名词性从句及状语从句总结.doc

判断句子类型。
He looked unhappy at that time.
My favourite sports are swimming and skating.
I am very good at English. 4. I was so pleased to hear from you.
I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990.
This morning we met at the school gate and went there together.
The time passed quickly.
Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years.
The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed.
Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition.
In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps.
The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.
We also planted a lot of trees in and around the school.
In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.
Mr Wang taught us English last year.
Tomorrow I’ll write him a letter.
They offered him a job, but he turned it down.
On my 14th birthday, Father bought me a new bike.
It took me two hours to finish my homework last night.
I saw the kids/children playing by the river at that time.
We are making our country more and more beautiful.
When I got to the classroom, I found nobody in.
I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon.
I noticed Kate reading in the library all the morning.
并列句
一、并列句概念
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。
并列连词有：and, but, or, so等.
并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。如:
　　I like action movies but don't like thrillers.
　　Hurry up or you'll be late. (快点，否则你要迟到了。)

　　二、并列句的组成
1.表并列关系的 由and, both...and, as well as, not only...but (also), neither...nor等组成。
She not only sings but also dances.
He helps me and I help him.他帮我，我帮他。
He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. 他不仅给我们出很多建议并且还帮助我学英语。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but also he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得流利了，而且也更不费劲了。
Neither did he leave nor did she get fired. 他没有离开，她也没被炒鱿鱼。

　　2.表转折关系的 与but, however(然而），while(然而），still, yet等连用。
　　It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。
She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s. 她看上去很年轻,可是她已三十多岁了。
此处，还有副still(仍然），however(然而)也表示转折关系。
He is good-natured, still I don't like him. 他脾气很好,可是我还是不喜欢他。
The book is expensive, however, it's worth it. 这本书很贵；却很值。

　　3.表选择关系的 由or, either...or...,not...but...,or else(否则）连接otherwise(否则)如：
Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。
Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 你那时还在那里还是可能已经走了？
You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus. 你好得早点走，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。
Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。
Take the chance,or else you will regret(后悔) it.
Either you improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你提升自己的工作，要么我辞掉你。

　　4.表因果关系的 与for,so/so that,therefore(因此),because等连用。
　　I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。
The manager was ill so I went in her place. 经理病了所以我代她去。
I'd better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain.
注意：since, because, as表因为时，连接的是原因状语从句，而非并列句。

从结构上说，英语连接词分两大类：并列连词（coordinating conjunctions）和从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）。
并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如：
(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如：
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.

从属连词分类大致可分为三大类：
1、that （无词义，不做成分），if，whether （表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分）
2、连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever, whoever, whichever（有词义，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语）
3、连接副词：when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far，however，whenever，wherever （有词义，作从句的状语）

复合句
首先，我们需要总体了解下复合句：
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
主语从句用作主语，如：：
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。
宾语从句用作宾语。如：
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语，如：
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。（that从句用于解释说明the fact）
定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词，如：
1. When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）
2. If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。（条件状语从句，常用unless除非，on condition.在…条件下，provided假如，but for若非 ）
3. The boy is so young that he can't go to school (这个so …that 引导的是结果状语从句。
4. You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。（目的状语，可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。）
5. Because/Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 （原因状语从句，常用 because, since, as, for fear ( 恐怕 ), seeing that ( 既然 ) ， now that (=since), considering that ( 考虑到 ) 等引导。）
6. Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。 （让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though, although, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)
7. Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。（地点状语从句，通常由where, wherever 引导。）
8 .As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。（方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。）

然后，我们再来详细了解下复合句：

（1）主语从句
主语从句三要素： 1、关联词不能省略 2、谓语动词用单数
3、从句用陈述语序
1． 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2) whether（是否）。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcomed. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解释：
1． 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。

（2）表语从句
1、关联词不能省略 2、从句用陈述语序

1． 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1) 丛属连词that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
(4)连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。

（3）宾语从句
1.从句用陈述语序

1． 定义：用作动词或介词的宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1． Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)
2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
3．That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4． We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)
(2)从属连词if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。介词宾语从句

*** It作形式宾语
1．如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。内疚吗？
****某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。
I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。

（4）同位语从句
1、关联词不能省略 2、从句用陈述语序

1． 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2． 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，
(1) 关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
(2) 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
解释：
1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
同位语从句就是被修饰名词的内容.
定语从句起限定作用，是定语
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。

（5）状语从句
一、概述
状语从句(adverbial clause)在句中作状语，可修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可放在句首或句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用逗号；放在句末时，从句前面往往不用逗号。
When I came home， my wife was cooking dinner. 我回家时，妻子在做晚饭。
Though he was poor， he was happy. 虽然他很穷却很快乐。
If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。
Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。
I can't tell you when you won't listen. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。
He stopped trying, when he might have succeeded next time. 他不再试了，其实他可能下一次就成功。
二、引导状语从句的连词分类
状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件、比较等九种。
状语从句
连词
时间
when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, immediately, the day, no sooner … than, hardly(scarcely)… when, the minute, the second, every(each) time
地点
Where, wherever, everywhere
条件
if, unless, providing/provided that, as(so) long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in case, only if, if only
原因
because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that(鉴于)
让步
though, although, even if(though), as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词，for all that, granting/granted, whether … or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that
比较
as…as, not the same as, not so…as, than
方式
as, as if(though) the way
目的
that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest
结果
so that, so… that, such … that, but that
三、时间状语从句
1、 引导时间状语从句从属常用连词例析
常用来引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when(当……的时候)，whenever(每 当)，after(在……之后)，before(在……之前)，as(当…… ;一边……一边)，as soon as/hardly…when/no sooner…than(一……就……)，while(在……期间)，till/until(直到)，since(自从)，once(一旦……就……)。如果主句是一般将来时，在时间状语从句中用一般现在时。
Don’t be afraid of asking for help when it is needed. 如果你需要时别不敢求援。
Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as（当...时） Father was away in France.妈妈很担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，尤其是在爸爸远在法国的这个时候。
What have you been doing since I last saw you? 自我上次和你见面以后，你在做什么？
-What was the party like?晚会怎么样？
-Wonderful. It's years since I enjoyed myself so much.好极了。多年了我从未如此高兴。
Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.直到河里的鱼都死了村民们才意识到污染的严重性。
-I'm going to the post office． 我要到邮局去。
-While you are there，can you get me some stamps？你在那时，能给我买些邮票吗？
Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before I could answer the telephone.有人半夜给我打电话，但是我还没来得及接他们就挂断了。
He had no sooner got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.他一到实验室就着手工作。
I'll go to the cinema after I've finished the work. 完成作业后，我将去看电影。
I'll give you a phone as soon as I come back. 我一回来就给你打电话。
I haven't heard from Tom since May. 自从五月份以来我就没有收到汤姆的信。
He worked till midnight.他一直工作到深夜。
Come to see me whenever you like.不论何时，只要你高兴就可以来见我。
2、名词词组引导时间状语从句
有时名词every time(每次)，the next time(下一次)，the next day(第二天)，the moment(一……就……)， the instant, the second, the year等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。
—Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？你记着还给玛丽的欠款了吗？
—Yes．I gave it to her the moment I saw her．是的。我一见到她就还给她了。
I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见她就对她印象很好并认为她很诚实。
Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回来，都把鞋子丢在地板上。
I didn't have a penny the last time I saw you.上一次见你时，我身无分文。
3、副词作连词用引导时间状语从句
有些副词如instantly, immediately，instantly，directly, presently等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示"一……就……"的意思。
I recognized her instantly I saw her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。
The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。
Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet.校长一进来，大家就安静下来。

四、地点状语从句
地点状语从句一般由where(在……地方; 那里)，wherever(无论哪里)和everywhere(在……每一个地方)引导。
After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. 战后，一所新学校在以前的剧院处建成。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你应当养成惯例，将东西放在你能找到的地方。
She found her calculator where she lost it. 他在她丢的地方找到了计算器。
Everywhere they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.贵宾每到一处都受到了热烈的欢迎。
Sit wherever you like.请随便坐。
You can take it with you wherever you go.不论走到什么地方，你都可随身携带它。
注意：where除了表示地点外，还可以表示条件、对比和让步。
Where there is a will, there is a way