翻译方法—词性转换(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,转性,词性转换,1,由于英语和汉语这两种语言表达习惯的不同，思维着眼点的不同，由此也就产生了对于词类的不同的使用方式和使用习惯，比如说，英语中有大量使用名词作为中心词的句子，在汉语中往往用以动词作为中心词的句子来进行表达，也就是说，英语中有大量的静态的句子，而这些句子到了汉语中就必须加以动态化英汉遣词造句的习惯不同，为了使译文流畅易懂，也为了符合目的语的表达方式，在英汉互译时译者经常有必要改变原词的词性。词类转换是英汉互译时最常用的一种变通手法，通过词类的转换可以突破原文的句式，引起句法的转换，词类转换也是避免,“,中式英语,”,(Chinese English),或,“,英式汉语,”,(Anglicized Chinese),的重要手段。译者应根据上下文灵活处理，以求译文符合目的语的表达习惯。,2,For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increases of the prices of manufactured goods.,如果不进行词类的转换，这名话可能被译为“在二十年中，我们是原料价格下跌、工业品价格暴涨的消极目击者。”但是，这种说法并不符合汉语的表达习惯，我们对,witness,的词类进行转化，则表达起来就显得顺畅多了,我们在二十年内坐视原料价格下跌和工业品价格暴涨。,3,名词的转换,（,1,）英语中许多由动词派生的名词,（多见于政论文体中）和,具有动作意义的名词,（多见于记叙、描写文体中）,，往往可根据需要转译成汉语中的,动词,1.,名词转动词,4,The,settlement,of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.,The,extension,of Chinas Most Favored Nation status by the U.S.is conductive to the advancement of sustained and stable trade relations between the two countries.,白人向非洲,移民,始于,500,年前。名词“,settlement”,译为动词。,美国,延长,中国的最惠国待遇，有助于促进两国持续、稳定的贸易关系。,5,The matter is receiving the serious,consideration,of the school.,He reported the,theft,of his passport to the police.,My,recognition,of him was immediate.,学校正认真,考虑,这件事。,汉语没有“,受到考虑”的说法，因而原文的名词“,consideration”,译为动词。,他向警察报告他的护照,失窃了,。,我一下子就,认出,他了。,6,There were also those who agreed with everything about the book except,its,publication.,还有一些人同意这本书的每一句话，就是不同意,出版,这本书。,Rockets have found,application,for the,exploration,of the universe.,火箭已,用来探索,宇宙。,7,The two leaders stated that both countries would develop good-neighborly and friendly relations on the basis of mutual,respect for,sovereignty,（主权）,and territorial integrity,non-aggression,no-interference,in each others internal affairs,equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence.,两位领导人声明，两国将在互相,尊重,主权和领土完整，,互不侵犯，互不干涉,内政，平等互利与和平共处的基础上发展睦邻友好关系。,原文中一系列并列的名词译为汉语的动词，使译文较为连贯通顺。,8,The international food shortage had a direct,impact,on Kuwait and other desert countries.,The pianist gave a fine,performance,.,由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接,影响,到科威特和其它沙漠国家。（原文里,impact,是名词，译成汉语转换为动词“影响”。）,钢琴家,演奏,得很出色。（名词转换为动词）,9,He feared the,withdrawal,of his parents permission.,Too much,exposure,to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.,他害怕他父母,撤消,已做出的许可,孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。,(,名词转动词,),10,（,2,）英语中有些带后缀,-er,表示某种职业和身份的名词，在句子中不一定真的指职业或者身份，而是含有很强的动作意味，在这种情况下就可以把这些词转换成动词加以翻译。,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is,a better teacher,than I.,O.Henry is the,creator,of a new short story genre in literature.,我未必会教你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。,欧,享利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新体裁。,11,He is no smoker,but his father is a chain-smoker.,他倒是不,抽烟,，但他父亲却,一支接一支不停地抽,。,We would like to welcome you as a guest,speaker,on Sunday evening in our school.,我们欢迎您周日晚到我校,作报告,。,这里的“,speaker”,是由“,speak+er”,构成的名词，与“,guest”,组成“特邀演讲者”，“特邀报告者”，但如果将上句直译成“欢迎您周日到我校当特邀演讲者”不很规范，显得说话者汉语表达不地道。既然这样，不妨将“,a guest speaker”,转换成动词，更通顺。,12,（,3,）在一些短语当中，作为中心词的名词往往也可以翻译成为动词,The next news bulletin,short than usual,made no,mention,of the demonstration.,下一个新闻节目比通常的要短，没有提到游行。,另外，在,to have a good rest,to have a look at,等短语，,rest,和,look,也都可以译为动词。,13,Until such time as mankind has the,sense,to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more unnatural food.,除非人类终于,意识到,要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食，否则将不得不接受更多的,人造食品,。,（在原文中,sense,是名词，作,has,的宾语，但在,have the sense(of sth./to do sth.),中,sense,是习语的主体，故译成汉语时常可转译为动词,意识到,。）,14,（,4,）具有动作意义或者由动词转化过来的名词，如果后面跟有由,of,引导的短语，则由,of,连接的两个动词往往是一种动宾关系，译成汉语时，也就相应地译为动宾词组,love of life,应译为“热爱生活”，,reminiscences of Marx,应译为“回忆马克思”,No wonder,the sight of it,should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back 36 years ago.,难怪老一辈的人见了这个就会想到,36,年前的往事。,15,One after another,speakers called for the,downfall,of imperialism,abolition,of,exploitation,of man by man,liberation,of the oppressed of the world.,发言人一个接一个表示要,打倒,帝国主义，要,消灭,人,剥削,人的制度，要,解放,世界上被压迫的人民。,16,除此之外，英语中的任何一个名词都有可能被转换为汉语的动词而进行翻译，主要是看具体的语言环境如何。,Differences between the social systems of states shall not be,obstacles,to their cooperation.,各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此相互合作。,We are enemies of all kind of wars.,我们反对一切战争,。,There are plans for new product introductions in IBM to compete with foreign companies.,IBM,公司计划拿出一些新产品与外国公司竞争。,17,04 六月 2025,2.,名词转译成形容词,（,1,）由形容词派生的名词,（,2,）,a an+,名词作表语时,As he is,a perfect stranger,in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.,他对这个城市,完全陌生,，我希望您能给他必要的帮助。,a.The music is,a gas,.,这音乐,妙极了,。,18,汉语中的名词英译时也有的转成动词及其他词性的现象。,1.,他在剧中精彩的表演给我留下深刻的,印象,。,2.,这种举止是罪犯的心理,特征,。,a.His excellent performance in the play,impressed,me deeply.,b.His excellent performance in the play gave me a deep,impression.,“,印象”在汉语中只有名词词性，但英译时既可用名词“,impression”,，也可用动词“,impress”,来表达。,This kind of behavior,characterizes,the criminal mind.,19,3.,在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的,化身,。,4.,我们学院受教委和市政府的,双重领导,。,5.,学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。,To them,he,personified,the absolute power.,Our institute is,co-administrated,by the States Education Commission and the municipal government.(,名词转动词,),All the students should develop morally,intellectually and physically.(,名词转副词,),20,动词的转换,（,1,）有类动词往往是由名词派生或转化而来。,1.The new lease would,expire,in 8 years.,1.,动词转名词,这份新的租赁合同,有效期,为,8,年。,21,2.The audience,laughed,the speaker down.,3.He,roared,which threatened his enemies away.,观众的,讪笑声,把演讲者轰下台。,“,laugh,”,转成名词使用，即,“,笑声,”,。,他的,怒吼声,把敌人吓跑了。,22,4.The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.,5.His wife has done everything possible to,mother,him.,改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。,(,动词转名词,),妻子竭尽全力，像,母亲,一样照顾他。,23,（,2,）名词与动词同形，或既可作名词，又可作动词，在作动词时可译成名词）,Because he had struck a boss,he was,blacklisted,and lost his job at the,fertilizer works,.,由于打了一个工头，他被列入,黑名单,，不能在肥料厂工作了。,Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his,ruin,.,骄傲自满最终,毁了,他。,24,汉语中一些动词译成英文时也转化为名词。,1.,我们会,考虑,你的要求的。,2.,多年以前她曾,建议,重修这栋楼，但没有人理睬。,3.,他们教导我们要,珍惜,每一个机会。,We will take your requirement,into,consideration,.,Several years ago,her,suggestion,of re-fixing the building was ignored.,He taught us the,value,of an opportunity.,25,4.,他谋杀了他的妻子,5.,近来，研究人员,发现,感冒可以通过人的手传染。,6.,希望你们,考虑,一下我们的意见。,He is the murderer of his wife.,Recent research,discoveries,indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts.,原文中的“发现”是动词，而译文根据上下文的需要，灵活地把动词转换成名词,discoveries,。,I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into,consideration,.,26,7,.,采用,这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。,8.,由于我们,实行,了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。,The,adoption,of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.,Thanks to the,introduction,of our reform and opening policy,our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.(,动词转名词,),27,3.,形容词的转换,（,1,）英文中与系动词组成谓语部分的表示意愿、态度、情感等的形容词，有些表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词，作表语时，常可转成汉语,动词,。这类形容词有：,able,afraid,angry,ashamed,aware,anxious,careful,cautious,certain,concerned,confident,doubtful,glad,grateful,ignorant(,不知道,),，,sorry,thankful,等。如：,1.,形容词转动词,28,1.,We are very,thankful,to your hospitability during our staying in your country.,2.She was,afraid,of waking her baby.,我们非常,感谢,在贵国期间你们的盛情款待。,虽然“,thankful”,在汉语中可译成“感激的”，但，“我们怀着感激的心对你们的盛情款待表示感谢”句子很累赘。用动词“感谢”来表达感激之情使语句变得言简意赅，也符合汉语中多用动词的习惯。,她,生怕,吵醒她的孩子。,“生怕”译得很到位。若译成“她对吵醒孩子感到很害怕”有点儿词不达意。,29,3.He wasnt,aware,of the mistake he had made.,4.Please let us know if our terms are,acceptable,.,他没有,意识到,所犯的错误。,请告知是否,接受,我方条款。,30,5.We must be,sure,that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison.,6.I am very,concerned,about her.,我们必须,确保,，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供,有效的,或,公平的,比较。,我非常,挂念,她。,31,7.In his article the author is,critical,of mans negligence toward his environment.,作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境,作了批评,。,32,（,2,）英语中有大量由动词的分词式构成的形容词，或者与动词同根的形容词，这些词在翻译成汉语时，一般都把它们转换为动词,We believe that Europe should,and will,be outwardlooking.,Saud was a frustrated man at that time.,我们认为，欧洲应该而且必将向外看。,那时沙特已经受到挫折。,33,2.,形容词转译成名词,（,1,）英语中的一些形容词前加,the,表示一类人时,The poor;the sick;the former;the old;,（,2,）,形容词作表语表示事物的特征时，,其后往往加上,“,性,”,、,“,度,”,、,“,体,”,等。,如：,This workpiece is not more,elastic,than that one.,Glass is much more,soluble,than quartz.,这两个工件都没有,弹性,。,玻璃的,可溶性,比石英大得多。,34,04 六月 2025,a.Heavy objects are more,stable,than light ones.,重物体比轻物体,稳定,。重物体的,稳定性,比轻物体好。,b.Jack was,eloquent,and,elegant,but,soft,.,杰克有,口才,，有,风度,，但很软弱。,c.It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly,elastic,（有弹性的）,.,已经证实，气体具有理想的,弹性,。,d.This device is less,practical,.,这种装置的,实用性,较差,。,35,（,3,）英语中一些“形容词名词”构成的词组，译成汉语时往往把原来的名词转换成形容词，而把原来的形容词转换成名词，包括一些新构成词组也是这样处理。比如说，,the farm America,是美国农村，而,Middle America,则是美国中产阶级,36,3.,形容词转译成副词,There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.,目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量都已,大大,增加。,There has been a,tremendous,expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both towns and villages,.,无论在城市还是在乡村，托儿所和幼儿园都在,大量地,增加。,(1),修饰名词的形容词，由于名词转成动词，因而相应地转译成副词。,37,All of this proves that we must have a,profound,study of properties of metals.,Only when we study their properties can we make,better,use of the materials.,Can you give an,accurate,translation of the sentence?,所有这一切证明我们必须,深入地,研究金属的特性。,只有研究这些材料的特性才能,更好地,利用他们。,你能,确切地,把这句话翻译出来吗？,38,(2),有时为了使译文符合汉语表达习惯，也要把英语形容词转译为汉语副词。,A helicopter is,free,to go almost anywhere.,The,same,principles of low internal resistance also apply to milliammeters.,直升飞机几乎可以,自由地,飞到任何地方。,低内阻原理也,同样,适用于毫安表。,39,汉语动词转换为英语形容词,同样，汉语中一些表示情感等心理状态的动词也可转为英文的形容词，并构成,be+,形容词的形式。如，,1.,我们应该,直言不讳,。,2.,我们不,满足于,现有的成绩。,Let us be,frank.,We are not,content,with our present achievements.,40,3.,简直是难以置信,这小女孩居然,能,给我们带信儿。,4.,我为她的健康,担忧,。,Its unbelievable that the little girl was,able,to send us a message.,I am,anxious,about her health.,41,5.,我们切不可,满足,于仅仅有一点点书本知识。,6.,他会不会来值得,怀疑,。,7.,我们全体,赞成,他的建议。,We should never be,content,with a little book knowledge only.,It is,doubtful,that he will come.,We are all in favor of his suggestion.,42,介词的转换,介词在英文中使用很广，如果汉语中有对等关系的介词词组可以用直译的办法，如“,on the chair”,译成“在椅子上”。但很多时候可以根据汉语的习惯将英文介词转换成汉语的,动词或动词词组，,尤其是那些具有动词意义的介词或介词词组,。,Are you,for,or,against,the plan?,The European Community is the best instrument,for,this purpose.,欧共体是服务于这一目的的最好的工具。,你是,支持,还是,反对,这项计划？,43,He completed the project ahead of time,in spite of,all the difficulties.,At 9 oclock,he came home,for,dinner.,4.She pushed the door,with,a club.,他,排除,一切困难提早完成了任务。,9,点的时候他回到家里,吃,晚饭。,她,用,一根棍子推开门。,44,The house is,out of,repair.,I drove straight ahead,across,the stone bridge.,The government is,behind,this project.,Public opinion was,against,the proposal.,Im all for your opinion.,这座房子,失,修了,.,我驱车笔直向前，穿过石板桥。,政府,支持,这个项目。,舆论都,反对,这个提议。,我完全赞成你的意见。,(,介词转动词,),45,Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally,off,poverty.,千百万山区人民终于,摆脱了,贫困。,46,副词的转换,1.,副词转换为名词,He is,physically,weak but,mentally,sound.,Electromagnetic waves travel as,fast,as light.,It was officially announced that they agree on a reply to the Soviet Union.,官方宣布，他们同意给苏联一个答复。,他身体,虽弱，但,思维,正常。,电磁波传播的,速度,和光一样。,47,04 六月 2025,2.,副词转译成动词,a.,As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes,on,.,他跑出去时，忘记了,穿,鞋子。,b.After the crops are,in,they will start autumn sowing.,等庄稼,收进来,后，他们要开始播秋。,c.The librarian told me that the book was,out,.,图书管理员告诉我那本书,借出去,了。,d.,When he went back,the radio was still,on,for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left.,他回来时，收音机仍然,开着,，因为他离开时忘记关了。,48,04 六月 2025,3.,副词转译成形容词,The volume of trade has increased,tremendously,to the advantage of both countries,.,贸易量有,很大的,增加，也给两国带来了益处。,b.Independent observers have commented,favorably,on,the achievements you have made in this direction.,有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了,很好的,评价。,49,总的来说，翻译中词类的转换是很灵活的，一个句子可能有多种表达方式来表达同样的意思，翻译时我们必须斟酌用哪种词类更符合源语作者的意图与语气。,关键就是注意如何使译文的表达能够符合译语的习惯。这是最根本的原则。能够不转换的情况，也完全可以不进行转换。换句话说，英汉翻译中的词类转换本身是为翻译的通达顺畅服务的一种手段，它自身并不是目的，因此没有必要为转换而转换。实际上，我们以上所列举的例句中，也有不少是可以不用进行词类转换就可以翻译得很顺畅的。大家可以试一试重新翻译。,50,