商务英语入门术语汇编.doc

商务英语入门术语汇编
Chapter 1：
Terms
English Definition
中文翻译
sole proprietorship
An organization that is owned, and usually managed, by one person is called a sole proprietorship.
个人独资企业
partnership
A partnership is a legal relationship between persons carrying on a profit-motivated business.
合伙企业
general partnership
A general partnership is a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for the debts of the business.
普通合伙
general partner

主要合伙人
limited partnership
A limited partnership is an arrangement where a person can contribute a business without being involved in the affairs of the partnership.
有限合伙
limited partner

有限合伙人
investor

投资者
creditor

债权人
liability

债务责任
corporation
The corporation is a legal entity（法人实体），allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders or members, to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives.
（股份制）公司
for-profit company

营利性公司
non-profit company

非营利性公司
limited liability

有限责任（以出资额为限）
unlimited liability

无线责任（个人财产也要用于清算）
double taxation
The corporation has to pay taxes on its profits. The stockholders mush also pay income tax on the dividends they receive through ownership.
双重课税
joint venture
A joint venture is the pooling of resources and expertise by two or more businesses, typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal.
合资公司
limited liability companies（LLC）
A limited liability company(LLC) is a type of business ownership combining several features of corporation and partnership structures.
有限责任公司
minute

会议记录
merger
A merger is the result of the combination of two or more companies to form a new company.
兼并
acquisition
An acquisition is one company buying the property and obligations of another company.
收购
horizontal merger
A horizontal merger joins firms in the same industry and allows them to diversity or expand their products.
横向兼并
vertical merger
A vertical is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of related businesses – a manufacturer merging with a supplier of component products, or a manufacturer merging with a distributor of its products.
纵向兼并
conglomerate merger
A conglomerate merger unites firms in completely unrelated industries.
混合兼并
franchise
A franchise is the right to use a business name and sell products or services, usually in a specific geographical territory.
特许
franchising

特许经营
franchiser
the person who sells a franchise
特许者
franchisee
the person who buys a franchise
被特许者

Chapter 2：
Terms
English Definition
中文翻译
bandwagon effect

从众效应
market assessment

市场评估
market niche

缝隙市场
market research

市场调查
business plan
Business plan is a detailed written document that defines the goals of your business and describes the means you will use to attain those goals, the advantages the business will have in relation to competition, and the resources and qualifications of the owners.
企业计划书，企划书
lease agreement
A lease agreement is a contract between you and the owner of the property.
租赁协议
general business license
A general business license is assessed annually for the privilege of operating a business in the jurisdiction.
普通经营许可证

special license
A special license is one that is issued to a business that will provide products or services that require regulation.
特殊经营许可证
cash float

现金流
overdraft

透支
bank statement

银行结单

Chapter 3：
Terms
English Definition
中文翻译
fringe benefits

附加福利
corporate ethics
corporate ethics are the evaluation of corporate activities and behavior as right or wrong.
企业道德
ethical dilemma

道德困境
corporate social responsibility（CSR）
Corporate social responsibility is the awareness that business activities have an impact on society, and the consideration of that impact by firms in decision making.
企业社会责任
corporate culture
Corporate culture is described as the personality of an organization, including such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.
企业文化
core values

核心价值观
risk-taking personality

喜欢冒险的个性
attention-to-detail personalities

注重细节的个性
outcome-oriented personalities

注重结果的个性
customer service

客服
people-oriented personality

以人为本的个性
team-oriented personality

注重团队合作的个性
aggressive personality

积极进取的个性
non-stable personality

不求稳的个性
codes of ethics

道德规范
corporate climate

企业氛围

Chapter 4：
Terms
English Definition
中文翻译
management
Management is defined as the application of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives.
管理
planning
Planning is a management function which means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them.
计划
strategic planning / long-range planning
Strategic planning determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies, procedures, and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.
战略规划/长期规划
tactical planning / short-range planning
Tactical planning is the process of developing detailed, short-term strategies about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.
战术规划/短期规划
operational planning
Operational planning is the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the tactical objectives.
运营规划
contingency planning
Contingency planning is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don’t achieve the organization’s objectives.
应急计划
organizing
Organizing is a management function that typically follows planning and reflects how the organization tries to accomplish the plan.
组织
structural reorganization

结构重组
directing
directing is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.
领导，指挥
autocratic leadership
Autocratic leadership, the close style of supervision, means providing subordinates with detailed job instructions.
专制型领导
democratic leadership
Democratic leadership, the general supervision, is a management style in which the manager consults with subordinates about job activities, problems, and corrective actions.
民主性领导
controlling
Controlling is a management function that involves verifying that actual performance matches the plan.
控制
organizational structure
Organizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.
组织结构
top-level managers
Top managers are those who take the responsibility of setting organizational goals, defining strategies for achieving them, monitoring and interpreting the external environment, and making decisions that affect the entire organization.
高层管理者
middle-level managers
Middle-level managers are those who receive the broad overall strategies, missions, and objectives from top-level managers and translate them into specific action programs.
中层管理者
first-level managers
First-level managers are those who emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals.
基层管理者
supervisor

主管（基层管理者）
managerial roles

经理人角色
figurehead role
The manager handles ceremonial and symbolic activities for the department or organization.
名誉领袖角色
liaison role
The manager interacts with peers and people inside and outside the organization.
联络人角色
leader role
The leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and influence.
领导人角色
monitor role
The manager receives and collects information from many sources.
监听者角色
disseminator role
The manager transmits special information into the organization.
传播者角色
spokesperson role
The manager disseminates the organization’s information into its environment.
发言人角色
entrepreneur role
The manager initiates change.
企业家角色
disturbance handler role
The manager resolves conflicts among subordinates or between his/her department and other departments.
障碍排除者
resource allocator role
The resource allocator role is about decisions of allocating people, time, equipment, budget, and other resources to attain desired outcomes.
资源分配者
negotiator role
The manager negotiates on behalf of the organization.
谈判者
conceptual skill
conceptual skill is the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts.
概念技能
human skill
Human skill is the manager’s ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member.
人际技能
technical skill
Technical skill is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks.
技术技能/业务技能

Chapter 5：
Terms
English Definition
中文翻译
production
Production is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services.
生产
manufacturing
Manufacturing is one part of production which means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining and fishing).
制造
operation
Operations are the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan.
运作
inputs
Inputs to the production process are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services.
投入品
transformation
Transformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output.
改造，转换
outputs
The output is the final result of the production process.
产品
plant location
Plant location can mean the difference between profit and loss for a firm.
厂址的选定
production process

生产工艺
manufacturing process

制造工艺
assembly process

装配工艺
synthetic process

合成工艺
analytic process

分解工艺
continuous process

连续性生产工艺
intermittent process

机械性生产工艺
materials management

物料管理
materials requirements planning (MRP)
MRP is a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time.
物料需求计划
manufacturing resource planning （MRPII）
MRPII is an advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product.
制造资源计划
enterprise resource planning （ERP）
ERP is a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit.
企业资源计划
purchasing
Purchasing is the function in the company that searches for quality material resources.
采购
inventory
Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock.
库存
inventory control

库存控制
manufacturer

制造商
distributor

分销商
wholesaler

批发商
retailer

零售商
Just-in-time（JIT） inventory control

The idea is to have suppliers deliver their products “just in time” to go on the assembly line.
准时库存控制
JIT II

准时库存控制二代
job schedule
A job schedule is the plan for a particular job.
工作计划
scheduling
Scheduling amalgamate several job schedules.
制订计划
production schedule / factory schedule

生产计划/工厂计划
master production schedule

主生产计划
cross-training workers

综合训练的工人
program evaluation and review technique (PERT) chart

项目评估与审查技术路线图
critical path

关键路径
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)

柔性制造系统
computer-aided design（CAD）

计算机辅助设计
computer-aided manufacturing （CAM）

计算机辅助生产
computer-aided engineering （CAE）

计算机辅助工程
lean manufacturing
Lean manufacturing is the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production.
精益生产
modular construction

组合生产
productivity
Productivity means the amount of products or services produced with the resources used.
生产率
productivity measurement

生产率衡量
performance evaluation

业绩评估
quality
The quality of a product or service is a customer’s perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his/her expectations.
质量
quality management
Quality management is concerned with controlling activities with the aim of ensuring that products and services are fit for purpose and meet the specifications.
质量管理
quality control （QC）
QC is the measurement of products and services against set standards.
质量控制
quality assurance （QA）
QA is about how a business can design the way a product or service is produced or delivered to minimize the chances that output will be sub-standard.
质量保证
total quality management（TQM）
TQM infuses the concept of quality throughout every activity in a company.
全面质量管理
quality circles（QCs）
A quality circle is a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems affecting their common work activities.
质量管理小组
benchmarking
benchmarking is the continuous process of measuring products, services, and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders.
标杆分析法
continuous improvement
Continuous improvement is a preferred method of innovation and produces effective results.
持续改进

Chapter 10：
Terms
English Definition
中文翻译
international trade
The exchange of goods and services across international borders
国际贸易
domestic trade
The exchange of goods and services within the border
国内贸易
absolute advantage
A country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it
绝对优势
comparative advantage
the ability of a country to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost over another country
相对优势
exchange rate
The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called exchange rate.
汇率
currency depreciation
A fall in the value of one currency in terms of another currency
货币贬值
currency appreciation
A rise in value of one currency in terms of another currency
货币升值
BOP (Balance of Payments)
A nation’s balance of payments (BOP) the sum of all the transactions that take place between its residents and the residents of all foreign nations.
国际收支
the current account
It refers to the net flow of current transactions, including goods, services, and interest payments, between countries.
经常账户
the capital account
It reflects the net change in national ownership of assets.
资本账户
the official reserves account
The central banks hold quantities of foreign currencies called official reserves.
官方储备账户
sum to zero
no overall surplus or deficit, that is, the sum of the three components of the BOP must equal zero.
余额归零
surplus
A country’s BOP is said to be in surplus by a certain amount if sources of funds exceed uses of funds by that amount.
顺差
deficit
A country’s BOP is said to be in deficit by a certain amount if sources of funds are less than uses of funds by that amount.
逆差
international trade settlement
Ways of payments in the international trade
国际贸易结算
letter of credit (L/C)

信用证
Bill of lading
The bill of lading is issued to the exporter by the common