英语语法限定词.doc

限定词（determiner）

specific reference特指
definite/indefinite/zero article定/不定/零冠词
indefinite determiner不定限定词
generic reference类指/泛指
possessive determiner物主限定词
cardinal numeral基数词
definite quantity确定数量
genitive noun名词属格
ordinal numeral 序数词
indefinite quantity非确定数量
demonstrative determiner指示限定词(this, that, these, those, such)
multiplicative numeral倍数词
fractional numeral分数词
referential meaning所指意义
relative determiner关系限定词(whose, which)
quantifier量词(a lot of/plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/good number of)
interrogative determiner 疑问限定词(what, which, whose)
主要术语

限定词与三类名词（单数，复数，不可数）的搭配关系

只能与其中一类名词搭配的限定词
只能与单数搭配的限定词
a/an, one ,another, each/every, either/neither, many a/such a等。
It should be compulsory reading for every adult.
Neither accusation is true.(两项指控都不能成立)
只能与复数搭配的限定词
Both, two/three, another two/ three, many, (a) few, several, these/those, a (great) number of等。E.g. In another two weeks, it will be finished.
只能与不可数搭配的限定词
a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, (the) least等。
There is little doubt that he and his accomplices are guilty.
The Square was the scene of much fighting in last year's revolution.
I can speak a bit of French and understand more.（理解比口语好一些）

能与其中二类名词搭配的限定词
能与单、复数搭配的限定词
the first/second/last/next等。
My first reaction was to hit him, but he was old, and my second was to resign.
The next thing he heard was an insistent knocking on the door of his room.
The last three shipments of grain for West Africa haven't yet arrived.(运往西非的三船谷物尚未达到)
能与单数、不可数搭配的限定词
this/that等。My family have lived in that village for many generations.
Whoever had come up with this idea deserved a medal.
I hope to enjoy that feeling again before long.
能与复数、不可数搭配的限定词
A lot of/lots of/plenty of, enough, more/most, such, other等。
Like all such stories, that is largely a myth.(像所有这类故事一样，那个故事在很大程度上也是虚构的)
Such optimism had become strangely out of place.(此种乐观态度已变得非常不合时宜)
能与三类名词搭配的限定词
能与三类名词搭配的限定词
the, some/any, no/the other, whose, 物主限定词,名词属格等。
No student is to leave the classroom.
No words can express my grief.
Whose side are you on?
He is a writer whose humor is not without substance(他的幽默很有实质意义).
辨析
(1) many/much(两者均可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句；并可带有how/too/so/ as...as 等修饰语，多用于肯定句), a lot of/lots of/plenty of（常用于肯定句）, a good(/great) many/a large amount of.
Much information is now transmitted through e-mail.
There is much coal in the mine.
You can take as many copies as you need.
They can spend as much money as they need on the project.
(2) (a) few/(a) little，注意quite a few/ a good few/ not a few表示“相当多”的含义。
Quite a few of us are getting worried. / You'll have to wait a good few weeks.
(3) all/none, both/every/ each, either/neither, any
all/both (of) the boys every/each/either/neither/any boy
every one of the boys each/either/neither/any (one) of the boys
both his parents/both of them are fine.
Either of them is in dorm. / either day is OK.
neither student/neither (one) of the (two) students finishes the task.
no one 只能指人，none of 既能只人有可指物，但两者均为三个以上。
every包含至少三个人或物，侧重全体，each包含至少二个人或物，侧重个体。
Each/every side of the square was crowded with people.
any包含至少三个人或物，才可用任何一个；either只包含两个，才可用任何一个。

限定词的先后顺序：前位---中位---后位(一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个前位限定词或两个中位限定词)

前位限定词
predeterminer
all, half, both, double, 倍数词，分数词，what, such a/an等。
中位限定词
central determiner
the/a/an/zero, this/that, these/those, some/any, no, every/each, either/neither, enough, what(ever)/which(ever)/whose,物主限定词，名词属格等。
后位限定词
postdeterminer
基数词，序数词，next/last, other/another, many/much(a lot of, plenty of, a great number of, a great(/good) many, a great deal of, a large amount of, a great quantity of), (a)few/(a)little, several, such等。
Examples
all the four teachers all my other parents all these last few days
half his lecture those last few months all other students
both these theories some such alloy the other three girls
his last two books, the first two chapters, three other girls, two more sheets, the next few weeks, many more copies, a few more samples, another twenty tons等。
例外情况：David's/his every action shows that he is a very determined young man.
The enemy's/their every movement was being closely watched by the PLA men.
A lot of these houses round here have glass in the front door.

冠词的表意功能

generic reference类指/泛指
定冠词(常用于正式语体)、不定冠词或零冠词都具有类指功能。另外，the+adj也表类指。 Galileo claimed that he ad invented the telescope.
The horse had been replaced by the railroad, the windship(帆船) and the steamship.
An ox is a useful animal. My brother is planing to be a lawyer.
Doctors are badly needed at the front. Carrots are my favourite vegetable.
Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals.
Electricity is a form of energy. Unity is strength.

specific reference特指
definite specific reference
确定特指（非常明确地指出何人或何物）
（1） anaphoric specific reference
前照应特指
（2）cataphoric specific reference
后照应特指
（3） situational reference
语境特指
定冠词常有此种功能。
We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown. And the cat is white.
The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last years.
语境特指：Shut the door, please.
How's the cough today?
He turned on the radio.
John was elected chairman of the students' union.
indefinite specific reference
非确定特指（特指具体对象，但不确定）
不定冠词和零冠词常有此种功能。
I met an old man in the street.（虽未道出姓名但所指仍为某一特定的老人）
I have lost a button.(指失落一颗特定的纽扣，但未说出何种纽扣)
There's a letter for you.(指一封特定的信件，但不明确是谁写来的)
A book i want has been acquainted by the library.(指我所要的那本特定的书，但未道出什么书)
The streets are clean and are shaded with trees.
She put carrots in the stew.

冠词在各类名词之前的用法（参见P76）
(1) The ten of them have passed the final examination.
Ten of them have passed the final examination.
Ten of the (these/his) students have passed the final examination.
(2) They asked to stop counting presidential votes for a second time.
(3) Every boy and every girl___(have) his merits.
Every young man, young lady,and child ___(be) requested to take part.
Many a person___(be) going to the take the test.
(4) Other or another
California covers a large area than __________state except Alaska and Texas.
Out of the three foreign guests, one is from Frankfurt, ______two are from Vienna.
Don't lose heart. Have ___try.
There's room for _________people in the back of the bus.
National Day is coming. We'll have _____ five-day holiday.
(5) 冠词的用法
Who is ___captain of your team?
Mr. Reagan was elected ___President of the United States in 1980.
Charles Dickens,__author of David Copperfield, was a distinguished English novelist.
As ____physician, he does not deserve much praise.
He was covered with snow from ___head to __foot.
The relation between ___teacher and ___student is excellent.
This room serves the triple purpose of ___study, ___bedroom and ____sitting room.
The old man was sitting in a chair, ___pipe in ___hand.
He sat at ___ table, ___coat off, ___head down, and __pen in ___hand.
What kind of ___man is he?
What sort of ___book do you want?
The work is ____pleasure to me.
She has developed ___love for labour.
Physics is ____ science.
He spoke with _____ enthusiasm which inspired us all.
Do you like ___ music of ___film?
Phonetics is ____science of speech sounds

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