江苏高考任务型阅读解题技巧和强化训练.doc

WORD格式整理
高考英语任务型阅读解题技巧及强化练习
海园教育余老师
纵观江苏高考近五年任务型阅读文章的体裁以说明文为主，偶有议论文出现，词数在400～500之间，一般都比较难。这类文章结构清晰，很容易把握文章脉络。在题材的选取上更加富有时代气息，更加贴近考生的实际生活。2017年江苏高考任务型阅读“难度依旧”，是全卷中难度最大的题。
可以预判，2018江苏高考会继续延续过去高考的指数，要想任务型阅读得高分，考生必须具备极强的信息转换和概括能力！
[江苏高考任务型阅读近五年考情统计]
年份
标题
词数
阅读文体
2017
Population Change
488
说明文
2016
An Extension of the Human Brain
430
说明文
2015
What News Stories Do You Read？
411
说明文
2014
What Is Peer Pressure
407
议论文
2013
Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious
414
说明文

在复习中，要注意以下几点：
1．注意对词义和词性转化的积累，提高对固定搭配的敏感度。
2．重视对句子、段落与文章之间的逻辑关系的剖析，多进行概括总结题的训练。
3．熟读课文和历年高考真题中的任务型阅读、完形填空和阅读理解经典篇目，培养对原汁原味文章深入理解的语感。

[感悟真题]
(2017·江苏高考)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。
Population Change
Why is the world's population growing? The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world's population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub­replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world's people now live in such nations), but you'd be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%. Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long­time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don't bend, Russia's population will be about the size of Yemen's by the year 2050.
In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India's working­age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country's potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010－2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it's likely to see a rise in the size of its working­age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.

[把握考情]
任务型阅读题在测试考生阅读理解能力的基础上，对阅读信息进行二次加工，归纳要点，筛选、整合和综合概括零散信息，以表格的形式侧重考查考生的单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。特别要求考生掌握文章大意和分析文章结构、提纲和框架。该题型有如下特点：
1．题型结构
任务型阅读由两部分组成：阅读材料和表格。它要求考生通过阅读所给材料，填写完成表格中空缺的信息。阅读材料为一篇词数在400～500之间的文章，在文章后设10道小题，每小题只填一词，所有题目都呈现在表格中。
2．题目类型
任务型阅读设题灵活，主要考查以下三种题型。
(1)直接信息题。这类题目考查考生基础，考生可以一边阅读一边从文章中直接找出答案。
(2)信息转换题。这类题目主要考查考生的语法与词汇知识，如同义词转换、实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)之间词性与词形转换等。
(3)信息概括题。
①总结性词汇类题目主要考查考生的信息筛选能力和语言概括能力。
②归纳词类考题信息隐藏在某个语句、段落甚至整篇文章中，要求考生有较强的归纳概括能力，同时要有很好的词汇功底。

任务型阅读的读文方式有多种，下面介绍一种既能提高解题速度又能提高读文针对性的技巧，供大家在今后的解题中尝试运用。
第一步：扫读表格——把握表格结构，理清层次关系
扫读表格，分析表格的设计结构，理清其显示的层次关系，初步了解文章的发展脉络及大体内容，同时，根据语法知识初步判断空缺位置所需词语的词性变化及形式要求。建议先看表格，这样我们就可以根据表格的内容了解文章的大意和行文结构。
1．表格的一般结构
(1)全文的标题：全文的标题一般放在第一行，理解文章的标题有助于把握全文的主旨大意，阅读时要多加关注。
(2)各段的大意：表格的左栏一般为文章各段的大意，利用表格与文章顺序的一致性有助于锁定解题的信息区间。
(3)对各段内容的详细阐述：表格的右栏一般是对左栏各段大意的进一步阐述，其中的表述一般为文章各段内容的转换和概括。
2．阅读表格的关注点
(1)要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了表格标题有助于理解短文及表格的大意、了解表格结构和题目的设置。
(2)另外，要关注各段的大意，理解文章的结构和层次关系，把握文章的脉络和行文线索。
第二步：略读文章——速读全文，把握大意，理清文章结构
理清表格结构之后，结合表格框架结构速读全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即topic sentence和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目一般就是根据文章的结构而设计的。只有读懂了文章，才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。

一、任务型阅读三大题型解题技巧
1．直接信息题
这类题目要求考生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：

[典例]　(2016·江苏高考)Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I've called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face­to­face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It's already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
●The (71) ________ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
分析：第一步：根据题干中的“can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies”可以确定命题区间为第一段。
第二步：根据第一段的内容，特别是“Such systems do not need to operate face­to­face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可以确定“互联网正在扩大我自己的社会修复系统的范围”，就像假肢能弥补身体的缺陷一样。
第三步：确定答案为Internet。
2．信息转换题
这类题型无法从原文中找到原词或完全一样的原句，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语搭配和固定句型有关。
信息转换题也和直接信息题一样，首先要找到文中与表格中相对应的信息。解题时可采用以下三个步骤：

[典例]　(2016·江苏高考)Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use — I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I'm writing; I'm no longer comfortable writing if I'm not connected to the Internet. It's become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
●On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) ________ them in mind.
分析：第一步：题干中的“we could quickly and easily locate the details”与文章第二段中“I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so”意思相近，因此可以定位到这一段。
第二步：根据第二段中的第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use”可以确定关键信息词是keep。
第三步：因为题干上要填写的单词前面是介词without，所以确定答案填keep的动名词形式，即：keeping。
附：信息转换常用词句
1．belong to the club ＝ a member/one of the members of the club
2．object to ＝ be opposed to ＝ oppose
3．don't respond to ...＝ make no response to ... ＝ say nothing in response to ...
4．accompany sb.＝ keep sb. company
5．accuse ... of ...＝ charge ... with ...
6．can't help/choose but do ...＝ have no alternative/choice but to do ...
7．apply to ...＝ make an application to ...
8．an approach to doing ＝ a way to do/of doing
9．approve of ＝ subscribe to ＝ be in favor of ＝ support
10．be beneficial to ＝ be of benefit to ＝ benefit
11．be bored with ＝ be tired of ＝ be fed up with
12．do sth. with caution ＝ do sth. cautiously
13．It's likely that ... ＝ The chance is that .../Chances are that ... ＝ There is a chance (are chances) that ...
14．compared to/with ... ＝ in comparison with ...
15．congratulate sb. on sth.＝ show/express congratulations to sb. on sth.
16．as a result ＝ in consequence
17．consist of ＝ be made up of ＝ be composed of
18．agree with ＝ correspond with/to ＝ be consistent with　
19．face sth.＝ be faced with sth.
20．be merciful to ＝ have mercy on ＝ show mercy to
21．a little ＝ slightly
22．thank sb.＝ be grateful to sb.
23．draw near ＝ be around the corner
24．occur to sb.＝ strike sb.
25．delay ＝ put off ＝ postpone
26．deliberately ＝ on purpose ＝ by design
27．look like sb.＝ resemble sb.
28．make a summary of ...＝summarize ...
29．be superior to ＝ be better than
30．tend to do ... ＝ have a tendency to do ...
3．信息概括题
这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
解题关键
(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。
解题关键
[注意]　信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。
[典例1]　(2017·江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world's population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub­replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world's people now live in such nations), but you'd be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________ of population.
分析：第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。
第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub­replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。
第三步：确定答案为size/scale。
[典例2]　(2017·江苏高考)In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total, 25% of India's working­age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country's potential work force could be totally uneducated.
Leaving aside the birth rate issue, India's economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________ of educational opportunity.
分析：第一步：根据题干中的“India's economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。
第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。
第三步：确定答案为equality。
附：信息概括常用词
1．原因与结果：reason (for), result; cause (of), consequence
2．异同点与优缺点：difference, similarity; advantage, disadvantage　
3．功能：function
4．观点与态度：opinion, view (on/about), viewpoint, idea; attitude (to/towards)
5．评论与评价：comment (on), remark (on/upon), assessment
6．方式与方法：means, way, method (of); solution, approach (to doing sth.); (take) measures (to do sth.)
7．目的：purpose, aim, goal
8．积极与消极：positive, negative
9．建议：advice, suggestion, tip
10．概括与总结：summary, conclusion
11．特点：feature, characteristic
12．种类：kind, type, category, class
13．精神上与身体上：mentally, physically
14．影响：influence, impact, effect (on)
15．情形，状况：situation, condition
16．方面与项目条款：aspect, item
17．材料：materials
18．知识与消息：knowledge, information
19．日程计划：schedule, agenda
20．百分比：percentage
21．性别：sex
22．年龄：age
23．(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar
24．个人，个人的：individual
25．细节：description, detail
26．文化：culture
27．责任：(take) responsibility
28．贡献：(make) contributions (to)
29．重要：value, importance, significance
30．比较：contrast, comparison
31．时期：period, time
32．存在：existence, exist
33．人口：population
34．天气与气候：weather, climate
35．位置：location
36．主题：theme
37．背景：setting, background
38．情节：plot
39．高潮：climax
40．反对者与支持者：opponent, supporter
二、解题时应注意的几个问题
在解答信息转换题和信息概括题时要注意以下几点：
1．字母大小写。
2．名词的数和格。
3．动词的形式。
4．形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。
5．动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。
6．时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。
7．格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。
例如：
In the arrival statement, the Prime Minister said he is looking forward to the meeting with Singapore on ways to deepen East Asia cooperation between two nations so as to_contribute to the building of a peaceful, harmonious relationship.
The
significance
of the visit
Deepening East Asia cooperation between two nations
Contribute to the establishment of a peaceful, harmonious relationship

Contribute应改为Contributing，与上栏Deepening形式一致。

Ⅰ.完成下列表格，使左右栏意义一致(限填一词)
1
people who lack sleep
people lacking sleep
2
as summer approaches
with summer approaching
3
a country which has a long history
a country with a long history
4
find out the reasons for their failure in the test
find out why they failed the test
5
besides
in addition to/as well as
6
be accused of
be charged with
7
have the same interest as you
share your interest
8
cause thousands of deaths
claim thousands of lives
9
a team made up of 12 boys
a team consisting of 12 boys
10
succeed in passing the test
manage to pass the test
11
lead to serious accidents
result in serious accidents
12
not having enough money
lack of money
Ⅱ.同义句转换(限填一词)
1．Kate was born in China.
→Kate's birthplace is China.
2．Tom couldn't agree with his boss's decision more.
→Tom supported his boss's decision.
3．The lady was not happy.
→The lady was unhappy.
4．As we all know, if someone wants to pass this exam, he ought to prepare for it well.
→Good preparation is key to passing this exam.
5．E­mail has also changed the speed with which we exchanged information. In minutes, you can contact another person.
→E­mail has also enabled us to exchange information at higher speed than traditional communicative methods.
6．In minutes, you can get in touch with another person who shares your love of kites or stamps.
→Within a short time, it lets you contact another person who has the same interest with you.
7．It was not a pleasant experience for them.
→For them, it was a(n) unpleasant experience.
8．At first, some experts didn't agree with the idea.
→Some experts disagreed with the idea in the beginning.
9．It will not be harmful to your relationships with others.
→It will be harmless to your relationships with others.
10．In some fields, women still have no equality as in the past.
→In some fields, there still exists inequality for women.
11．Such behaviors are considered not appropriate in public.
→Such inappropriate behaviors are not allowed in public.
12．In general men are not aware of this problem as women.
→Men should raise the awareness of this problem in general.
13．The more one knows about pollution, the more one can do for our environment.
→One should have a good knowledge of pollution to contribute to the environment.
14．Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.
→Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.
15．Remember gym is not your only choice.
→You can try other activit