湖南自考工程应用英语.doc

湖南自考工程应用英语
工程应用英语（06269）
Part I Vocabulary and Structure
1.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: ‘manner and method’ and ‘______’.a
a. result b. combination c. layer thickness d. moisture control
2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering ______.b
a. courses b. curricula c. lessons d. areas
3. Active ______ for engineers often begins before the student’s last year in the university.b
a. employ b. recruiting c. hire d. firing
4. Indeed, the civil engineer’s choice is ______ and varied.
a. small b. fine c. large d. tiny
5. Construction can be very _____.
a. dangerous b. safe c. easy d. secure
6. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on ______.
a. its other part b. itself c. the wall d. the ground
7.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized ______ education.
a. elementary school b. high school c. middle school d. university
8.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is ______.
a. dead load b. live load c. impact d. safety factor
9.In tension, the material is ______.
a. pressed b. pulled apart c. pushed d. compressed
10.______ force acts up and down.
a. vertical b. horizontal c. rotating motion d. turning motion
11.A main source of accidents, the problem of ______ driving is the most serious of all.
a. drink b. drinking c. drunken d. drank
12.Both ______, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.
a. steel and cement b. wood and brick
c. stone and tile d. ash and plastic
13.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ______.
a. distances b. central angles c. elevation difference d. length
14. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the ______ science and the language arts.
a. computer b. chemical c. social d. biology
15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ______.
a. the direction b. the size c. the frequency d. the width
16. Civil engineering projects are almost always ______.
a. distinctive b. the similar c. alike d. the same
17.Prestressed concrete is an ______ form of reinforcement.
a. original b. improved c. same d. low
18.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by _______.
a. engineers b. one party
c. company d. two or more parties
19. Computers can’t solve complicated problems unless they are given ______.
a. a good air-condition b. a young civil engineer
c. a good computer engineer d. a good program
20.______ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.
a. weight b. volume c. area d. no
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Part II Filling Blanks
21. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering.
22. One party to the contract is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.
23. Clearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.
24. Engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms.
25. Loose rock includes materials such as weathered or rotten rock, or earth mixed with boulders.
26. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake pedal has meant that the driver’s total reaction time has been reduced.
27. No attempt was made to control moisture content or to secure compaction.
28. The redesign of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehicle safety.
29. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load, live load, impact and safety factor.
30. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of heavy-duty brake fluid.
Part III Reading Comprehension
Passage One
The employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations and performances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.
The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be ‘subject to formal contract’ as is often the case.
31. The conditions of contract are normally determined by ______.
a. the government official
b. the contractor
c. the promoter
32. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which ______ will be subject.
a. the employer
b. the official
c. the contractor
33. The obligations that ______ accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to the tender.
a. the employer
b. the auditor
c. the contractor
34. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until ______.
a. the promoter has enough money
b. it has been accepted
c. the tender approved by the government

Passage Two
Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.
35. Research is one of ______ aspects of scientific and engineering practice.
a. the most useless
b. the most important
c. the most unnecessary
36. A researcher is often employed ______.
a. on a farm
b. in a library
c. in a laboratory
37. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with ______.
a. farmers and scientists
b. engineers and farmers
c. scientists and engineers
38. Which of the following is true?
a. Civil engineering research doesn’t include only soil mechanics and soil stabilization, but also the development of new structural materials
b. Civil engineering research doesn’t include soil mechanics and soil stabilization
c. Civil engineering research doesn’t include the development of new structural materials

Passage Three
Materials are usually described as ‘rock’, ‘loose rock’, or ‘common’, with ‘common’ signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes called ‘solid rock’, nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.
39. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified.
a. loose rock
b. common
c. rock
40. Which of the following is NOT true?
a. rock, is sometimes called ‘solid rock’
b. rock, is sometimes called ‘loose rock’
c. rock, is usually called ‘hard rock
41. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
a. loose rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted
b. loose rock is often dug without any previous blasting
c. blasted rock may be moved for long distances by bikes
42. Loose rock often is dug with ______ without any previous blasting.
a. track or ripper
b. loaders or shovels
c. roller or bulldozer

Passage Four
Steel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.
43. Steel and concrete have ______.
a. different rate of contraction
b. different rate of expansion
c. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion
44. Reinforced concrete is ______.
a. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beams
b. concrete which is embedded in steel rods
c. steel rods which react with concrete
45. Which of the following is true?
a. steel can rust in concrete
b. concrete can corrode steel
c. steel does not rust in concrete
46. Concrete has ______.
a. some kind of chemical that corrodes steel
b. an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid
c. some kind of acid

Passage Five
The current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.
Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.
47. The current trend of structural materials is _______.
a. to develop heavier materials
b. to develop lighter materials
c. to develop less materials
48. Aluminum weighs _______.
a. much less than steel
b. the same as steel
c. much heavier than steel
49. Aluminum has _______.
a. no properties of steel
b. few properties of steel
c. many of the same properties of steel
50. Which of the following is true?
a. Aluminum beams can’t be used for bridge construction
b. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a few buildings
c. Aluminum beams can’t be used for the framework of a few buildings
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Part IV Translate the sentences into Chinese
51. Selection of equipment depends on the nature of the material, how far it is to be moved, and the method of disposal.
设备的选择取决于材料的性质、需搬移的距离以及处理的方式。
52. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer.
工程专业毕业生必须通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试。
53. The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying.
一个想成为土木工程师的学生，或者需要学习大地测量学等课程。
54.On-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisor.
在职培训将使主管人了解他（她）将理论运用于实践的能力。
55.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight.
一旦梁上面有负载，那么这根梁必须有足够的强度来支撑这个负载。
Part V Translate the Sentences into English
56.排水构筑物可以分为主要构筑物和次要构筑物。
Drainage structures may be divided into major and minor structure.
57.公路定线包括现有资料的室内研究、路线踏勘测量、初步定线和最终定线。
The highway location process involves office study of existing information, reconnaissance of survey of routes, preliminary location, and final location.
58.发货人和旅行者根据所提供的服务水平选择交通运输方式。
The shipper and travelers choose transportation modes in terms of level of service provided
59.钢和混凝土有几乎相同的收缩率和膨胀率。
Steel and concrete have almost the same rate of contraction and expension.
60.土石方设备的选择主要决定于材料的性质和运距。
The selection of earth working equipments is primarily depended on the nature of the materials and the haul distances.

Part I Vocabulary and Structure
1. Computers are ___b_____ unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.
a. used b. useless c. useful d. uselessly
2. The relationship between engineering and society is getting ____c____.
a. higher b. farther c. closer d. lower
3. For the student who is preparing to become a ____c____ engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics.
a. computer b. social c. civil d. chemical
4. The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction, ____b____, maintenance, or even in sales.
a. analysis b. supervision c. plan d. fee
5. Civil engineers work on many different kinds of ____c____.
a. buildings b. projects c. structures d. roads
6. In designing buildings, civil engineers often work as ___b_____ to architectural or construction firms.
a. workers b. consultants c. employee d. students
7. Dams, bridges and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a ______d__ engineer who is in charge of the entire project.
a. main b. chief c. master d. system
8. Construction is a _____b___ process on almost all engineering projects.
a. simple b. complicated c. easy d. likely
9. In compression, the material is ____c____ together.
a. stretched b. apart c. pushed d. tense
10.When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is ___a_____.
a. in tension b. in compression c. in press d. in push
11.We defined ___d_____ as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress.
a. tension b. compression c. push d. shear
12.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and ___c_____,
stone,