小升初英语语法知识点总结.doc

卓越教育 Outstanding Education
小学英语语法知识点总结

一、名词
（一）可数名词：表示可以具体个别存在的人或物。可数名词有单复数形式，其单数形式与不定冠词a(n)连用。
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可数名词复数规则：
      1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
      2．以s. ss. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches, glass-glasses
      3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries, city-cities, body-bodies
      4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives,
      leaf——leaves, wife-wives, half-halves
      5．不规则名词复数：① child → children， mouse → mice
　　② man → men, woman → women, policeman → policemen
③ tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes
　　[注]： 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的加-s
如：photo → photos ]
　　④ foot → feet， tooth → teeth [注： oo变成ee。]
　　⑤ fish , sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形　[注：变复数时词形不变。]
　　⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；　people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。

习题： 写出下列各词的复数
      I _________him _________this ___________her ______
      watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______
      day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________
      tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____
      peach______ sandwich ______dish_______bus_______
      man______ woman_______

（二）不可数名词：表示不能个别存在的事物，如液体类，气体类的物质；少数固体类的物质 （grass草，ice冰），抽象的名词（help帮助，music音乐）。不可数名词没有复数（如some water）,不能与不定冠词连用。
（三）名词所有格：
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Children’s Day(儿童节),
my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注]：①’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家),
the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式, 如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”, 称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s
(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

二、人称代词和物主代词
1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前（有时候位于than 之后），宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。
2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词。
人称代词
物主代词

主格
宾格

形容词性
名词性
我
I
me
我的
my
mine
你，你们
you
you
你的，你们的
your
yours
他
he
him
他的
his
his
她
she
her
她的
her
hers
它
it
it
它的
its
its
我们
we
us
我们的
our
ours
他（她，它）们
they
them
他（她，它）们的
their
theirs
【注】：人称代词有主格和宾格之分，一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。
物主代词一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词(短的);
如无，就用名词性物主代词(长的)。
习题：用所给词的适当形式填空
 1. That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
 2. The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
 3. Is this _________ watch? (you) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
 4. _________ is my brother. _________ name is Jack.
Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )

三、一般现在时
（一）一般现在时的功能
      1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue. 天空是蓝色的。
      2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day. 我天天六点起床。
      3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
（二） 一般现在时的构成
      1. be动词：主语+ be(am,is,are)+ 其它。如： I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
      2.行为动词：主语+ 行为动词+( 其它)。如：We study English. 我们学习英语。
     【注】 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。
如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
（三）一般现在时的变化
  1. be动词的变化。
    ① 否定句：主语+be+not+其它。  如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。
    ②一般疑问句：Be+主语+其它。如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
    ③特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike?
2.行为动词的变化。
     ① 否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't )+动词原形+( 其它)。如： I don't like bread.
     ② 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如： He doesn't often play.
     ③ 一般疑问句：Do( Does )+主语+动词原形+其它。如：
      - Do you often play football?  - Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
      当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：
      - Does she go to work by bike?
      - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
    ④ 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does your father go to work?

动词+s的变化规则
      1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks
      2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
      3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies
 习题：一般现在时用法专练
      一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数
      drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________
      look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____
      come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________
      study_______ brush________ do_________ teach_______
      wash_______
      二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
      1. He often ________(have) dinner at home.
      2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One.
      3. We _______(not watch) TV on Monday.
      4. Nick _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.
      5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup?
      6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays?
      7. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day?
      8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays.
      9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening.
      10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle.
      11. Mike _______(like) cooking.
      12. They _______(have) the same hobby.
      13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully.
      14. You always _______(do) your homework well.
      15. I _______(be) ill. I’m staying in bed.
      16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday.
      17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE.
      18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening.
      19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term.
      20. －What day _______(be) it today? － It’s Saturday

四、现在进行时
   1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.
      3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。
      4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。
      5．现在进行时的特殊疑问句的基本结构为：疑问词 + be + 主语 + 动词ing?
　　   但疑问词当主语时其结构为：疑问词 + be + 动词ing?

动词加ing的变化规则
　　（1）一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking
　　（2）以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting
　　（3）如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing， 如：   run-running, stop-stopping

习题：现在进行时专项练习：
      一、写出下列动词的现在分词：
      play________ run__________ swim _________make__________
      go_________ like________ write________ _ski___________
      read________ have_________ sing ________ dance_________
      put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________
      live_______ take_________ come ________ get_________
      stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop___________
      二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：
      1. The boy __________________ ( draw)a picture now.
      2. Listen .Some girls _______________ ( sing)in the classroom .
      3. My mother _________________ ( cook )some nice food now.
      4. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now?
      5. Look. They _______________( have) an English lesson .
      6. They ____________(not ,water) the flowers now.
      7. Look! The girls ________________(dance )in the classroom .
      8. What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen ) to music.
      9. It’s 5 o’clock now. We _____________(have)supper now
      10.______Helen____________(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is .

 五、一般将来时
1、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或预备做某事。
句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…), soon,
the day after tomorrow（后天）等。
 2、基本结构：①be going to do；②will do.
 3、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。
      例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.
→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.
4、一般疑问句： be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。
　　如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend.
→ Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?
5、特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+going to+动词原形?如：What is Jim going to do? 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+be+going to+动词原形?如：Who is going to play football?
6、同义句：be going to = will do be not going to = won’t do
      I am going to go swimming tomorrow. = I will go swimming tomorrow.
 7对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。
　　⑴ 问人。Who 例如：I'm going to New York soon. →Who's going to New York soon?
　　⑵ 问干什么。What … do.如：My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. →What is your father going to do with you this afternoon?
　　⑶ 问什么时候。When. 如：She's going to go to bed at nine.
→When is she going to bed?
习题： 填空
      1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。
      I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends.
      I ________ have a picnic with my friends.
      2.我们将要学习英语
      We _____ _______ _________ learn English.
      We ________ learn English.

六、一般过去时
  1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last year, yesterday, just now, two weeks ago等。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等频率副词连用。
例如：①I saw him in the street yesterday.。
　　②Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.
   2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：
      ⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn’t）
      ⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=weren’t）
      ⑶带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
3．行为动词的一般过去时
     ①肯定句：主语+动词的过去式+其它。如：He went to the toy store yesterday.
②否定句：didn’t+动词原形，如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.
③一般疑问句：Did+主语＋动词原形＋其它？
如：Did Jim go home yesterday?
④特殊疑问句：　⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形? 如： What did Jim do yesterday? ⑵疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式?如：Who went to home yesterday?

【注】一般过去时口诀
一般过去时并不难，表示过去动作、状态记心间。
　　动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。
　　否定句很简单，didn't 站在动词原形前，其它部分不要变。
　　一般疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。

动词过去式变化规则：
      1．一般在动词末尾直接加-ed，如：work-worked , cook-cooked
      2．结尾是e加d，如：live-lived
      3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped
      4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied
      5．不规则动词过去式：  am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, swim-swam, sit-sat, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat

习题： 过去时练习
  一、 写出下列动词的过去式
      is\am_________ plant________ are ________
      drink_________ play_______ go________ make ________
      does_________ dance________ worry________ ask _____
      taste_________ eat__________ put ______
      kick_________ pass_______ do ________

 二、 用be动词的适当形式填空
      1. I _______ at school just now.
      2. He ________ at the camp last week.
      3. We ________ students two years ago.
      4. They ________ on the farm a moment ago.
      5. Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year.
      6. There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday.
  7. There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.
      8. The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening.
    9. I ______ an English teacher now.
      10. She _______ happy yesterday.
      11. They _______ glad to see each other last month.

三、用动词的适当形式填空
      1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.
      2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.
      3. We _________ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go)
      4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
      5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______.
      6. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother ______.
      7. What ______ she _______ (find) in the garden last morning?
She __________ (find) a beautiful butterfly.

  四、用am, is, are 填空
      1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not.
      2. The girl______ Jack's sister.
      3. The dog _______ tall and fat.
      4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher.
      5. ______ your brother in the classroom?
      6. Where _____ your mother? She ______ at home.
      7. How _______ your father?
      8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school.
      9. Whose dress ______ this?
      10. Whose socks ______ they?

七、Have、Has和There be结构
1、There be结构包括there is, there are, there was, there were.
2、意思都是“有”。
3、和have、has、had的区别：
(1)There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)
(2)在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最近be 动词的那个名词决定。
(3)there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
(4)there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
(5)some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。
(6)and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑问句。
(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
(8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： What’s + 介词短语?
(9)There be结构一般用在句子的开头，而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。

八、冠词
1、冠词分类：英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法：用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.
(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.
(3)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.
(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.
(5)几个用不定冠词的习语：
a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a rest等(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
(1)表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.
(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard, Lily.
(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.
(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.
(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.
(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go? / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth. (在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.
(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.
(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.
(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.
(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况：
(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.
(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.
They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.
(4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.
(5)三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
(6)节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.
(7)球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.
(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.
(9)一些习惯用语中不用。如：
⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town;
⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight;
⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆in Chinese/English; ⒇ take care of

九、介词
1、介词的主要用法：
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从…中出来), away from(距离…), next to(在…隔壁), in front of(在…前方)等。
2、介词的分类表：
地点(位置、范围)介词： after在…后面, at在…