英语语音基础知识讲座.doc

英语语音基础知识讲座
英语语音基础知识讲座
Lecture on English Pronunciation and Intonation

国 际 音 标 INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC SYMBOLS(48)

元 音: (Vowels)
1. 前元音: (Front Vowels)
[ i: ] [ I ] [ e ] [ æ ]
2. 后元音: (Back Vowels)
[ ɑ: ] [ ɒ ] [ ɔ: ] [ ʊ ] [ u: ] [ Λ ]
3. 中元音 (Central Vowels)
[з: ] [ ə ]
4. 双元音 (Dipthongs)
[ eI ] [ əʊ] [ aI ] [ aʊ]
[ ɔI ] [ Iə ] [ ʊə ] [ eə ]
辅 音: (Consonants)
1. 爆破音: (Plosive Consanates)
[ p ] [ b ] [ t ] [ d ] [ k ] [ ɡ ]
2. 鼻音: (Nasal Consonants)
[ m ] [ n ] [ŋ ]
3. 舌侧音: (Lateral Consonants)
[ l ] ( [ ł ] )
4. 摩擦音: (Fricative Consonants)
[ f ] [ v ] [ θ ] [ ð ] [ s ] [ z ]
[∫] [ ʒ ] [ r ] [ h ]
5. 破擦音: (Afficate Consonants)
[ ʧ ] [ dʒ ] [ ts ] [ dz ] [ tr ] [ dr ]
6. 半元音: (Semi-Vowels)
[ w ] [ j ]
NOTICE
A: 气流从肺部发出, 在口腔中不受到发音器官 (如唇、齿、
舌、喉、 鼻等) 的阻碍, 所发的音叫元音。
B: 气流从肺部发出, 在口腔中受到发音器官 (如唇、齿、
舌、喉、鼻等) 的阻碍, 所发的音叫辅音。
C: 发音时, 声带振动的是浊音 (元音都是浊音), 声带不振
动的叫清音。28个辅音中, 清辅音11个, 浊辅音17个。

REQUIREMENTS

A: 读准并牢记20个元音音标。
B: 区分清、浊辅音。
即 [ p ] [ t ] [ k ] [ f ] [θ] [ s ] [∫] [ h ]
[ ʧ ] [ ts ] [ tr ] 以外, 其余均为浊(辅)音。

读 音 规 则
RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION
辅音字母在单词中的读音
1. B b
1) b [ b ] beg bad bath
2) bb [ b ] rubber robber
3) "mb"在词尾, "b" 不发音 tomb climb
comb thumb bomb
4) "b" 不发音 debt doubt dumbfound
2. C c
1) c [ k ] clean cat
2) "c " 在 "i "、 "e "、"y" 前读 [ s ] circle nice
bicycle
3) "c " 在 "ia "、 "ie "、 "ea " 前常读 [∫]
ancient socialist musician ocean
4) "cc" 在 "i"、"e" 前读 [ks] success accident
在 "a"、 "o "、 "u" 前读 [ k ] according occupy
3. D d
1) d [ d ] day death
2) dd [d ] sudden daddy
3) “d” 不发音: handsome Wednesday
4) 规则动词的过去式、过去分词 “-ed” 在清辅音 ( [ t ] 除外) 后, 读 [ t ] washed walked
在元音、浊辅音 ( [d ] 除外)后, 读 [d ] stayed closed
在 [ t ]、 [d ] 后, 读 [ id ] wanted needed
4. F f
1) f [ f ] fly fool life proof 但: of [ v ]
2) ff [ f ] off office official offer coffee
5. G g
1) g [ ɡ ] glass dog game
2) "g" 在 "i"、 "e"、"y" 前常读 [dʒ]
oxygen geography energy engineer
3) "ge" 在词尾常读 [dʒ] large marriage village
6. H h
1) h [ h ] hold hero hall
2) "h" 不发音 forehead exhibition hour
honesty honour why
7. J j
1) j [ dʒ ] joke judge July enjoy
8. K k
1) k [ k ] king kite cake
2) "kn"在词首, "k" 不发音 knowledge kneel
knee know knife
9. L l
1) l [ l ] lazy silk shoulder also salty
2) ll [ l ] ill kill mill collect sell
3) "l" 不发音 talk chalk walk half calm folk should could would
10. M m
1) m [ m ] meet meat time
2) mm [ m ] summer common communist
11. N n
1) n [ n ] nine line night
2) "n" 在 [k]、 [ɡ] 前读 [ŋ] think thank English language
3) "mn" 在词尾, "n" 不发音 autumn column
4) nn [ n ] connect
12. P p
1) p [ p ] pick paper
2) pp [ p ] suppose support supper
13. Q q
"q" 常及 "u" 一起出现, "qu" 读 [ kw ]
quick quilt quiet quite question liquid 但: conquer [ k ]
14. R r
1) r [ r ] road red read real rail rat
2) rr [ r ] correct quarrel sorrow
15. S s
1) "s" 在词首, 读 [ s ] sea seat sit
2) "s" 在两个元音字母之间常读 [ z ]
music visit prison poison design position season resist
3) "s" 在元音字母和不发音的 "e" 之间时,
即: 元 + s + e (不发音)
A: 动词中, 常读 [ z ] rise raise close use lose
B: 名词, 形容词中, 常读 [ s ] close use base
但: nose rose wise vase [ z ]
4) "s" 在词中部时
A: s + 清辅音: "s" 读 [ s ] list sister respect
B: s + 浊辅音: "s" 读 [ z ] husband
5) "s " 在 "u "、"ia" 前常读 [∫] 或 [ ʒ ] sugar sure Russia pleasure sually
6 ) "s" 在词尾, “元音 + s” 时, "s" 可读 [ s ] 或 [ z ] is bus us
7) 动词, 名词词尾加 "s", "es" 时:
A: "s" 在清辅音后读 [ s ] speaks roofs
B: "s" 在元音,浊辅音后读 [ z ] plays walls
C: "s"、 "es" 在 [ s ] [ z ] [∫] [ ʧ ] [ dʒ ] 后读 [ iz ] glasses realizes rushes pages
8) ss [ s ] guess lesson passenger professor
9) "s" 不发音 island
16. T t
1) t [ t ] write test
2) "t " 在 "ie "、"io" 前常读 [∫] patient station
3) tt [ t ] attend attentive cattle
4) "t" 不发音 listen whistle often mustn’t waistcoat Christmas fasten
17. V v
v [ v ] very violin voice
18. W w
1) w [ w ] win waste
2) "w" 不发音 answer sword write whole 19. X x
1) x [ ks ] exercise relax relaxation excuse
  2) "x" 后接元音, 并重读时, 读 [ɡz] example exam exactly
20. Y y
y [ j ] yard yet yes
21. Z z
z [ z ] zero zoo
NOTICE
A: 辅音字母 b、c、d、k、p、j、t、v 在单词中读其字母名称音的前半部份。
B: 辅音字母 f、l、m、n、s、x 在单词中读其字母名称音的后半部份。

音 节 SYLLABLES
1. 开音节 (Open Syllable) :
A. 绝对开音节: "辅 + 元 + ( e (不发音))"
e.g. no me my lie toe tie
B. 相对开音节: "元 + 辅( "r" 除外) + e (不发音")
e.g. face mine note
2. 闭音节 (Close Syllable) : "元+辅("r"除外)"
e.g. not it as bag bet maths
3. “-r” 音节 ( “-r” Syllable) : (元音字母分别及“r”构成的音节)
e.g. bird car sport nurse serve
4. “-re” 音节 ( “-re” Syllable) :
(元音字母分别及 “re” 构成的音节)
e.g. Tire care glare store there
5. 字母组合音节:
e.g. new see teach piece
元音字母在单词中的读音
一. 元音字母在重读音节中的读音
1. A a
1)   "a" 在开音节中读 [ eI ]
e.g. gate race late came make 但: have [ æ ]
2) "a" 在闭音节中读 [ æ ]
e.g. plan rag sad cat mad
3) "a" 在 [w] 后常读 [ ɒ ]
e.g. want wash what quality quantity quarrel
但: water [ ɔ: ]
4) "a "在 -ss, -st, -sp, -sk, -th, -f, -n 前常读 [ ɑ: ]
e.g. grass grasp past task path after dance
5) "a" 在 -ny 前常读 [ e ] e.g. any many
6) "a" 在 -tion, -ble, -ste, -nge前常读 [ eI ]
e.g. station table waste taste change
2. E e
1) "e" 在开音节中读 [ i: ]
e.g. he she me these
2) "e" 在闭音节中读 [ e ]
e.g. net bet yes tell neck rest
3. I i (Y y)
1)   "i" (y) 在开音节中读 [ aI ]
e.g. tie like bike why by type bye
但: give live [Ι]
2) "i" (y) 在闭音节中读 [Ι]
e.g. bit it in thin win system syllable
3) "i" 在词尾的 -ild, -ind 中常读 [ aI ]
e.g. child kind mind find wind(v.) 但: wind (n.) [Ι]
4. O o
1) "o" 在开音节中读 [ əʊ ]
e.g. stone toe no home note
但: to, do, who, move, shoe [ u: ]
2)  "o " 在闭音节中读 [ ɒ ] e.g. not shop soft top dot
3) "o" 在词尾的 -old, -ost 中常读 [ əʊ ]
e.g. cold gold old post most 但: cost [ ɒ ]
4) "o" 在 m, n, v, th 前常读 [ ʌ ]
e.g. govern love son done among come comfort some mother brother money
但: stove [ əʊ ] move improve [ u: ]
5) 不规则:
e.g. both comb [ əʊ ] tomb [ u: ]
5. U u
1) u 在开音节中读 [ ju:] e.g. use tube refuse diffuse
2) u 在 l、 r、 j 后常读 [ u: ] e.g. blue rule rude true June
3) u 在闭音节中[ ʌ ] 或[ ʊ ] e.g. sun up must uncle club put pull
4) 不规则: e.g. busy [ I ] bury [ e ]
总结: 元音字母在重读开闭音节中的读音
元音字母
A a
E e
I i (Y y)
O o
U u
开音节
[ eI ]
[ i : ]
[ aI ]
[ əʊ ]
[ ju: ]
闭音节
[ æ ]
[ e ]
[ Ι ]
[ ɒ ]
[ ʌ ] [ ʊ ]
NOTICE: 元音字母在重读开音节中读长音, 在重读闭音节中读短音。

"-r" 音节在重读音节中的读音规则
-r 音节
ar
or
er
ir
ur
读 音
[ɑ: ]
[ ɔ: ]
[ з: ]
[ з: ]
[ з: ]
例 词
car
sport
nerve
girl
nurse
NOTICE:
1) "ar" 在 [ w ] 后读 [ ɔ: ] e.g. war warmth warn
2) "or" 在 [ w ] 后读 [ з: ] e.g. worm word worse
3) "-r" 音节在非重读音节中均读 [ ə ]
e.g. murmur particular governor forget teacher
-re 音节在重读音节中的读音规则
-re 音节
are
ere
ore
ire (yre)
ure
读 音
[ eə ]
[ Iə ] [ eə ]
[ ɔ: ]
[ aIə ]
[ ʊə ] [ juə ]
例 词
glare
here there
store
tire
sure cure
NOTICE: are [ɑ: ] were [ з: ] 是
二. 元音字母在非重读音节的读音
1. A a
1) a [ ə ] china again afraid ahead alive cinema
2) "a + 辅 + e (不发音)" 时, "a" 常读 [Ι]
palace village comrade separate (adj.)
在动词中, "a" 在这种情况下读[ eI ] liberate separate (v.) celebrate hibernate operate
2. E e
1) e [ ə ] problem silent open moment
2) e [Ι] planet perfect wallet
3) "e" 在前、后缀的非重读音节中读 [Ι]
wanted tallest illness repeat return prepare
3. I i (Y y)
1) i (y) [Ι] city bicycle office singing splendid practical
2) i [ ə ] possible holiay terrible horrible
3) "y"在动词词尾读[ aI ] satisfy horrify terrify beautify occupy modify 但: study
4. O o
1) o [ ə ] seldom consider condition common
2) o 在词尾读 [əʊ] photo radio piano tomato also
5. U u
1) u [ ə ] suppose suggest success autumn
2) u [ ju ] occupy communism January valuable
3) u 在 l、r、j 后读 [ ʊ ] July instrument
4) u 在词尾的 ute, ude 中常读 [ ju: ] institute attitude
Note
元音字母在非重读音节中多数情况下读 [ ə ] [ I ] [ ʊ ]
元音字母组合在单词中的读音
一. 元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
1. a + 其它字母
al [ ɔ: ] talk chalk walk
al [ ɔ:l ] salt also almost always
al 在 f, m, 前常读 [ɑ: ] half calm palm
all [ ɔ:l ] all ball fall tall wall small
au, augh [ɔ:] fault autumn cause pause August
daughter naughty taught caught 但: laugh aunt
aw [ ɔ: ] law lawyer draw saw sawmill
ai, aigh, ay [ eI ] strait train rain main rail wait
waiter straight day ray gray stay play
air [eə ] air fair repair hair chair stair upstairs
2. e + 其它字母
ea [ i: ] meat mean team weave peace
ea [ e ] meant sweat sweater bread breakfast
ea [ eI ] great greatly break
ea [ Iə ] real really theatre idea
ee [ i: ] sweet meet bee see need
ei [ i: ] receive ceiling seize
ei [ aI ] either neither
eigh [eI ] eight neighbour weight weigh weighty
ey [ eI ] they grey obey
ew [ ju: ] news few dew 但: sew [ əʊ ]
ew 在 l、r、j 后常读 [u:] blew Jew threw grew
ear [ Iə ] hear near fear ear tear (n.)
ear [ eə ] wear bear tear (v.)
ear 后接辅音字母时, 读 [з: ]
heard search research early earth learn
但: heart [ɑ: ]
eer [ Iə ] cheer engineer pioneer deer beer
eir [ eə ] their
3. o + 其它字母
oa [ əʊ ] coat goat boat float soap
oy [ ɔI ] boy enjoy joy toy
oi [ ɔI ] oil soil boil voice noise
oul [ ʊ ] could would should 但: shoulder [ əʊl ]
oo 在爆破音前常读 [ ʊ ] foot football good stood book look wood
但: boot shoot root food [ u: ]
oo 在 l, m, n, f, th 前以及词尾时, 读 [ u: ] zoo coo loo
bamboo tooth cool bloom soon proof room [ u (:)]
oo [ ʌ ] flood blood
oor [ ɔ: ] floor door 但: poor [ ʊə ]
oar [ ɔ: ] board aboard
ou [ aʊ ] house loud aloud found sound south 但: soul [ əʊ ]
ou [ ʌ ] country young double rough tough southern
ou [ u: ] youth group wound soup
ough [ ɔ: ] bought thought 但: though [ əʊ ] through [ u: ]
our [ ɔ: ] four pour
our [ aʊə ] ours hour
ow [ aʊ ] now how bow (v.) cow
ow [ əʊ ] show bow (n.) slow grow throw
ower [ aʊə ] power flower shower
4. i + 其它字母
ig [ aI ] sign design
igh [ aI ] sight slight sigh light tight bright
ia [ aIə ] diary dialogue
ie [ i: ] field piece believe 但: friend [ e ]
ie [ aIə ] society quiet science
io [ aIə ] pioneer violin
5. u + 其它字母
ui [ ju: ] suit suitable 但: build [Ι]
ui 在 l、r、j 后读 [ u: ] fruit
. 元音字母组合在非重读音节中的读音
ai, ay, ey [Ι] mountain captain Monday holiday money valley
ia, ou, our [ ə ] special Russia nervous colour labour neighbour dangerous
io, iou [ Iə ] period curious serious
oo [ʊ] classroom childhood neighbourhood
ow [əʊ] yellow window tomorrow sorrow
-tion, -ssion, -sion, -shion [ ʃən ] 或 [ ʃn ]
nation position oppression impression possession
-tion 在 "s" 后读 [ ʧən] 或 [ ʧn ] suggestion question
-sion 在元音后读 [ ʒən ] 或 [ ʒn ] vision television occasionally visionphone
-ture [ ʧə ] picture lecture culture agriculture nature creature
-sure [ ʒə ] measure treasure pleasure
-ure [ ə ] injure figure
辅音字母组合
在单词中的读音
ch, tch [ ʧ ] watch child hatch church cheat switch snatch fetch 但:sandwich [ ʤ ]
ch [ k ] school chemistry character stomach
ch [∫] machine machinery moustache
ck [ k ] stick pick back black
sc 在i、e 前读 [ s ] science scenery scientist scientific
sc 在 a、o、u 前读 [ sk ] score scarcely Scott
dge [ ʤ ] bridge judge knowledge
gu 在词首读 [ ɡ ] guess guest guide guidence
gu 在词中读 [ ɡw ] language
ng 在词尾读 [ ŋ ] long sing strong
ng 在词中读 [ ŋɡ ] English longer 但: singer [ ŋ ]
gh, ph [ f ] laugh tough photo phone elephant
sh [∫] rush brush shop finish shed
th [θ] three think thin thank thing thin worth
th 在冠词, 代词, 连词, 介词等中常读 [ ð ]
the that they these than those though
although with with