第二部分第1讲名词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语,第二部分,第二部分,语法突破,第,1,讲,名词,年份,考点,题型,分值,2011,词义辨析,(rules),单项填空,(26),1,词义辨析,(noise,answer),完形填空,(48,51),2,词语的用法,(July,window,grass/ground),看图短文填空,(71,72,77),4.5,2010,词义辨析和名词单复数,(sizes),单项填空,(26),1,词义辨析,(promise),完形填空,(46),1,词语的用法,(park,friends/persons/,people,hand),看图短文填空,(71,76,78),4.5,2009,2011,年广东省卷,考点一览表,2009,词义辨析,(lemonade),单项填空,(44),1,词义辨析,(parents),完形填空,(53),1,词语的用法,(computer/PC,winter,newspapers),看图短文填空,(71,74,76),4.5,一、将下列名词归类,noodle,chalk,bread,pie,weather,pen,parent,newspaper,water,paper,factory,present,computer,furniture,size,lemonade,friend,person,wood,promise,gold,English,1,可数名词：,_,_,2,不可数名词：,_,lemonade,wood,gold,English,noodle,pie,pen,parent,newspaper,factory,present,computer,size,friend,person,promise,chalk,bread,weather,water,paper,furniture,_,二、写出下列名词的复数形式,geese,halves,1,minute _,goose _,half _classmate,_ mirror _,classmates,mirrors,2,glass _ cup _ family _,match _ wife _,matches,wives,3,park _,factory _,potato _thief,_ photo _,4,baby _ watch _ hero _,key _ party _,babies,watches,heroes,keys,parties,minutes,families,glasses,cups,parks,factories,potatoes,thieves,photos,5,knife _ brush _ leaf _,piano _ mouth _,6,man _ woman _ box _,life _ people _,7,sheep _ deer _ child _,foot _ tooth _,knives,brushes,leaves,pianos,mouths,men,women,boxes,lives,people,sheep,deer,children,feet,teeth,名词分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词用来表示某种人、,事物或抽象概念的名称，包括可数名词与不可数名词，可数名,词有单数和复数两种形式。专有名词则用来表示具体的人、事,物、地点、团体或机构的专有名称,(,第一个字母要大写,),，如：,China,the Great Wall,Newton,London,Uncle Sam,等。,可数名词单数变复数的方法,可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式，其构成方法分为规则,的和不规则的两种。,规则变化：,1,一般名词直接加,-s,。如：,bookbooks,househouses,2,以“辅音字母,y”,结尾的名词，变,y,为,i,再加,-,es,。如：,babybabies citycities countrycountries,comedycomedies,factoryfactories,candycandies familyfamilies,partyparties storystories,3,以“元音字母,y”,结尾的名词，直接加,-s,。如：,daydays holidayholidays,toytoys,boyboys,keykeys monkeymonkeys,4,以,s,x,ch,sh,结尾的名词加,-,es,。如：,busbuses bossbosses boxboxes,brushbrushes,classclasses,glassglasses matchmatches,wishwishes watchwatches,5,以,o,结尾的名词可能加,-s,，也可能加,-,es,，可利用下面两,句话来记忆：,(1),加,-s,：小马虎弹着钢琴,(piano),听着收音机,(radio),，又,到动物园,(zoo),里和袋鼠,(kangaroo),照相,(photo),，最后考试,得了个大鸭蛋,(,零分,)(zero),。,(2),加,-,es,：黑人,(Negro),英雄,(hero),喜欢吃西红柿,(tomato),和土豆,(potato),。,6,以,f/fe,结尾的名词，通常先变,f/fe,为,v,再加,-,es,。如：,knifeknives leafleaves,wolfwolves,wifewives,lifelives,可用一段话来巧记：小偷,(thief),的妻子,(wife),拿树叶,(leaf),当刀子,(knife),，在架子,(shelf),后把狼,(wolf),一劈两半,(half),，结束了它的生命,(life),。,注意：,有少数以,f/fe,结尾的名词构成复数时，只加,-s,，如,roofs,gulfs,chiefs,，但 是，,handkerchief/scarf,可以是,handker,-,chiefs/,scarfs,，也可以是,handkerchieves,/scarves,。,不规则变化：,1,改变字母变复数,。如：,manmen,womanwomen,policewomanpolicewomen,fishermanfishermen footfeet,toothteeth,goosegeese,mousemice childchildren,oxoxen,2,表示“某国人”的名词单数变复数：,(1),中国人,(Chinese),、日本人,(Japanese),、瑞士人,(Swiss),单复数同形。,(2),英国,/,法国人改,a,为,e,。如：,EnglishmanEnglishmen,EnglishwomanEnglishwomen,FrenchmanFrenchmen,FrenchwomanFrenchwomen,(3),其他以,-an,-,ian,结尾的各国人直接加,-s,。如：,American(s,),German(s,),Russian(s,),Australian(s,),Indian(s,),Korean(s,),。,特殊的复数形式：,1,有些词通常只有复数形式，用作主语时谓语动词用复数，,如：,trousers,pants,shorts,gloves,socks,glasses(,眼镜,),，,clothes,chopsticks,scissors,goods,等。这类词用来表示数量时，常需加,pair,suit,等量词，如：,a pair of trousers,two pairs of socks,a suit,of clothes,。,2,单复数同形。如：,sheep,deer,people,works(,工厂,),means,fish(,鱼,),。,3,集体名词表示由若干个体组成的集合体，如,police,people,class,family,team,group,audience,cattle,等。当这类词强,调每一个个体成员时，是复数概念，作主语时谓语动词用复数，,可与,the,连用；如果强调整个团体，则视为单数概念，作主语,时谓语动词用单数。但,furniture,equipment,clothing,等此类集体,名词是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数。,4,由两个名词组成的复合名词由单数变复数时，通常只需,将后面这个名词变复数。如：,two apple trees,shoe shops,ten boy,students,girl friends,twin sisters,。,但如果由,man,woman,作前置定语构成的复合名词变复数,时，则,man,或,woman,与后面这个名词都要变复数。如：,two men,teachers,some women doctors,。,注意：,(1),有些名,词的单复数形式的意义不同。如：,two fish,两条鱼,two fishes,两种鱼类,some people,一些人,some peoples,一些民族,(2),有些词形式上是复数，但意义上是单数，一般看作单数,名词。如：,news,mathematics/,maths,physics,politics,the United,States,Niagara Falls,等。,不可数名词,1,不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的，,表示某种概念、状态、品质、感情或物质材料的名词。可归纳,为：,(1),表示材料。如：,paper,wood,cotton,wool,glass,silk,gold,metal,等。,(2),表示食物。如：,food,meat,chicken,beef,fish,pork,drink,water,milk,juice,tea,orange,coffee,soda,lemonade,wine,beer,ice cream,cheese,fruit,bread,rice,sausage,salad,soup,oil,salt,sugar,等。,(3),表示自然。如：,weather,wind,snow,rain,ice,fog,sunshine,grass,air,fire,smoke,light,noise,universe,earth,sand,等。,(4),表示学科、语言。如：,Chinese,English,French,biology,geography,physics,maths,等。,(5),表示抽象概念。如：,time,work,homework,housework,news,information,advice,fun,progress,knowledge,business,等。,(6),表示总称。如：,clothing,furniture,fruit,luggage,equipment,等。,2,不可数名词量的表示：,(1),不能与,a/an,或数字直接连用，但特指某物时可与,the,连,用。,(2),前面可加“数词,/,冠词量词,(,可数,),of”,。如：,a piece of paper/bread/news,一张纸,/,一片面包,/,一则新闻,a bottle of milk,一瓶牛奶,a small bowl of rice,一小碗米饭,注意：,加在不可数名词前的量词仍是可数的，所以当数,词大于,1,时，量词要变为复数形式。如：,two cups of tea/coffee,两杯茶,/,咖啡,three glasses of water,三杯水,four pieces of advice,四条建议,可数名词有时也可以用“数词,/,冠词量词,(,可数,of)”,结构来表示数量。,区别：,two boxes of chalk,两盒粉笔，,two boxes of pears,两,箱梨。,(3),可用,much,little,a little,a lot of/lots of,some,any,等表示,多少。如：,some/much money,一些,/,很多钱,a lot of information,许多信息,3,有些名词有两个或两个以上不同的意思，其中一个意思,表示不可数名词，另外一个表示可数名词。如：,room,空间，余地，地方,a room,一间房间,paper,纸,a paper,一份试卷,/,论文,glass,玻璃,a glass,一个玻璃杯,glasses,眼镜,orange,橙子汁,an orange,一个橙子,chicken,鸡肉,a chicken,一只小鸡,drink,饮料,a drink,一份饮料,fish,鱼,(,肉,)fishes,鱼的种类,time,时间,times,时代，次数,work,工作,an art work,一件工艺品,名词所有格,名词所有格用来表示名词和名词之间的所属关系。,1,有生命的名词的所有格：,(1),一般名词,(,不以,-s,结尾,),的所有格是在词尾加“,s”,。如：,Lilys father,莉莉的爸爸,mothers birthday,母亲的生日,Childrens Day,儿童节,mens clothes,男式服装,(2),以,-s,或,-,es,结尾的名词，无论,单复数，其所有格只需在后,面加,“,”,。如：,the doctors office,医生办公室,the bus door,公交车的门,(3),表示“两者,(,或以上,),共同所有”时，只需在最后,一个名,词后加,“,s”,；若表示“两者,(,或以上,),各自拥有”时，要在每一个,名词后都加“,s”,。如：,Lucy and Lilys room,露西和莉莉的房间,(,共同所有，只有一,个房间，,room,用单数,),Lucys and Lilys rooms,露西的房间和莉莉的房间,(,各自拥,有一个房间，,room,用复数,),(4),在表示“店铺”“某人的家”“诊所”或“餐馆”的,名词所有格后面，一般省掉它所修饰的名词。如：,at,Mr.Whites,(house),在怀特先生家,at the barbers(shop),在理发店,at the doctors,在医生的诊所,里,the tailors,裁缝铺,(5),双重所有格：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不,定代词或指示代词,(,如,a,two,some,a few,this,that,these,those,等,),时，用“,of,名词所有格”或“,of,名词性物主代词”来表,示所属关系。如：,a photo of my fathers,我父亲的一张照片,some inventions of Edisons,that novel of her brothers,爱迪生的一些发明,她兄弟的那本小说,a friend of mine,one of my friends,我的一位朋友,some students of Johns,some of Johns students,约翰的一些学生,2,一些无生命的名词所有格要用“,of”,来表示。如：,a map of China,一张中国地图,the foot of the hill,山脚,the end of this term,学期末,the leaves of the tree,树叶,the title of the text,课文的标题,注意：,如果名词后有一个较长的定语，尽管名词表示有生,命的东西，也可用,of,表示所属关系。如：,the story of,Dr.Smith,史密斯博士的故事,the speech of President,Obama,奥巴马总统的演讲,3,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格等名词的所有格要,用“,s”,来,表示。如：,ten miles journey,十英里的旅程,a boats length,一只船的长度,two pounds weight,两磅的重量,eight days holiday,an 8-day holiday,八天的假期,five minutes walk,a five-minute walk,步行五分钟的路程,ten dollars worth,十美元的价值,注意：,一些名词表示所属关系时，通常并不使用所有格，,而是借助于某些介词。如：,the key to the door,门的钥匙,the way to the school,去学校的路,the answer to the question,问题的答案,(,day.,)1.(2011,年广东,)I hear,you run for half an hour every,Right,we have,to.It,is one of the _ in our school.,A,rules,C,hobbies,B,plans,D,choices,解析：,题意：,“我听说你们每,天都要跑步半小时。,”“是,的，我们必须跑，这是我们学校的一条校规,。,”,rules,规定；,plans,计划；,hobbies,爱好；,choices,选择。故选,A,。,A,(,)2.(2011,年 广 东 深 圳,)Could y,ou please tell me,something about the two _,？,D,解析：,第一空,two,的后面应该用名词复数，,“,法国人,”和,“德国人”,的复数形式分别是,Frenchmen,和,Germans,，故排除,B,、,C,项；第二空是回答上面的问句，结合后面句子可知应表示,“,行，好的,”,的意思，故选,D,。,_.They are exchange students of No.1 Middle,School.,A,Frenchmen;Yes,please,B,Frenchmans,;Come on,C,Germen;Not at all,D,Germans;All right,(,)3.(2011,年 广 东 茂 名,)This is,the first time in their,_ to ski on the,Apls,.,C,A,life,B,lifes,C,lives,解析：,in ones life,在某人,生命里，而,their,后面应用名词复,数形式，故用,life,的复数,lives,。选,C,。,(,)4.(2011,年 广 东 清 远,)Im so,hungry.Please give me,_ to eat.,A,three bread,C,three pieces of breads,B,three pieces of bread,D,three piece of bread,解析：,bread,为不可,数名词，不能加,-s,或直接与数词连用，,排除,A,、,C,项；因为是,“,三片面包,”,，故在量词,piece,后加,-s,。,选,B,。,B,(,)5.(2010,年广东,)Look,！,The,kites in the sky are in different,_.Some are big and some are small.,B,解析：,题意：看，天上,的风筝大小不一。有的大有的小。,size,大小，尺寸；,color,颜色。由题意可排除,C,、,D,项，且因风,筝为复数，故选,B,。,A,size B,sizes,C,color D,colors,(,)6.(2010,年广东深圳,)What _,_ you usually have,for breakfast?,B,解析：,实义动词,(have),的疑问句需要借助助动词,do,，排除,C,、,D,项；面包是不可数名词，表示“,三片面包,”,要用,three pieces of,bread,。故选,B,。,_ and a cup of coffee.,A,do;Three bread,B,do;Three pieces of bread,C,are;Three breads,D,are;Three piece of bread,(,)7.(2010,年广东湛江,)Whats,the date today?,D,Its March 8th,_ Day.,A,Woman,B,Women,C,Womans,D,Womens,解析：,复数名词不是以,-s,或,-,es,结尾时，其所有格仍要加,s,，,Womens Day,妇女节。故选,D,。,(,picture.,)8.(2010,年 广 东 茂 名,)We can s,ee two _ in the,A,apple tree,B,apples trees,C,apple trees,解析：,apple tree,为两个,名词组成的复合名词，变为复数时,只需将后面的单词变为复数，故选,C,。,C,