自考英语复习资料语法难点.doc

自考英语复习资料语法难点
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语法难点
　　（一）真实条件句
　　1.基本形式：主句动词是将来时，if条件从句中的动词用现在时
　　If you want something really badly,you’ll probably get in.
　　2.If条件从句为一般现在时，主句中含有情态动词或用一般现在时表示状态或必然的结果
　　If the weather gets worse,the planes might not be able to take off on time.
　　If your computer breaks down,you can use mine.
　　If the alarm rings,the door closes automatically.
　　3.If条件从句的时态变化
　　If you’re looking for John,you can find him in the classroom.
　　If you have lost your car,you should report it to the police.
　　If you’re going to the U.S. ,you’ll need a visa.
　　（二）虚拟语气
　　1.及现在事实相反的虚拟
　　(1)If+did(were)+...,...would(should,could,might)+动词原形
　　If I were you,I would go abroad at once.
　　If he knew it now,he could help me.
　　(2)从句中可用If it were not for...(若不是……).
　　e.g.(倒装句)Were it not for your help,I would’t be doing so well.
　　If it weren’t for Jack,you wouldn’t be anywhere.
　　2.及过去事实相反的虚拟
　　(1)If+had done+...,...would(might,could等)+动词原形
　　If I had known your phone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.
　　If you had come here a little earlier just now,you might have met her.
　　(2)特殊句型：If it had not been for ...(若不是……)
　　e.g.(倒装句)Had I known your address,I would have written before.
　　If it hadn’t been for the rain,we would have had a good harvest.
　　3.及将来事实相反的虚拟
　　(1)If+should +v.,...wouldshould等+V.(可能性很小，“万一”)，
　　e.g. If I should fail,what should I do?
　　(2)If+did(were)to+v....,would等+v.(完全不可能)
　　e.g. If the sun were to rise in the west,I would lend you the money.

　　4.某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常见的词有order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest等。
　　He suggested that we should help them with English.
　　5.Wish后的宾语从句中
　　主+wish+(that)+主+did/were(指现在)
　　had done(指过去)
　　would+v.(指将来)
　　6.主语从句中的虚拟语气
　　(1)It’s suggested,requested,proposed,demanded等that+主语+should+动词原形.
　　(2)It’s necessary,important,appropriate等+that+主语+should+动词原形.
　　(3)It’s a pity(shame,no wonder)等+that+主语+should+动词原形.
　　e.g. It’s strange that you should say such a thing.
　　(4)It’s a great pity that he should be so conceited.
　　7.同位语从句中的虚拟语气
　　下列名词后的同位语从句要用“should+动词原形”的虚拟suggestion,order,request
　　demand,proposal
　　He made a suggestion that we have a fancy dress party.
　　They were faced with the demand that this tax should be abolished.
　　8.As if后的状语从句中的虚拟语气（as though）
　　e.g. I remember it vividly as if it were tonight.
　　9.Would rather(sooner)其后的宾语从句中.
　　would rather(sooner)that...+did(were)....
　　I would sooner that you were not my brother.
　　10.介词之后的虚拟语气but for、without、to...
　　But for my money,she would have prosecuted him.
　　Without your help,I couldn’t have achieved all this.
　　To hear him talk,you’d think he was prime minister.
　　11.It’s (high)time that...+did/were...
　　It’s time that you went to bed.(you should go to bed.)
　　12.虚拟语气中的倒装
　　从句部分如果有were,should,had，可将if省略，再把were,should,had移到句首实行倒装。
　　e.g. Had you followed the doctor’s advice,you would be much better now.
　　Were you here now(If you were here),you could help us.
　　Should it rain,the crops would be saved.
　　13.If only、suppose等之后也常用虚拟语气
　　If only my father could understand my desire for privacy.
　　Suppose he were lost.
　　(三)独立主格
　　1.不定式独立主格结构(介词)+名词词组+不定式结构
　　e.g. Four little girls followed the bride,two to hold her wedding gown,two to hold flowers.
　　2.现在分词独立主格（介词）+名词词组+现在分词结构
　　e.g. Without anyone noticing,I slipped through the window.
　　3.过去分词独立主格（介词）+名词词组+过去分词结构
　　I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.

　　4.无动词独立主格（介）+名词词组+（介词词组）+（形词组/副词组/名词词组）
　　He went off,gun in hand.
　　The football match over,crowds of people poured out into the street.
　　（四）倒装
　　1.完全倒装把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装
　　部分倒装把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。
　　2.当副词为in、out、down、there、here、off、over、away等时可以完全倒装，但主语不能是人称代词。
　　Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor.
　　In came Miss Green.
　　注如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。
　　Away she went.
　　Here you are.
　　3.谓语动词为come，sit等不及物动词，可将状语置于句首，将主谓语倒装
　　At the foot of the mountain stands a temple.
　　To the square marched the band.
　　4.Only+副词（介词短语）或only+状语位于句首，句子要倒装
　　Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
　　Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.
　　5.否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，主谓语倒装。此类词有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere，little，few，no more(longer)，in no way，by no means等等。
　　e.g. Not only can the little boy speak English well,but also he can speak French fluently.
　　Not until his mother came back did he have supper.
　　Neither could Tom.
　　Never have I seen such a good movie.
　　Seldom does she do anything important without asking her parents’ advice first.
　　6.Well，so，often，such等放于句首时，主谓要倒装。
　　So loudly did he speak that everyone in the room heard him.
　　Well did I know him and well did he know me.
　　So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun.

　　7.As引导让步状语从句，须倒装，将需要强调的词提到as的前面。
　　Rich as he is,he spends a cent on charity.
　　8.在虚拟语气中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were、had、should等词提到句首。
　　Should he come tomorrow,he would help us to settle the problem.
　　9.谓语动词带有情态动词或助动词时，只将情态动词或助动词放于主语前，变成部分倒装。
　　Under no circumstances will I do such a thing.
　　Nowhere else in the market can you find such cheap fruit.
　　10.谓语动词是完成时的形式时，只将has(have)、had置放于主语前。
　　Never before has Prof.Kolf had such a good student as Walter Pauk.
　　No sooner had she got into the house than she realized that someone was in the bedroom.
　　（五）强调
　　1.用do来强调动词，此种形式仅限于一般现在时和一般过去时。
　　e.g. I did call you last night but you were not in.
　　He does speak 5 languages.
　　2.It is(was)+被强调部分+who(that)+其它部分
　　e.g. It was his brother who(that) broke the glass.
　　It was beginners whom(that)I taught last year.
　　（六）省略
　　英语中为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so、not、to、do、does代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。
　　(1)Do，does，didI think so.
　　He translated the article better than I did.
　　(2)So，not代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope，think，believe，expect，fear，imagine等后作宾语I’m afraid not。
　　(3)To用作不定式，常跟随下列动词如want，mean，hope，expect，refuse，seem，intend等。
　　I asked him to go to the party,but he refused to.
　　(4)用“do so,do that,do it”代替动态动词，而不能替代静态动词。
　　He gave up studying English.
　　Why did he do so?
　　（七）主谓一致
　　1.单数主语
　　(1)当every,some,any,no等构成的不定代词及each、either、neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
　　Neither of us likes this film.

　　(2)当every或each位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。
　　Each girl and boy has a nickname.
　　Every man and woman is welcome.
　　(3)位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常见介词短语有in addition to,together with,as well as,along with,but,except等。
　　The teacher along with his students is going to the party.
　　His parents as well as his elder sister have come to see him.
　　2.复数主语
　　(1)当主语由and或both...and连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。
　　Both the girl and the boy are his friends.
　　(2)如主语是both,few或主语前有both,few,several,many等限定词时，谓语动词须用复数
　　Several novels have been written by her.
　　Both get the news at the same time.
　　(3)下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词须用复数。
　　trousers,pants,shorts,jeans,glasses,scissors,tweezers,pliers,scales,compasses等等。
　　注：如果以上名词受“a pair of/the pair of”修饰时，谓语动词须用单数。
　　The pair of pants is too dirty.
　　3.单、复数的灵活运用
　　(1)当主语由neither...nor,either...or,not only...but also(as well),or连接时，谓语动词及nor,or,but also后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称为就近原则。
　　Neither he nor I am going to the airport.
　　Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.
　　(2)当主语前面有none，all,some,any,most,half,majority等词时，谓语动词则要根据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数（即根据其逻辑意义来判定）。
　　All of the money has been in the bank.
　　All of us have been here.
　　(3)“A number of”是复数，修饰可数名词，谓语动词用复数；“the number of”也可以修饰复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。
　　A number of students have passed the exam.
　　The number of students in this class is 50.

　　(4)当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如果该名词所表示的数量看作一个整体，其后的动词用单数；如果该名词所表示的数量看作单个个体，其后的动词用复数。
　　A thousand dollars a month is more than I can afford.
　　Ten seconds of silence appears very awkward on television.
　　Five kilos of apples are placed into the basket.
　　The past three weeks were the hardest time in his life.
　　(5)当主语为“分数或百分数+of+名词”时，其后的动词形式依照of后名词的单复数形式来定。
　　Threefourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
　　Ten percent of the eggs have gone had.
　　4.用作单数的复数形式主语
　　(1)如主语是指：time、money、weight、volume、etc,虽为复数形式，但谓语用单数形式。
　　Two years is a short time.
　　One hundred dollars is needed by me.
　　(2)下列单词如：physics,economics,mathematics,statistics,etc;measles,mumps,herpes etc;news,ethics,politics etc为复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。
　　Statistics is a dull subject.
　　Politics is important.
　　(3)书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语，谓语动词用单数。
　　The New York Times is a good newspaper.
　　5.下列名词在形式上保持不变，但谓语动词的数取决于逻辑意义。
　　(1)Family、team、class、committee、group、audience、faculty etc.
　　The family is big.
　　His family like to watch TV.
　　(家庭所有成员)
　　(2)Species,series etc.
　　The species is rare.
　　These species are common.
　　(3)sheep,deer,etc.
　　The sheep are eating grass.
　　The sheep is big.
　　(4)Chinese、English、French etc指语言时，谓语动词是单数；如及“the”搭配，指人民时，谓语动词用复数。
　　English is used widely.
　　The English love peace.
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