资源描述
初二（上）
课文 （翻译）
1—4
Unit 1 Look it up! 查阅
这里是两篇来自百科全书的文章。
Here are two articles['ɑːtɪk(ə)l]文章 from an encyclopaedia [ɪn,saɪklə'pidɪə]百科全书.
达芬奇·莱昂纳多
Da Vinci, Leanardo
达芬奇·莱昂纳多（1452-1519）是意大利画家、发明家、音乐家、工程师和科学家。
Leanardo da Vinci (1452—1519) was an Italian painter['peɪntə]画家, inventor[ɪn'ventə]发明家, musician [mjuː'zɪʃ(ə)n]音乐家, engineer [endʒɪ'nɪə] 工程师and scientist.
达芬奇出生在农村。从很小的时候，他就表现出极大的智慧和艺术能力。随着年龄的增长，他学会了做很多不同的事情。他的画是非常有名的，其中一副，《蒙娜丽莎》，也许是世界上最有名的画作。他还有许多发明。例如，他的笔记本里有一些关于飞行器的有趣的图纸。
Da Vinci was born in出生于 the countryside['kʌntrɪsaɪd]农村. From an early age从早期开始, he showed great intelligence[ɪn'telɪdʒ(ə)ns] 智慧and artistic ability[ɑː'tɪstɪk] [ə'bɪləti]艺术才能. As当；随着 he grew older, he learnt to do many different things. His paintings['peɪntɪŋ]画作 are very famous, and one, the Mona Lisa, is perhaps the most famous painting in the world. He also had many inventions[ɪn'venʃ(ə)n]发明. For example, his notebooks['nəʊtbʊk]笔记本 include[ɪn'kluːd]包括 some interesting drawings['drɔː(r)ɪŋ]绘画 of flying machines [mə'ʃiːn]飞行器.
Dinosaurs['daɪnəsɔː]恐龙
恐龙比人类早 6000万年就生活在地球上。他们遍布在地球上的每一个地方。
有些恐龙如鸡那么小，有些则有十头大象那么大，有些甚至会飞。
Dinosaurs lived on Earth more than 60 million['mɪljən]百万 years before human beings人类. They lived everywhere on Earth. Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. Others were as big as ten elephants. Some could even['iːv(ə)n]甚至 fly.
许多恐龙是吃植物的，但有些恐龙又喜欢吃肉。恐龙在地球上的生活超过了 1.5亿年。但是，突然之间，他们灭绝了。没有人知道为什么。不过，我们可以从它们的化石去了解他们。
Many dinosaurs ate plants[plɑːnt]植物. However, some dinosaurs liked to eat meat.
Dinosaurs lived on Earth for more than 150 million years. Then, suddenly, they all died out灭绝. Nobody knows why. However, we can learn about them from their fossils['fɒs(ə)l].化石
澳大利亚的大景点
Australia’s big attractions[ə'trækʃ(ə)n]
澳大利亚是一个很大的国家。它也有许多大景点。
Australia is a very big country. It also has many big attractions.
大香蕉
The Big Banana
大香蕉（雕塑）在科夫斯港。它是由 John Landy 于 1964 年制作的。
Landy 想要某个东西能招揽人们来到他的水果店，于是他建造了“大香蕉”。
这个好主意起到了作用，很多人来参观他的水果店，并和“大香蕉”合影留念。
不久后，全澳大利亚的人们开始热衷于做大事情。
The big banana is in Coffs Harbour['hɑːbə]港口. It was made in 1964 by John Landy. Landy wanted something to make people come to his fruit shop, so he built the Big Banana. The idea worked起作用. Many people visited his fruit shop and took pictures of拍照 the Big Banana. Soon people all over Australia 整个澳大利亚began making big things.
大梅里诺
The Big Merino
大梅里诺（雕塑）在古尔本城。梅里诺是羊一个种类。它们能在干燥的气候里生活。在澳大利亚的一些地方很干燥，所以这些羊对那里的农民很重要。大梅里诺雕塑里面，有一个关于澳大利亚羊毛史的一个小型博物馆。游客还可以爬到大梅里诺雕塑的头上，透过它的眼睛往外观望。
The Big Merino[mə'riːnəʊ]美利奴样 is in the city of Goulburn. Merinos are a type of 一种sheep. They can live in dry weather ['weðə]天气. Some places in Australia are very dry[draɪ]干燥的, so these sheep are very important to the farmers there. Inside the Big Merino, there is a small museum [mjuː'zɪəm] 博物馆about the history of wool[wʊl] in Australia. Visitors can also climb up爬上去 to the Big Merino’s head and look at the view [vjuː]风景 through [θruː]通过 its eyes.
《大英百科全书》
Encyclopaedia Britannica
《大英百科全书》是举世闻名的一本百科全书。它是历史最悠久的英文百科全书。第一版出版于 1768 年，从那时起，已经修订过 15 个版本。第 15 版共有 32 卷。它们共约 40 万字，包含五十万个主题。今天，《大英百科全书》有一个 DVD 版本。你也可以在网上找到它。你知道哪本中国的知名的百科全书吗？关于它你都知道些什么？
The Encyclopaedia Britannica is a world-famous encyclopaedia. It is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia. The first edition was published in 1768, and since then there have been 15 editions. The 15th edition is made up of 32 volumes.
Together they contain about 40 million words on half a million topics. Today there is a DVD edition of the Britannica. You can also find it online.
Do you know about any famous Chinese encyclopaedias? What do you know about them?
Unit 2
国王和米
The king [kɪŋ] and the rice[raɪs]
很久以前，印度有一个国王。国王最喜欢的游戏是国际象棋。
A long time ago很久以前, there was有 a king in India['ɪndɪə]印度. The king’s favourite['fevərɪt]最喜欢的 game游戏 was chess[tʃes]象棋.
一天，一个聪明的老人来到王宫，国王向他挑战了一场比赛。国王向老人承诺：“如果你赢了这场比赛，你可以获得任何奖金。”
One day一天, a wise[waɪz] 聪明的old man 老人came to来到 the palace ['pælɪs]宫殿 and the king challenged['tʃælɪn(d)ʒ]挑战 him to a game. The king promised['prɒmɪs] 答应the old man老人, “You can have 有any任何 prize[praɪz]奖品 if 如果you win the game赢得比赛.”
老人说：“如果我赢了这场比赛，我想要棋盘上的第一格一粒米，第二格两粒米，第三格四粒米，余下的每个格都要加倍的数量。”
The old man said说, “If I win the game, I’d like想要 one grain [greɪn] 粒of rice米 for the first 第一个square[skweə] 方格of the chessboard ['tʃesbɔːd]棋盘, two for the second第二个, four for the third第三个, and then double ['dʌb(ə)l] 翻倍the amount[ə'maʊnt] 数量for each 每一个of...的 the rest of 剩下的the squares方格.”
“就这些吗？”国王问“你不喜欢金或银吗？“
“是的，只要米，”老人回答说。
“Is that all全部?” asked the king. “Wouldn’t you like gold[gəʊld] 金子or或者 silver['sɪlvə] 银子instead[ɪn'sted]相反?”
“No, just仅仅，只 rice米,” replied [ri'plaid] 回答the old man.
国王和老人用了很长的时间玩了一局。最后，老人赢了。于是国王命令他的人去取来一袋米。他在（棋盘上的）第一格放了一粒米，在第二格上放了两粒……国王很快意识到一个问题——即使动用全国所有的大米，他也无法填满（整副棋盘上）所有的方格！
The king国王 and the old man played the game for a long time很长时间. Finally['faɪnəlɪ]最后, the old man won[wʌn]获胜. So 所以the king ordered['ɔːdə]命令 his men to collect[kə'lekt]收集 a bag of rice一袋米. He put放 one grain[greɪn]粒 on the first square, two on the second, and so on等等. The king quickly realized['riːəlaɪz] 意识到the problem问题—even甚至 with 用all the rice所有的米 in the country国家, he would将 still仍然 not have 有enough足够的 rice to put 放on all the squares[skweə]方格!
数字（发明）前的计数
Counting[kaʊnt]数数 before在...之前 numbers数字
在数字发明之前，人们采用不同的方式来数东西。
Before the invention [ɪn'venʃ(ə)n]发明 of written numbers['rɪtn]书写数字, people人们 used用 many 很多different 不同的ways方法 to count [kaʊnt]数 things东西.
一开始，人们用他们的手指，连同自己的脚趾。然而，他们也只能指望这样来计算小的数字。
At first首先, people人们 used用 their他们的 fingers['fɪŋgə]手指, and even甚至 their toes[təʊ]脚趾. However然而, they could能够 only仅仅 count数 small小的 numbers数字 in this way用这种方法.
后来，他们开始用棍棒和骨头制作一些小物件。这能帮助他们计算更大的数字。他们依此来计算如每个月天数、他们拥有的食物和动物数量（那样的数字）。
After that在那之后, they 他们began to 开始make 制作small 小的marks[mɑːk] 符号；标记on sticks[stɪk] 棍子and bones[bəʊn]骨头. This helped帮助 them他们 count数 bigger更大的 numbers数字. They used用 them to count things like像是 the days 天of the month月, the amount [ə'maʊnt]数量 of food食物 and the number of ...的数量animals动物 they had有.
再后来人们开始使用由粘土或小石块做成小物件。这可以用来计算更大的数字。他们通常会它们穿成串儿，以方便他们携带。这就发展成了如算盘的工具。
Then然后 people人们 began to 开始use 用tokens['təʊk(ə)n]符号 made from用...做 clay[kleɪ] 泥土or small stones[bəʊn]石头. This helped them count数 even甚至 bigger更大的 numbers数字. They often经常 put the tokens 符号on pieces[piːs] 根of string[strɪŋ]绳子 so that 所以they could能够 carry携带 them around四处 easily容易地. This developed into[dɪ'veləp] 发展成tools [tuːl]工具 like像 the abacus['æbəkəs]算盘.
最后，人们开始发展书写符号系统，用来显示不同的数字，于是产生了印度 - 阿拉伯数字（0-9）。直到今天，我们仍然在使用这套（数字）系统。
Finally['faɪnəlɪ]最后, people人们 began to 开始develop[dɪ'veləp]发展 systems['sɪstəm]系统 of written['rɪtn] 书写的marks [mɑːk]符号 to show 展示；表明different 不同的numbers数字, and this led to[led]导致 the Hindu-Arabic['hindu:-ə'reibik] system['sɪstəm] 系统(0—9). We are still 仍然using使用 this system today.
世界各地的数
Numbers around the world
世界各地的人们书写数字的方式不同。下图显示了不同文化背景的人如何写从一到五。
People around the world write numbers in different ways. The following shows how people from different cultures write one to five.
汉语：一，二，三，四，五
Chinese: 一、二、三、四、五
罗马：Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ
Romans: Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ
英语：one, two, three, four, five
English: one, two, three, four, five
但是，今日世界上绝大多数人都在使用阿拉伯数字（1，2，3，4，5，等等）。
However, most people around the world use Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) today.
Unit 3 电脑的事实 Computer facts[fækt]
更小而更好 Smaller and better
在 20 世纪 40 年代，第一台电脑比汽车还要大。现在的电脑变得越来越小，而且越来越好了。有些电脑是微型的。你可能意识不到它们。可能在你的电视机或洗衣机内部就有一个。你比你所意识到的更加依赖电脑。
In the 1940s, the first computers were bigger than cars. Now computers are becoming smaller and better. Some computers are tiny['taɪnɪ]微小的. You may be unaware of没注意到[ʌnə'weə] them. There is probably 或许one inside your TV or washing machine洗衣机. You depend on [dɪ'pend] 依赖computers more than you realize['riːəlaɪz]意识到.
我们可以用电脑做什么？
What can we do with computers?
我们可以用电脑来计算。它们可以以比我们更快的速度计算而且几乎从来不会给你错误的答案。我们还可以用它们来打字或绘画。此外，电脑还可以担负重要的工作，像是操作铁路、飞飞机和太空飞船。
We can use computers to calculate['kælkjʊleɪt]计算. They can calculate at a faster speed[spiːd] 以一个更快的速度than we can and almost 几乎never从不 give wrong answers. We can also type [taɪp]打字 and draw画 things with them. In addition[ə'dɪʃ(ə)n]另外, computers can do important jobs[dʒɒb]工作 like operating ['ɒpəreɪt]操作；运行 railways ['reɪlweɪ]铁路 and flying planes飞机 and spaceships['speɪsʃɪp]太空飞船.
一台电脑会比我更聪明？
Is a computer cleverer than me?
答案是“否”。你的大脑能产生新的想法，但电脑不能。不过，或许有一天电脑能比人类干得更好。例如：他们可能比医生更能从事医生的工作。
The answer is “No”. Your brain[breɪn]大脑 can produce[prə'djuːs]产生 new ideas but computers cannot. However然而, one day computers may be able to能够 do a better job than human beings人类. For example, they may be better than doctors at doing their job.
如果电脑可以做我们所有的工作时将会发生什么？我们什么都不用做？电脑可能会改变我们的生活，但它们会让生活变得更美好吗？
What will happen to发生 us if computers can do all our jobs? Will we have nothing to do? Computers may change[tʃeɪn(d)ʒ]改变 our lives生活, but will they make them better?
电脑游戏的问题
Computer game problems问题
家长们和教师们，下午好。感谢您出席本次会议。上周末，我们的一个学生进了医院。这名学生在上周六一整天都在电脑上玩在线游戏，没有停下来喝口水、吃饭或睡觉。到最后，他（身体）就变得很虚弱了。
Good afternoon, parents 父母and teacher. Thank you for attending[ə'tend]参加 this meeting.
Last weekend上周末, one of our students went to hospital. The student played computer games on the Internet['ɪntənet] 网上all day Saturday without没有 stopping to drink, eat or sleep. Finally最后, he became very ill生重病.
一些学生玩电脑游戏的时间过长，这是一个严重的问题。以前，学生们更多的是经常在户外玩，但现在他们花更多的时间在电脑前。这对他们的健康不利。
Some students play computer games for too long. This is a serious['sɪərɪəs]严重的 problem. In the past在过去, students used to过去常常 play outside外面 more often, but now they spend 花费more time in front of 在..前面computers. This is bad for their health[helθ]健康.
明天我们将会有些专家到这跟学生聊聊关于玩电脑游戏的坏的影响。他们也将给出一些关于如何用电脑学习的建议。
Tomorrow we’ll have some experts ['ekspɜːt]专家 here to talk to the students about the bad effects [ɪ'fekt]影响 of playing computer games. They’ll also give some advice[əd'vaɪs] 建议on 关于how to use computers for studying.
我希望我们能一起努力，防止学生花太多时间玩电脑游戏。感谢大家抽空过来！
I hope we can all work together一起 to stop students from阻止 spending花费 too much 太多time playing computer games. Thank you for your time.
The abacus
算盘
算盘或许算是（世上）第一款计算机了。人们早在 4000 年前就开始使用它来做算术了。它在古代中国，罗马，埃及和希腊都有被使用。今天，还有些人在使用算盘。
The abacus was perhaps the first type of computer. People started using it over 4,000 years ago to do maths. It was used in ancient China, Rome, Egypt and Greece.
Today some people still use the abacus.
Unit 4
Great伟大的 inventions[ɪn'venʃ(ə)n]发明
伟大的发明改变了世界。它们帮助人们过上更好的生活。下面，是历史上三个最重要的发明。
Great inventions change改变 the world世界. They他们 help帮助 people人 live a better life过更好的生活. The following['fɒləʊɪŋ] 以下的are three of the most important 最重要的inventions in history['hɪst(ə)rɪ]在历史上.
The wheel[wiːl] 车轮
车轮也许是历史上最伟大的发明。在其发明后，旅行变得更快，更舒适。几千年前，人们开始在车上使用车轮。19 世纪初，第一批列车开始载客。20 世纪初，汽车开始流行。如果没有车轮，我们也就不会有这些发明了。
The wheel is perhaps或许 the greatest invention 最伟大的发明in history. After在…之后 its invention, travelling旅行 became变得 faster更快 and more comfortable['kʌmf(ə)təb(ə)l]更加舒适. A few thousand years ago几千年前, people started to开始 use使用 wheels[wiːl] on carriages['kærɪdʒ]马车. In the early 19th century['sentʃʊrɪ]世纪, the first trains火车 began to开始 carry携带 passengers['pæsndʒɚ]乘客. At the start of开端 the 20th century, cars became popular变得流行. Without没有 the wheel, we would将 not have these这些 inventions发明.
The telephone电话
1876 年，亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔发明了第一部实用的电话。自那时起，人们实现了长距离相互通话。今天世界各地上数以百万的人拥有自己的移动电话。它们使人可以彼此之间随时随地保持联系。
Alexander Graham Bell invented[ɪn'vent]发明 one of the first practical 实用的['præktɪk(ə)l] telephones in 1876. Since [sɪns] then自从那时候, people have been able to能够 speak to each other彼此 over long distances['dɪst(ə)ns]在长距离外. Today millions of成百上千万 people across the world 全世界own拥有 mobile phones['məʊbaɪl]移动电话. They allow允许 people to keep in touch[tʌtʃ]保持联系 with each other anytime任何时候, anywhere任何地点.
The light bulb[bʌlb]电灯泡
1879 年，托马斯·爱迪生研制出第一个实用的电灯。在电灯发明之前，人们在夜里看东西不得不依靠油灯、煤气灯或蜡烛。（自从）有了电灯，人们可以在晚上如同白天一样做很多的事情。你能想象离开它们后的生活吗？
Thomas Edison developed[dɪ'veləp]发展 the first practical light bulb in 1879. Before the invention of the light bulb, people had to不得不 use使用 oil lamps[ɒɪl] [læmp]油灯, gas lamps[gæs]气灯 or或者 candles['kænd(ə)l]蜡烛 to see at night在晚上. With有了 light bulbs, people can do as many things in the evenings as they can in the daytime['deɪtaɪm]在白天. Can you imagine[ɪ'mædʒɪn]想象 living生活 without没有 them他们?
A pen giant ['dʒaɪənt]钢笔巨头
你知道拉斯洛·拜罗（注：匈牙利文）吗？也许你没听说过，但你可能每天都在使用着他的发明，你甚至现在手里还拿着它吧！
Do you know Laszlo Biro? Maybe或许 you do not, but you probably很可能 use his invention[ɪn'venʃ(ə)n] 发明every day, and you may或许 even甚至 have it in your hand right now现在!
拜罗（1899-1985）是圆珠笔的发明者。他出生在匈牙利首都布达佩斯。在 20 世纪 30 年代，当他担任报社编辑，他几乎每天都要使用钢笔。但是，他不得不每时每刻都要将其加满墨水。墨水又没那么容易干，有时把报纸搞得一团糟。拜罗想要一支更好的笔。他的弟弟乔治，帮助开发了一种特别的的墨水，这种墨水很容易干。然后，他们开发了一种新型笔。
Biro ['baiərəu] (1899—1985) was the inventor [ɪn'ventə]发明家 of the ball-point pen圆珠笔. He was born in 出生于Budapest, Hungary['hʌŋgəri]匈牙利. In the 1930s, when he worked as当 a newspaper 报纸editor['edɪtə]编辑, he used a fountain[faʊntən] pen钢笔 almost 几乎every day. However然而, he had to refill[riː'fɪl]重新装满 it all the time一直. The ink[ɪŋk]墨水 also did not dry[draɪ] 干easily容易地, and it sometimes made a mess[mes]弄得一团糟 on the paper. Biro wanted a better pen. His brother, George, helped him develop[dɪ'veləp]发展；开发 a special['speʃ(ə)l] 特别的ink墨水. The ink dried干 easily. Then they developed a new type种类 of pen.
有一个小球在笔尖。小球滚动时把墨水印在纸上。他们把它称为“圆珠笔”。
There was a tiny['taɪnɪ] ball[bɔːl]微小的 at the tip[tɪp] of在..的顶端 the pen. The ball rolled[rəʊl]滚动 ink onto paper as当 it moved[muːv]移动. They called it the “ballpoint” pen['bɔlpɔɪnt].
圆珠笔是一个巨大的成功，每个人都喜欢它。现在，世界各地数以百万的人每天都使用它。
The ballpoint pen was a great success[sək'ses]极大的成功. Everyone loved it. Now millions of成百上千万的 people use it all over the world全世界 every day.
人们将因为拜罗的发明而永远记住他。今天，在很多说英语的国家，人们仍然用“biro”代指任何种类的圆珠笔。
People will always remember记住 Biro for因为 his invention发明. Today in many English-speaking countries['kʌntrɪ]说英语的国家, people still仍然 use the word “biro” to refer to [rɪ'fɜː]指代 any kind of ballpoint pen.
孔明灯与热气球
The Kongming Lantern['læntən]灯笼 and the hot-air balloon [bə'luːn]热气球
孔明灯在亚洲各地很受欢迎。它是一种封闭顶部，内放一支小蜡烛的纸灯笼。
蜡烛加热灯笼内的空气，使灯笼升起来。人们在重要的日子和喜庆节日期间放孔明灯。
The Kongming Lantern ['læntən] is very popular流行 all over Asia整个亚洲. It is a kind of一种 paper lantern纸灯笼 with有着 a closed[kləʊzd] 封闭的top顶部 and a small candle['kænd(ə)l] 蜡烛inside里面. The candle heats [hiːt]加热 the air 空气inside the lantern and makes it rise[raɪz]上升. People use the Kongming Lantern on important days and during ['djʊərɪŋ]在…期间 festivals['festɪv(ə)l]节日.
三国时期，诸葛亮在战斗中用这种灯笼作信号。孔明灯导致了热气球的发明。你知道任何引起其它发明的发明吗？
During the time of the Three Kingdoms['kɪŋdəm]三国, Zhuge Liang used such这样的 lanterns to give signals['sɪgn(ə)l]发出信号 in battles['bæt(ə)l]战役. The Kongming Lantern led to导致 the invention[ɪn'venʃ(ə)n] of the hot-air balloon.
Do you know any
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