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高中定语从句详细讲解
一 定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose, as (主语,宾语,定语)
关系词
关系副词:when, where, why(状语)
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
二 关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
先行词
作用
主语
宾语
定语
及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语
被提前的介词宾语
指人
who/that,as
who/whom/that,as
介词+whom
whose/of whom
指物
that/which,as
that/which,as
介词+which
whose/of which
1.先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,需用who/that引导,且不能省略
The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
This is the teacher who/that teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2.先行词指人且在定语从句中作宾语,需用whom/who/that引导,且能省略
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom/who/that ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor ( whom/who/that) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
3. 先行词指物且在定语从句中作主语,需用that/which引导,且不能省略
Football is a game that/which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
He likes to read books that/which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。
4. 先行词指物且在定语从句中作宾语,需用that/which引导,且能省略
That is the book (that/which) I want to read.
5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意: Whose+名词=the+名词+of whom/which=of +whom/which+名词
This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known.
=This is the scientist, the achievements of whom are well-known.
=This is the scientist, of whom the achievements are well-known.
This is the house whose window broke last night.
=This is the house, the window of which broke last night.
=This is the house, of which the window broke last night.
6. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
① 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
指物用介词+which,指人用介词+whom
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
② 介词的选择:
1)由先行词的习惯搭配或根据先行词的需要。
This is the teacher from whom I borrowed the book. 这就是我从他那里借书的老师。
2)根据动词短语的固定搭配。
Don’t bring the children to see the animals of which they are afraid.
注意:1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面,如动词短语:look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)
那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom;关系代词指物时只可用which,关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)
你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)
我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)
3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如:
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.
迄今为止,他写了10部小说,其中3部是关于农村生活的。
7. as引导的限制性定语从句
such+名词+as... 像...一样的,像...之类的
such as... 像...一样的,像...之类的
the same+名词+as... 和...同样的
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
This book is not such as I expect.
I have the same book as he was.
三 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing,something , all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时。如:
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了
2.当先行词被the only, the very,every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much, the last, just等代词修饰时
The only thing that we can do now is to give some money.
我们唯一能做的事情就是给你一些钱。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
3.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
This is the best film that I have seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
4.当先行词既有人又有物时。如:
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school
他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.
瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
5.当主句是以who, which开头的疑问句时。如:
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
6.当先行词在句中作表语时,无论先行词指人还是指物。
China is no longer the country that she was.中国不再是原来的那个国家了。
Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be.深圳不再是过去的样子了。
7.主句是There be 结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如:
There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
8.如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。如:
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
四 关系副词引导的定语从句(when, why, where)
1.when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。When=in/at/on/during等+which
I still remember the day when/on which I first came to this school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
2.where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。Where=in/at/on/under等+which
I visited the farm where/in which a lot of cows were raised .
我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
3.why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。Why=for which
I don’t know the reason why/for which he looks unhappy today.
我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意:1).先行词是表示时间,地点的名词时,并非都用when和where,若从句的谓语动词是不及物动词,作状语,用when 和where,如果是及物动词,作主语和宾语,则用that或者which。例如:
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that / which he visited last year.
2).“地点模糊”的先行词point,situation,conditions,case,position,stage,scene,spot,activity,
family, job等表示某人某物所处的情况,发展的阶段,或表达某事的某个方面时,用where引导定语从句。例如:
We are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk..
我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。
3).关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.
他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.
他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
五 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
先行词
作用
主语
宾语
定语
及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语
被提前的介词宾语
指人
who,as
who/whom,as
介词+whom
whose/of whom
指物
which,as
which,as
介词+which
whose/of which
句子
Which,as
---
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
This is New York, which I have visited for several times.
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every
year.
As we all know, china is a developing country.
The man, whose father is a policeman, got married last year.
六 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。具体如下:
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如:
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,或者句中。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如:
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。
注意:当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如:
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到,这使得老师很恼火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的,这使得这些桌子很重。
3.as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时,可代替整个句子,as指熟知的内容,而which指代意想不到的事情或客观事实。如:
As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知,台湾属于中国。
The earth, as we know, goes around the sun.我们都知道,地球绕着太阳转。
She remarried, which we unexpected. 她又结婚了,这我们没有预料到。
4.当非限制性定语从句表示否定意义时,只能用which来引导。
He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他不得不在星期日上班,这点他不喜欢。
He didn’t win the championship, which I hadn’t expected.
他没获得冠军,这一点是我没预料到的。
5.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。 如:I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意:当先行词受the same 修饰时,偶尔也用 that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如:
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一 条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
6.as的常用插入语式的句式有:as is said above综上所述; as is already mentioned above 正如一句阐述到的; as is expected 正如预料的那样;as we all know 众所周知; as is reported in the newspaper 正如报纸所报道的。
七 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句修饰限定先行词,它与先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,它与先行词是同位关系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定语从句) 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位语从句)他已经去世了,这个事实很明了。
2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分,关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导,在从句中一般不担当成分;有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. (定语从句) 他告诉我的消息是真的。 The news that he has just died is true. (同位语从句) 他刚刚去世了,这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句)
我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位语从句)
我们如何筹集这么多资金,这个问题很难解决。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定语从句)
他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位语从句)
他是否一定会赢得那场比赛,这个问题很难回答。
3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如:
The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位语从句)
我们可以向老师请教,这个主意不错。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位语从句)
地球围绕太阳转,这个事实人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位语从句)
请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
八 定语从句与并列句的区别
并列句有并列的连词如and, or ,but, so etc.
He has two children, and both of them are abroad.
He has two children, both of whom are abroad.
九 定语从句的主谓一致
关系代词作从句的周时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致,当先行词是整个句子时,从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:
I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.
The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.
注意:one of+复数名词位于关系代词前作先行词时,从句谓语动词用复数;但当one前有the(only),the(very)等修饰时,从句谓语用单数。
Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.王先生是唯一被请来和我们共进晚餐的我的朋友之一。
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
长城是吸引许多游客的世界著名建筑之一。
This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
定语从句解题步骤:
1. 找先行词
2. 找定语从句
3. 将先行词带入定语从句中,并判断先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分(主宾定状)
4. 关系代词:主宾定
关系副词:状语
补充:
以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。如:
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.
我不喜欢你嘲笑她的样子。
Exercises:
1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_____ is Mary's.
A the smallest of which B the smaller of which
C the smallest of them D the smallest one
2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_____ it will be completely finished.
A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time
3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_____ was taken in London.
A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which
4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people ____ village I taught before lived a happy life.
A who B whose C in whose D in which
5.There is a mountain ____ the top is always covered with snow.
A whose B of which C it's D that
6.She may have missed her train, in ____ case she won't arrive for another hour.
A what B that C which D this
7.1)I have three children,and two of _____ are doctors.
2)I have three children, two of ____ are doctors.
A whose B who C whom D them
8.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls.
A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them
C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds
9.I have bought two ball-pens,_____ writes well.
A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which
特殊结构定语从句点击
1. These houses are sold at such a low price ________ people expected.
A. like B. as C. that D. which
2. I've never heard so interesting a story ________ you told me.
A. as B. that C. of which D. about which
3. I've seen the same film ________ you saw yesterday.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
4. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
5. He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
6. ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What
7. This is the first time ________ he has been here.
A. that B. when C. at which D. which
8. I don't like ________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
定语从句
1.This is the best factory ____we visited last year .
A. where B. which C. in which D. that
2.Is this the factory ____computers are built ?
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
3.please pass me the dictionary ____cover is red .
A. whose B.its C. which D. which of
4.The man ____has arrived .
A. whom I told you B. that I told you
C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about
5. Do you know the comrade ____we are talking ?
A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that
6. They visited the house ___the great writer was born .
A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where
7. The comrade ___is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
8. He asked us to watch carefully everything ___he did in class .
A. who B. that C. what D. where
9. I’ll visit the professor tomorrow ,___he will be back from Shanghai .
A. who B. that C. when D. which
10.The school ___I study is a new one .
A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which
11. China has many islands,____the largest is Taiwan .
A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which
12. Th
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