，名词放在中间或后面均可)pick sb up (开车)接某人 Eg：After school,his father drives his car to pick him up everyday.10.call sb call up=ring up 打电话给 sb call on 拜访 sb 11.As he was lying there in great pain,Henry suddenly remember the photo.lie 此处为不及物动词，意为“躺”。其过去式为 lay，现在分词为 lying。He was lying on the bed.l 2.as soon as 一就 I will call you as soon as I get home.语法全解：when 和 while 都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生，但二者意义不尽相同。1.when 引导的从句可表示时间点，也可表示时间段，从句的位于动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是非延续性动词；while 引导的从句通常表示时间段，从句中用延续性动词作谓语。They arrived while we were watching TV.2.含有 when 引导的时间状语的主从复合句，如果主句用过去进行时，从句应该用一般过去式，表示一个动作正在进行的时候另一个动作发生，强调后一动作发生的突然性。We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went off.3.当主从句的动作都是延续的或同时发生，主从句都用过去进行时的时候，从句多用 while 引导。They were reading while we were writing.M9 Population1.The population of China is about 1.37billion.The population of is.表示有多少人。10 此外用 has a population of也可以表示有多少人。形容人口（population）的多少用 big/large 或 small 当 population 作主语时，谓语动词用单数询问某地有多少人口.：.Whats the population of.注意：询问某地有多少人口时不用 how many 和 how much hundredthousandmillionbillion 等前有数字，用单数形式 three hundred hundredthousandmillionbillion 等后有 of，用复数形式 thousands of2.noise(n.)噪音 noisy(adj.)吵闹的 make noise 发出噪音 3.prepare 准备 prepare for 为做准备 prepare to do sth 准备去做某事.Eg：They are preparing for the New Year.4.notes 名词复数形式“笔记 随笔”make notes 记笔记5.too much+不可数名词 much too+形容词.太too many+可数名词复数 Eg：I have too much homework to do today.That dress is much too long for me.There are too many people in the shop on Sunday.6.one fifth 五分之一 分数的表达法：分子在前，用基数词；分母在后，用序数词。当分子大于 1 时，分母需要用复数 如：two thirds9.hang on a minute.稍等10.public services 公共服务 a public telephone 公用电话 in public 在公共场合 11.in fact 事实上 all over the world 全世界12.leave 离开(某地)leave for+目的地 前往(目的地)启程去某地 Ill leave for Shanghai next week.leave 还有“忘了带，留下”之意 如：I left my book at home.13.辨析：job 与 work job（cn）指具体的职业或零工 work（un）指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动【Grammer】:冠词：复习笔记数字:分为基数词和序数词。本模块中，我们重点学习数字的读法。在英语中，每三位数字为一个单位，按照百，十，个位向下读。而进位的读法则为 thousand,million,billion 向上递增。数词的常见用法：分数表达法在英语中，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子是 1 时，分母用原形；当分子大于 1 时，分母用复数形式。1/3 ：one thirds 2/3 :two thirds 百分数的表达：百分数用 percent 表示，符号为%如：5%读作 five present.11M10 The weather1.关于天气的单词：名词 cloud，rain，snow，sun，wind，fog.形容词 cloudy，rainy，snowy，sunny，windy，foggy.2.Are you joking?joke n.笑话；玩笑 play a joke on sb make a joke ofabout ab 4.minus 减去，零下(温度)Eg：The temperature is minus 3 degrees.5.although 尽管；虽然(although 与 but 不能连用)Eg：It isnt warm today,although the sun is shining.6.whats the weather like(in)?Eg：-What is the weather like in Jinhua today?-It is cold today.询问天气还可以用 how is the weather(in)?7.as well 也；还(放句末)too 也(放句末)also 也，而且(放句中)8.better get going.=had better g now.最好现在就走 had better do sth 最好做 sth Eg：Its late now,we had better hurry pared to=compared with 和相比较 Eg：I compared my computer towith hers.重点语法:情态动词 may，might 的用法。Module 11 Way of life重点语法：1.what a surprise!真惊讶啊!此句是感叹句，用来表达赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情，同样用how 也可引导感叹句。结构如下：what+(aan)+adj.+n.(+主语+谓语)!how+adj.adv.(+主语+谓语)!Eg：How beautiful the girl is!=What a beautiful girl she is!2.you neednt wait.你不必等了。need 在这里用作情态动词，表示“需要”，常用于否定句、疑问句及 must 引导的一般疑问句的否定回答，其后用动词原形。(neednt=dont have to)Eg：You neednt come to school this afternoon.-Must I finish my homework today?-No,you neednt.【拓展】need 作实义动词时，其后可接 to do，表示“需要做”3.difference(n.)不同之处，区别different(adj.)不同的 be different from 4.do some cleaning 打扫卫生(这是一个由 do+some+doing 构成的短语)12 Eg：You should help your mother do some cleaning after school.【拓展】do some washingcookingshoppingsewing5.traditional(adj.)传统的 tradition(n.)传统6.stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 Module 12 Help 重点知识点：1.furniture(n.)家具(不可数名词)a piece of furnitureglass 玻璃(不可数名词)There is some glass on the ground.玻璃杯(可数名词)There are two glasses on the desk.2.whats wrong with?=whats the matter with?怎么了?Eg：-Whats wrong with him?-He has a cold.3.have troubleproblem(in)doing sth 做有困难 get into trouble 陷入麻烦 be in trouble 处于困境中 Eg：I have trouble in learning English.4.harmful(adj.)harm(n.)be harmful to sbsth do harm to sbsth 对有害 Eg：Smoking is harmful to health.It does harm to our environment.5.cover with 用盖上 6.warn sb aboutof sth 提醒某人注意某事；警告某人某事.warn sb to do sth 警告某人去做某事 warn sb not to do sth 警告某人不要去做某事 Eg：Our parents warn us not to play on the street.7.stay away from=move away from 远离 keep calm 保持冷静 calm down 安静；淡定 keep clear of 避开8.be careful of sth 小心某事/某物 doing sth=be careful to do sth 小心去做 sth Eg：Be careful of driving.He is careful to open the door.9.in short 总之；简而言之 Eg：In short,he is a kind boy.10.be proud of sth =take pride in 以为骄傲 doing sth Eg：Mikes parents are proud of him.