高中英语语法：非谓语动词详细复习资料.doc

高中英语语法：非谓语动词详细复习资料

　　非谓语
　　一 高考需掌握的相关知识点：
　　另外，常见的还有：
　　1、情态动词后的to已省略。 例：You must go to the hospital first. 你必须先去医院。 I can swim well. 我能游得很好。
　　2、使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等词后的to省略。
　　例：He made the baby crying all night long. 他让那个婴儿哭了一整夜。　　Let it be. 就这样吧。　　when I passed by, I saw the girl picking the flowers. 我经过的时候，看见那个女孩在摘花。
　　注意：在这些词的用法中，用于被动语态时不能省去to。
　　例：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。　　=He was seen to dance.　　The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. 3、 would rather/had better/had best后的to省略。
　　例：I would rather go to Japan than the USA.我宁愿去日本也不想去美国。 You had better take a hat with you.你最好带上一顶帽子。
　　4、 why…/why not…句型中not后to省略。例：why not xxe to my home for a dinner tonight　　今晚何不来我家吃顿饭。
　　5、 help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb do sth：
　　6、如果在feel，know，observe，see后面跟的不定式是be，则to不可省略。例： We all felt that to be the highest praise．　　We know him to be brave．
　　The only thing that I have observed to be without limit is the businessman\'s desire for profits．
　　Now I saw him to be the man who walked up the hill every morning．
　　应该注意到的是feel和see这两个动词在上述例句中已不是感觉动词，它们的意思分别是“认为”、“以为”和“知悉”、“了解”。
　　7、and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：例：He forgot to go to her home and give her the important letter. 他忘了去她家并把一封重要的信件给她。
　　8、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。 例： He is supposed nice. 他应该是个好人。
　　9、but作介词，后结不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时，but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to. 例 he wants to do nothing but go out.
　　He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
　　10、不定式做表语时，一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。
　　例 we’ve missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home.
　　It＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do 在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。
　　例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。 question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。 再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。
　　1. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very xxfortable to __________. a. sit b. sit on c. be sat d. be sat on
　　2. I\'m hungry. Get me something __________. a. eat b. to eat c. to be eat d. for eating
　　3. It is difficult for a foreigner _________ Chinese. a. write b. to write c. to be written d. written 4. I have no more letters __________, thank you. a. to type b. typing c. to be typed d. typed 5. The car is rather difficult __________.
　　repair be repaired repaired 6. He was nowhere __________. a. to see b. to be seen c. seeing d. seen
　　7. She had no money __________ a birthday present for their children. a. to buy b. to be bought c. bought d. buying 8. We waited for the work __________. a. done b. being done c. to do d. to be done
　　动名词复合结构的一般构成：
　　1）名词的所有格形式＋动名词 2）形容词性的物主代词＋动名词
　　如不置于句首时，可以使用：名词＋动名词或者宾格代词＋动名词动名词复合结构主要在句中做主语、宾语或表语等。它能够侧重说明动名词所表示的动作的执行
　　者。 Would you mind my/me closing the window (比较：Would you mind closing the window) Bob′s being absent made his teacher very angry.
　　No one will dream of there being such a famous place in the world. Her having lost the keys made Mary very disappointed.
　　动词—ing的独立结构：
　　不定式和动名词作主语的区别：
　　(1) 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
　　It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2) 动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
　　Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
　　Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) To finish the task will take a long time.要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。 (3) 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
　　(4）动名词做主语往往表示普通的，一般的行为；不定式作主语常常表示某次具体的行为。 Collecting information about children\'s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。 It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。 2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：
　　It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do　　
　　It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
　　3、常用动名词做主语的句型有： It’s no good (use, fun) doing. It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.
　　不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较 A．作前置定语
　　现在分词、过去分词、动名词 可以作前置定语，而不定式不能作前置定语。如： ① a developing country , a developed country ; boiling water，boiled water ; ②building materials , a swimming pool ; the sleeping boy , the xxing new year 。 辨异的方法很简单：
　　①现在分词具有主动、进行的特点，而过去分词则具有被动、完成的特点。例如，a developing country=a country which is developing (发展中国家 )； boiling water=water which is boiling(正在滚开的水 ) ; a developed country=a country which has developed； boiled water=water which has been boiled(已滚开过的水)。
　　②现在分词和动名词同形，但作前置定语时，动名词表示所修饰的名词的用途，例如， .building materials=materials for building; a swimming pool=a pool for swimming ；而现在分词作前置定语时，表示所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，两
　　者是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如，the sleeping boy=the boy who is sleeping ; the xxing new year=the new year that is xxing 。 B．作后置定语
　　不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作作后置定语，而动名词不作后置定语。先看例句：
　　① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important. ② The problem discussed discussed at the meeting is very important. ③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.
　　辨析：上面例句分别用不定式、现在分词、过去分词作后置定语，是因为它们存在不同的情况：不定式作定语，表示动作正要进行；现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行；过去分词作定语，表示动作已完成。据此，我们可以把上面的例句还原为定语从句作定语的句子，这样学生就更容易理解：
　　① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem ( which is ) to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
　　② The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which was ) discussed at the meeting is very important.
　　③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which is ) being discussed at the meeting is very important. 现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语 现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语也是比较常用的句式，如： I heard him singing English songs.
　　His English was poor .He could hardly make himself understood.
　　学习小结：不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作宾补，正确使用它们的方法是：首先确定它们与逻辑主语即句子的宾语之间的关系，如果逻辑主语是它们动作的执行者，则用不定式或现在分词作宾补。不定式表示动作已完成，侧重工作的全过程，而现在分词表示动作正在进行；如果逻辑主语是它们动作的承受者，则应用过去分词作宾补。如： I often heard him sing English songs. I heard him singing English songs. I often heard English songs sung by him. 不定式、分词作状语时的比较 A.不定式可修饰动词和形容词，表示原因、目的和结果。 a)作修饰动词的原因状语。如：
　　The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn of Premier Zhou Enlai’s death. He laughed to think of his stupid son.
　　b)作修饰动词的目的状语。如：
　　He went to buy an English dictionary in the bookstore.
　　不定式作目的状语如果放在句子之前，则更为正式一些，语气也较重。如： To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil.
　　c)作修饰动词的结果状语。不定式做结果状语，表示一种没有预料到的情况或结果，须放在被修饰动词的后面，如：
　　He woke up to find that he was lying in the hospital.
　　有时为了进一步加强预料不到的语气，在表示结果的不定式前还可加only, 如： He went to see him only to find him out.
　　d) 作修饰表语形容词的状语。尤其要注意的是，此时作修饰表语形容词状语的不定式常用主动形式，表示被动的含义。如： My chair is xxfortable to sit on. English is very difficult to learn well. B．分词可作多种状语，用法比较活跃。 a)作时间状语，如：
　　Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (=After he had finished his homework, ．．．)
　　(When) heated, ice will turn into water. (=When it is heated, ．．．) b)作原因状语，如：
　　Being a Party member, I should take the lead. (=As I am a Party member, ．．．) Greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, he made up his mind to work even harder. (=Because he was greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, ．．．) c)作方式、伴随或附加说明状语，如：
　　Filled for the moment with extraordinary strength, he raised himself xxpletely. He stood there waiting for a bus.
　　Here for the four very difficult years they worked every moment that they could spare, weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking. d)作条件状语，如：
　　Given some more time, she will do work even better. (= If she is given some more time, ．．．)
　　Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. (=If you play all day, ．．． ) e) 作结果状语，如：
　　He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
　　有时在表示结果的现在分词之前还可加only,表示预料之中的情况，如： He went to see him last night only finding him studying. He was always working hard!
　　f) 作程度状语，如：
　　The wind rose and it became freezing cold. g)作目的状语，如：
　　Yesterday she went shopping with his classmates. h) 作让步状语，如：
　　Though warned of the danger, the children went on skating on the thin ice.(=Though they were warned of the danger, ．．．)
　　要点提示：分词作状语，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，如果分词表示的是主动、进行的动作，则用现在分词作状语；如果分词表示的是被动、完成的动作或状态，则用过去分词作状语，如：
　　Following the old man, he stepped into the room. Followed by the old man, he stepped into the room. Greatly interested ,I asked how he played these new works. ⑹ 不定式、现在分词作独立成分时的比较
　　A．不定式作独立成分，表示不定式独立于句子的其他成分，是英语表达的一种方式，不常用，如：
　　To tell you the truth, I am almost freezing. To be honest, I don’t like being left alone at home.
　　B．现在分词作独立成分，用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度，如： Generally speaking, boys are physically stronger than girls. Judging from his accent ,he must be an American.
　　注意：
　　重点：Need, want, require, deserve(应得，值得), be worth值得），not bear(经不住) 后面接doing主动表被动。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
　　The old building requires repairing. 这座古建筑需要修了。
　　These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully. 这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。
　　Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut). 你的头发该剪了。
　　非谓语
　　一 高考需掌握的相关知识点：
　　另外，常见的还有：
　　1、情态动词后的to已省略。 例：You must go to the hospital first. 你必须先去医院。 I can swim well. 我能游得很好。
　　2、使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等词后的to省略。
　　例：He made the baby crying all night long. 他让那个婴儿哭了一整夜。　　Let it be. 就这样吧。　　when I passed by, I saw the girl picking the flowers. 我经过的时候，看见那个女孩在摘花。
　　注意：在这些词的用法中，用于被动语态时不能省去to。
　　例：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。　　=He was seen to dance.　　The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. 3、 would rather/had better/had best后的to省略。
　　例：I would rather go to Japan than the USA.我宁愿去日本也不想去美国。 You had better take a hat with you.你最好带上一顶帽子。
　　4、 why…/why not…句型中not后to省略。例：why not xxe to my home for a dinner tonight　　今晚何不来我家吃顿饭。
　　5、 help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb do sth：
　　6、如果在feel，know，observe，see后面跟的不定式是be，则to不可省略。例： We all felt that to be the highest praise．　　We know him to be brave．
　　The only thing that I have observed to be without limit is the businessman\'s desire for profits．
　　Now I saw him to be the man who walked up the hill every morning．
　　应该注意到的是feel和see这两个动词在上述例句中已不是感觉动词，它们的意思分别是“认为”、“以为”和“知悉”、“了解”。
　　7、and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：例：He forgot to go to her home and give her the important letter. 他忘了去她家并把一封重要的信件给她。
　　8、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。 例： He is supposed nice. 他应该是个好人。
　　9、but作介词，后结不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时，but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to. 例 he wants to do nothing but go out.
　　He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
　　10、不定式做表语时，一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。
　　例 we’ve missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home.
　　It＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do 在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。
　　例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。 question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。 再如: It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。
　　1. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very xxfortable to __________. a. sit b. sit on c. be sat d. be sat on
　　2. I\'m hungry. Get me something __________. a. eat b. to eat c. to be eat d. for eating
　　3. It is difficult for a foreigner _________ Chinese. a. write b. to write c. to be written d. written 4. I have no more letters __________, thank you. a. to type b. typing c. to be typed d. typed 5. The car is rather difficult __________.
　　repair be repaired repaired 6. He was nowhere __________. a. to see b. to be seen c. seeing d. seen
　　7. She had no money __________ a birthday present for their children. a. to buy b. to be bought c. bought d. buying 8. We waited for the work __________. a. done b. being done c. to do d. to be done
　　动名词复合结构的一般构成：
　　1）名词的所有格形式＋动名词 2）形容词性的物主代词＋动名词
　　如不置于句首时，可以使用：名词＋动名词或者宾格代词＋动名词动名词复合结构主要在句中做主语、宾语或表语等。它能够侧重说明动名词所表示的动作的执行
　　者。 Would you mind my/me closing the window (比较：Would you mind closing the window) Bob′s being absent made his teacher very angry.
　　No one will dream of there being such a famous place in the world. Her having lost the keys made Mary very disappointed.
　　动词—ing的独立结构：
　　不定式和动名词作主语的区别：
　　(1) 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
　　It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2) 动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
　　Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
　　Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) To finish the task will take a long time.要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。 (3) 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
　　(4）动名词做主语往往表示普通的，一般的行为；不定式作主语常常表示某次具体的行为。 Collecting information about children\'s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。 It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。 2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：

词语主要包括实词、虚词和熟语。实词主要指名词、动词、形容词、代词；虚词主要指副词、介词、连词；熟语是指常用的固定短语，包括成语、惯用语、谚语和歇后语