不定式的完成式.doc

不定式的完成式
1 . 动词不定式的完成体
1) 如果不定式动作是瞬间动作动词，它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成的动作；如果是持续动作动词，它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。
a . 常见的可接不定式完成体的动词有： happen / see / appear / prove / pretend / seem , etc .
He seemed to have lived a happy life .
他似乎一直过得很幸福。(他的幸福生活一直持续到现在)
b . 常见的可用于“主语+ be said + to have done / been”相当于主动句“People say + that”结构的句型有：be said / reported / thought / supposed / expected / believed / considered / known 等。如：
Her husband is said to have given up smoking . 据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。(“戒烟”发生在“据说”之前)
The girl is reported to have been a League member for five years .
据报道那姑娘入团已经5年了。(不定式表示谓语动作前所处的状态)
c . 常见的可接不定式完成体的形容词有 glad / happy / sad / disappointed / satisfied / sorry / surprised 等。如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble . 对不起，给你带来了那么多麻烦。
比较下面不定式的一般时和完成时的区别：
I'm happy to have seen you . 见到你很高兴。(分手时说)
I'm happy to see you . 见到你很高兴。(见面时说)
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for a minute . 对不起，要请你等会儿。(说话时还未等)
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time . 对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已经等了很久)
2) be + 不定式完成时态表示该做或想做但未做的动作。如：
You were to have arrived there early that day . 那天你们应该早点到那儿。(但你们晚到了)
I was to have helped him then . but I was too busy . 当时我本想帮他的忙，可我太忙了。(未帮他的忙)
3) 表示“意图，打算”之意的动词如 hope , wish , expect , think , suppose , want , plan , agree , mean , try 等用过去时，又后接不定式完成式作宾语时，表示想做而未做的事情。这种意义也可用这类词的“过去完成时+不定式的一般式”表达。如：
We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes . (=We had wished to put…) 我们本打算半小时就把火扑灭的。(结果没有)
The engineers planned to have removed the temple before the dam was completed . (= The engineers had planned to remove the…) 工程师们本决定大坝建成之前把那座寺庙移走的。(结果没有)
2 . 动词不定式的完成进行体
动词不定式的完成进行体表示不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前，并一直在进行着。其结构与不定式的完成体类似。如：
He is said to have been translating Luxun's works into English . 据说他一直把鲁迅的著作译成英文。(现仍然在译)
She seems to have been teaching in that school for fifteen years . 她似乎已经在那所学校教了15年书了。(仍在教，强调继续教)
The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the poor . 那个善良的富翁一直在帮助穷人，并为此感到非常高兴。(仍在帮)
We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up . 我们原以为可以在这一直住下去，直到我们的孩子长大。(但我们得搬家了)
3 . 动词不定式完成体的被动式
当主语与不定式动词有被动关系，且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生时，动词不定式就要用完成体的被式。如：
The book is said to have been translated into many languages . 据说这本书被译成很多种语言。
The oranges were thought to have all been sold out . 人们认为桔子已经全部卖完。
He is very sad to have lost four bikes in less than one year . 他因不到一年就丢了4部自行车而感到很伤心。